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Basic Theory of Operation / “Tripped” Resistance Explanation
Fundamentally, a Bel PTC consists of a block of polymeric material containing conductive filler and bonded
between two conductive, planar terminations.
At currents below the device IHOLD rating, AND at temperatures below 100C, the PTC maintains a
resistance value below its R1 MAX rating.
As the device's temperature approaches 130C, either due to an increase in
current exceeding its I TRIP rating, volumetric expansion of the filled polymer breaks apart the majority of
conductive pathways across the terminals created by chain contact of adjacent filler particles or device
ases sharply by several orders of magnitude.
At the much higher “Tripped” resistance, there is just enough leakage current to allow internal heating to
“hold” the device in its tripped state (around 125C) until power is interrupted. Once power is removed,
PTC's core cools and contracts allowing conductive chains to reform and return the device to its low
The catalog data for each device specifies a "Typical Power" value. This is the power required to exactly
match the heat lost by th
e tripped device to its ambient surroundings at 23C. By Ohm's Law, power can be
stated as: W = E^2/R. Thus the approximate resistance of a “Tripped” PTC can be determined by: R =
E^2/W, where "E" is the voltage appearing across the PTC (usually the supply'
s open circuit voltage), and
"W" is the Typical Power value for the particular PTC.
Since the PPTC acts to maintain a constant internal temperature, its apparent resistance will change based
upon applied voltage and, to a lesser degree, ambient conditions.
Consider the following example....
A PTC with a Typical Power of 1 watt protecting a circuit using a 60V supply will demonstrate an apparent,
tripped resistance "R" of:
This same tripped device when used to protect a 12V circui
t would now present an apparent resistance of:
The value for Typical Power is "typical" because any physical factors that affect heat loss (such as ambient
temperature or air convection) will somewhat alter the level of power that
the PTC needs to maintain its
internal temperature. In short, PTCs do not exhibit a constant, quantifiable tripped resistance value.
cifications subject to change without notice