(R) Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices October 2001, ver. 2.2 Introduction Application Note 115 APEXTM 20K devices have the ClockLockTM and ClockBoostTM features, which use phase-locked loops (PLLs) to increase performance and provide clock-frequency synthesis. The ClockLock feature minimizes clock delay and clock skew within the device, reducing clock-to-output and setup times while maintaining zero hold times. The ClockBoost feature allows designers to run the internal logic of the device at a faster or slower rate than the input clock frequency. This technique simplifies board design because the clock tree on the board does not have to distribute a high-speed signal. Through the use of time-domain multiplexing, the ClockBoost feature allows the designer to improve device area efficiency by sharing resources within the device. APEX 20KE devices include PLLs with an enhanced ClockLock feature set, such as advanced ClockBoost capability for m/(n x k) multiplication, LVDS support, external clock outputs and feedback ability, and ClockShiftTM circuitry for more complex clock-frequency synthesis applications. These enhanced features permit system-level clock management and skew control in APEX 20KE devices. The ClockLock and ClockBoost features provide significant improvements in system performance, bandwidth, and system-on-aprogrammable-chip (SOPC) integration. This application note explains the APEX 20K and APEX 20KE ClockLock and ClockBoost features and also describes common applications for these features. Clock Delay & Skew The delay from a clock pin to a register, especially for large devices, can be significant enough to degrade both on- and off-chip performance. Figure 1 shows the equation for the pin-to-pin clock-to-output delay (tCO). The clock delay (tCLOCK) and clock skew (tSKEW) parameters account for a significant portion of the total clock-to-output delay in larger devices. By reducing clock delay and clock skew, the ClockLock and ClockBoost circuitry improves the device's clock-to-output times. Altera Corporation A-AN-115-2.2 1 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Figure 1. APEX 20K & APEX 20KE Hold, Setup & Clock-to-Output Times Data Delay data1 clock D Q Output Delay D Q Output Delay Clock Delay Skew data2 Data Delay tH = tREG_H + tCLOCK + tSKEW - tDATA tSU = tREG_SU + tDATA - tCLOCK - tSKEW tCO = tCLOCK + tSKEW + tREG_CO + tOUTPUT Clock skew--the difference between clock delays to different registers-- also increases the setup time indirectly. To ensure a zero hold time (tH), add a data delay to account for the longest clock delay to any register. This delay must be long enough to ensure a zero hold time under fast process, voltage, and temperature conditions. However, the added data delay also increases the register's setup time under slow process, voltage, and temperature conditions. When a ClockLock signal feeds a register, the signal bypasses the data delay element to the register, resulting in a decreased setup time. Because clock skew and delay are reduced, the register maintains a zero hold time. As programmable logic devices (PLDs) become larger, clock delay and skew can become a problem. Clock skew can also affect a board's design. To address these issues, designers can use either PLLs or delay-locked loops (DLLs). Although both can reduce the skew within system clocks, PLLs are more flexible than DLLs for frequency synthesis of system clocks. In addition, DLLs are not capable of performing non-integer scaling, and they cannot attenuate input jitter. In DLLs, all input jitter propagates to the output and accumulates when the DLLs are cascaded. Because PLLs can perform non-integer scaling, they are ideal for clock multiplication and division applications. 2 Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Table 1 shows the ClockLock features for APEX 20K and APEX 20KE devices. Table 1. APEX 20K & APEX 20KE ClockLock Features Device Number of PLLs ClockBoost Feature Note (1) T1/E1 Number of Number of ClockShift Conversion External Feedback Inputs Clock Outputs LVDS LVDS Clock Data EP20K100 1 1x, 2x, 4x - - - - - - EP20K200 1 1x, 2x, 4x - - - - - - EP20K400 1 - - - - - - EP20K100E 2 1x, 2x, 4x m/(n x k) (2), (3) 1 1 v v v - EP20K160E 2 m/(n x k) (2), (3) 1 1 v v v - EP20K200E 2 m/(n x k) (2), (3) 1 1 v v v - EP20K300E 4 m/(n x k) (2), (3) 2 2 v v v (4) EP20K400E 4 m/(n x k) (2), (3) 2 2 v v v v EP20K600E 4 m/(n x k) (2), (3) 2 2 v v v v EP20K1000E 4 m/(n x k) (2), (3) 2 2 v v v v Notes: (1) (2) (3) (4) APEX 20K devices that support ClockLock and ClockBoost features are denoted by an "X" suffix in the ordering code (e.g., EP20K400FC672-1X). m is an integer that ranges from 1 to 160. The quantity (n x k) can range from 1 to 280. A special multiplication rate is also provided for T1 to E1 frequency conversion (i.e., 256/193), and E1 to T1 frequency conversion (i.e., 193/256). The EP20K300E device supports LVDS data transfer at up to 155 megabits per second (Mbps). APEX 20K Devices APEX 20K devices have one PLL that features ClockLock and ClockBoost circuitry. This PLL can be instantiated by using the altclklock megafunction. APEX 20K devices support ClockBoost multiplication circuitry, offering 1x, 2x, and 4x clock multiplication. Figure 2 shows the ClockLock and ClockBoost circuitry block diagrams within the altclklock megafunction and its ports. Altera Corporation 3 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Figure 2. ClockLock & ClockBoost Circuitry in APEX 20K Devices Phase Comparator Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (1) / 1, 2, or 4 inclock clock0 ClockBoost clock1 / 1, 2, or 4 altclklock Megafunction Note: (1) This division is used only for the purpose of dividing down a 2x/4x clock1 to obtain a 1x/2x/4x on clock0. You can use a single output clock of 1x, 2x, 4x, or any combination of output clocks. Table 2 describes the clock multiplication combinations that the altclklock megafunction supports for APEX 20K devices. Table 2. APEX 20K Multiplication Factor Combinations Clock 0 Clock 1 Input Frequency (MHz) -1X Speed Grade -2X Speed Grade 1x 2x 25 to 180 25 to 170 1x, 2x 4x 16 to 90 16 to 100 1x, 2x, 4x 4x 10 to 48 10 to 34 The dedicated clock pin (CLK2) supplies the clock to the PLL and the altclklock megafunction. Adhere to the following guidelines when using the altclklock megafunction in APEX 20K devices: 4 The inclock port must only be fed directly by the dedicated clock input pin (CLK2) without inversion. altclklock can only be used to clock positive or negative edgetriggered registers in logic elements (LEs), I/O elements (IOEs), or embedded system blocks (ESBs). IOE registers can only have single clock polarity from a given altclklock output (i.e., IOE registers must be all positive-edge triggered or all negative-edge triggered). If both clock polarities are needed for IOE, use two PLL outputs. The CLK2 pin that directly feeds the inclock port can also drive other registers without the PLL. However, doing so makes the CLK1 pin and the clock1 port unavailable. When two PLL outputs are used, the other clock pin (CLK1) cannot be used. Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices You should connect the board clock trace to only the CLK2 pin for designs that require two outputs from the altclklock megafunction. Figure 3 illustrates the valid clock connections for the PLL and global clock lines. Figure 3. APEX 20K Dedicated Global Clock Pin Connections to PLL & Dedicated Clock Lines Dedicated Clocks CLK2 clock1 inclock PLL clock0 CLK1 Table 3 shows the timing parameters for the APEX 20K ClockLock and ClockBoost features for -1 speed-grade devices and Table 4 shows the timing parameters for the APEX 20K ClockLock and ClockBoost features for -2 speed-grade devices. Table 3. APEX 20K ClockLock & ClockBoost Parameters for -1X Speed-Grade Devices (Part 1 of 2) Min Max Unit fOUT Symbol Output frequency 25 180 MHz fCLK1 Input clock frequency (ClockBoost clock multiplication factor equals 1) 25 180 (1) MHz fCLK2 Input clock frequency (ClockBoost clock multiplication factor equals 2) 16 90 MHz fCLK4 Input clock frequency (ClockBoost clock multiplication factor equals 4) 10 48 MHz tINDUTY Input duty cycle 40 60 % tOUTDUTY Duty cycle for ClockLock/ClockBoost-generated clock 40 60 % fCLKDEV Input deviation from user specification in the Quartus II software (ClockBoost clock multiplication factor equals 1) (2) 25,000 (3) PPM tR Input rise time 5 ns (1) Altera Corporation Parameter 5 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Table 3. APEX 20K ClockLock & ClockBoost Parameters for -1X Speed-Grade Devices (Part 2 of 2) Symbol Parameter Min Max Unit tF Input fall time 5 ns tLOCK Time required for ClockLock/ClockBoost to acquire lock (4) 10 s tSKEW Skew delay between related ClockLock/ClockBoost-generated clocks 500 ps tJITTER Jitter on ClockLock/ClockBoostgenerated clock (5) 200 ps tINCLKSTB Input clock stability (measured between adjacent clocks) 50 ps Notes: The PLL input frequency range for the EP20K100-1X device for 1x multiplication is 25 MHz to 175 MHz. All input clock specifications must be met. The PLL may not lock onto an incoming clock if the clock specifications are not met, creating an erroneous clock within the device. During device configuration, the ClockLock and ClockBoost circuitry is configured first. If the incoming clock is supplied during configuration, the ClockLock and ClockBoost circuitry locks during configuration, because the lock time is less than the configuration time. The jitter specification is measured under long-term observation. If the input clock stability is 100 ps, tJITTER is 250 ps. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Table 4. APEX 20K ClockLock & ClockBoost Parameters for -2X Speed -Grade Devices (Part 1 of 2) Symbol 6 Min Max Unit fOUT Output frequency Parameter 25 170 MHz f CLK1 Input clock frequency (ClockBoost clock multiplication factor equals 1) 25 170 MHz f CLK2 Input clock frequency (ClockBoost clock multiplication factor equals 2) 16 80 MHz f CLK4 Input clock frequency (ClockBoost clock multiplication factor equals 4) 10 34 MHz t OUTDUTY Duty cycle for ClockLock/ClockBoostgenerated clock 40 60 % f CLKDEV Input deviation from user specification in the Quartus II software (ClockBoost clock multiplication factor equals one) (1) 25,000 (2) PPM Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Table 4. APEX 20K ClockLock & ClockBoost Parameters for -2X Speed -Grade Devices (Part 2 of 2) Max Unit tR Symbol Input rise time Parameter Min 5 ns tF Input fall time 5 ns t LOCK Time required for ClockLock/ ClockBoost to acquire lock (3) 10 s t SKEW Skew delay between related ClockLock/ ClockBoost-generated clock 500 ps t JITTER Jitter on ClockLock/ ClockBoostgenerated clock (4) 200 ps t INCLKSTB Input clock stability (measured between adjacent clocks) 50 ps 500 Notes: (1) (2) (3) (4) To implement the ClockLock and ClockBoost circuitry with the Quartus II software, designers must specify the input frequency. The Quartus II software tunes the PLL in the ClockLock and ClockBoost circuitry to this frequency. The fCLKDEV parameter specifies how much the incoming clock can differ from the specified frequency during device operation. Simulation does not reflect this parameter. 25,000 parts per million (PPM) equates to 2.5% of input clock period. During device configuration, the ClockLock and ClockBoost circuitry is configured before the rest of the device. If the incoming clock is supplied during configuration, the ClockLock and ClockBoost circuitry locks during configuration because the tLOCK value is less than the time required for configuration. The tJITTER specification is measured under long-term observation. Table 5 lists the APEX 20K ClockLock pins and their functions. Table 5. APEX 20K Device ClockLock Pins Pin Name Pin Type Description CLK2 Input Dedicated pin that drives the ClockLock and ClockBoost circuitry. LOCK Output Optional pin that shows the status of the ClockLock and ClockBoost circuitry. When the ClockLock and ClockBoost circuitry is locked to the incoming clock and generates an internal clock, LOCK is driven high. LOCK remains high as long as the clock input remains within specification. Altera Corporation I/O Standards Supported (1) 2.5-V I/O, LVCMOS, LVTTL, 3.3-V PCI, CMOS (2), TTL (2) 7 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Notes: (1) (2) PCI: peripheral component interconnect. APEX 20K devices with a "V" suffix in their ordering code are 5.0-V tolerant. APEX 20KE Devices APEX 20KE devices incorporate multiple ClockLock circuits with advanced features. These features include ClockLock circuitry, advanced ClockBoost circuitry, LVDS support, ClockShift circuitry, and external clock outputs with optional external feedback inputs. Advanced ClockBoost Multiplication & Division Each APEX 20KE PLL includes circuitry that provides clock synthesis for two outputs using m/(n x k) and m/(n x v) scaling factors. When a PLL is locked, the locked output clock aligns to the rising edge of the input clock. The closed loop equation for Figure 3 gives an output frequency of fCLOCK0 = (m/(n x k)) fIN and fCLOCK1 = (m/(n x v))fIN. This equation allows the multiplication or division of clocks by a programmable number. The Quartus II software automatically chooses the appropriate scaling factors (m, n, k, and v) according to the frequency, multiplication, and division values entered. The scaling multiplication of APEX 20KE PLLs allows for a wide range of user-defined multiplication and division ratios that are not possible with DLLs. For example, if a frequency scaling factor of 3.75 is needed for a given input clock, you can enter a multiplication factor of 15 and a division factor of four. Because this advanced ClockBoost scaling can be performed with a single PLL, you do not need to cascade PLL outputs. All APEX 20KE PLLs are capable of converting between T1 and E1 clock frequencies. The T1 telecommunications standard uses a 1.544-MHz clock, and the E1 telecommunications standard uses a 2.048-MHz clock. APEX 20KE PLLs can convert a T1 frequency to an E1 frequency and vice versa. LVDS Interface In EP20K400E and larger devices, two of the ClockLock PLLs (PLL3 and PLL4) can be configured for use in LVDS transmitter and receiver interfaces. When the PLL is configured to use LVDS, the I/O clock can be multiplied to support high-speed data transfer rates and to convert between LVDS and CMOS data. These PLLs interface with the APEX 20KE LVDS receiver and LVDS transmitter blocks. 8 Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices When used for LVDS transmitter and receiver modes, PLLs 3 and 4 use connections shown at the top of the Figure 7. These modes require the use of the ALTLVDS megafuntion. f See Application 120 (Using LVDS in APEX 20KE Devices) for more information on LVDS. External Clock Outputs In EP20K300E and larger devices, low-jitter external clocks, CLKLK_OUT1P and CLKLK_OUT2P, are available for external clock sources. In EP20K30E, EP20K60E, EP20K100E, EP20K160E, and EP20K200E devices, one external clock, CLKLK_OUT2P, is available for an external clock source. The CLKLK_OUT1P signal originates from PLL 1; the CLKLK_OUT2P signal originates from PLL 2. Other devices on the board can use these outputs as clock sources. External clock outputs are available in three modes: Zero Delay Buffer--The external clock output pin is phase aligned with the clock input pin for zero delay. Phase shift is not allowed in this configuration. Clock division is possible on the external clock output in this configuration. Multiplication is possible on the remaining PLL output that is not driven off-chip. The altclklock megafunction's MegaWizard(R) Plug-In should be used to verify possible clock settings. External Feedback--The external feedback input pin is phase aligned with the clock input pin. By aligning these clocks, you can actively remove clock delay and skew between devices. This mode has the same restrictions as the zero delay buffer. Normal Mode--The external clock output pin will have phase delay relative to the clock input pin. If an internal clock is used in this mode, it will be phase aligned to the input clock pin. ClockShift Circuitry APEX 20KE PLLs have ClockShift circuitry that provides programmable clock delay and phase shift. The user enters the desired phase shift. Phase shifts of 90, 180, and 270 can be implemented exactly. Other phase shift or delay shift values (in time units) are available with a 0.4 ns to 1.0 ns resolution range. This resolution varies with frequency input and the user-entered multiplication and division factors. The ClockShift circuitry can only be used on a multiplied or divided clock if the input and output frequency have an integer multiple relationship (i.e., fIN/fOUT or fOUT/fIN must be an integer). The PLL ClockShift circuitry is only available in Normal mode. Altera Corporation 9 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Clock Enable Signal APEX 20KE PLLs have a CLKLK_ENA pin for enabling and disabling all of the device PLLs. When the CLKLK_ENA pin is high, the PLL drives the clock0 and clock1 ports. When the CLKLK_ENA pin is low, the clock0 and clock1 ports are driven by GND and all of the PLLs go out of lock. When the CLKLK_ENA pin goes high again, the PLL must relock. The individual enable port on the altclklock megafunction is an all-or-none control signal. If the enable port is used for any altclklock instance, all other instances must use the enable port and connect to the same pin. If the port is used, the pin connected to the enable ports must be the CLKLK_ENA dedicated pin. The inclocken input port on the altclklock megafunction should be used for all designs. If the CLKLK_ENA control is needed by the designer, it must be brought to the CLKLK_ENA input pin. The Quartus II software automatically assigns the pin location to this dedicated function pin. If the CLKLK_ENA control is not needed by the user in Zero Delay Buffer and Normal modes, the inclocken port should not be connected to an input pin in the design. On the board, this pin can be connected to VCC or GND since it will be a floating input. If the CLKLK_ENA control is not needed by the user in External Feedback mode, the inclocken port must be connected to an input pin. On the board, the user must connect this pin directly to the INIT_DONE pin. The INIT_DONE option must be set in the Device & Pin Options tab of the Compiler Settings > Chips & Devices dialog box (Processing menu). If system control over the CLKLK_ENA pin is needed in External Feedback mode, an open-drain control signal can be used in a wire-ANDed configuration with the open-drain INIT_DONE pin. Figure 4 demonstrates how this should be connected. 10 Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Figure 4. Wire-ANDing with the Open-Drain INIT_DONE Pin CLKLK_ENA VCC INIT_DONE Optional Control Signal Lock Signals The APEX 20KE ClockLock PLL circuits support individual LOCK signals. The LOCK signal drives high when the PLL has locked onto the input clock. LOCK remains high as long as the input remains within specification. It will go low if the input is out of specification. When using two clock outputs from a PLL, the two outputs may become valid at different times. This difference is caused by the difference in divider ratios between the two outputs. A LOCK pin is optional for each PLL used in APEX 20KE devices; when not used, they are I/O pins. This signal is not available internally. If this signal is used in the design, it must be fed back in with an input pin. Before configuration, all PLL circuits are disabled and powered down. During configuration, the PLLs are disabled. When the device goes into user mode, the lock time is measured from the CLKLK_ENA rising edge to the LOCK rising edge. During device configuration, the I/O standard of each I/O pin has not been set. For this reason, the PLL does not lock during configuration. The LOCK signal indication also has separate programmable latency controls for LOCK assertion and deassertion. Users can select one of two multipliers, 1 or 5, to indicate a small or large latency. The number of half cycles for indication is dependent on the multiplication/division ratio and input frequency. Depending on these factors, the low end of latency ranges from 1 to 16 half-clock cycles; the high end of latency ranges from 5 to 80 half-clock cycles. The APEX 20KE ClockLock circuits (general purpose PLLs) are instantiated using the altclklock megafunctions. Figure 5 shows the ClockLock and ClockBoost circuitry in APEX 20KE devices. Altera Corporation 11 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Figure 5. ClockLock & ClockBoost Circuitry in APEX 20KE Devices Phase Comparator inclock Voltage-Controlled Oscillator /n /k clock0 ClockShift Circuitry fbin /m /v clock1 altclklock Megafunction Each of the dedicated global clock pins in EP20K300E, EP20K400E, EP20K600E, EP20K1000E, and EP20K1500E devices (CLK1P, CLK2P, CLK3P, CLK4P) supplies the clock to a PLL in general purpose mode. Each altclklock instance represents a single general-purpose PLL instantiation. The altclklock megafunction in APEX 20KE devices must adhere to the following guidelines: 12 It can only be fed directly by a dedicated clock input pin without inversion. altclklock can only be used to clock positive or negative edgetriggered registers in LEs, IOEs, or ESBs. IOE registers can only have single clock polarity from a given altclklock output (i.e., IOE registers must be all positive-edge triggered or all negative-edge triggered). If both clock polarities are needed for IOE, use two PLL outputs. The allowable frequency input range is 1.5 to 420 MHz, depending on the I/O standard (see Table 7). The allowable frequency output range on clock0 is 1.5 to 420 MHz, depending on the I/O standard for the external clock out and/or the internal max frequency shown in Table 7. The allowable frequency output range on clock1 is 12.5 to 420 MHz, depending on the I/O standard for the external clock out and/or the internal max frequency shown in Table 7. Phase shifting is only possible on a multiplied clock if the input and output frequency have an integer-multiple relationship (i.e., fIN/fOUT or fOUT/fIN must be an integer). Phase shifting, using degree or time units, will delay or lag the output clock with respect to the input clock (see Figure 6). The ratio of clock_boost to clock_divide cannot be greater than 280. A special scaling ratio of 256/193 or 193/256 is allowed for T1/E1 or E1/T1 clock rate conversion, respectively. Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Figure 6. Phase & Delay Shifting Using APEX 20KE PLLs Several conditions exist that govern the relationship between the input frequency, m, n, k, v, and phase shift values. The altclklock MegaWizard Plug-In automatically sets the m, n, k, and v dividers to satisfy these equalities and to accommodate the phase shift entered and the clock multiplication or division. The MegaWizard Plug-In verifies the validity of the settings and reports if a multiplication/division frequency ratio is not valid. Each PLL can be driven by a dedicated clock pin and bypassed simultaneously. The CLK3P and CLK4P pins can feed two PLLs each, or two altclklock instances. This capability is useful for applications that need both phase-shifted and non-phase-shifted versions of the clock. Because the eight PLL outputs are shared among four possible dedicated global clock lines, certain combinations of multiple altclklock instances and their output connections are not possible. The Quartus II software uses different PLLs (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4) based on pin assignments made to the dedicated global clock pin that feeds the altclklock megafunction. Figure 7 illustrates the valid clock connections for the PLL and the dedicated global clock lines in these devices. This figure should be used to determine whether a design clocking scheme is valid in terms of APEX 20KE PLL and clock connections. For example, in an EP20K400E device, CLK4P can feed PLL 4 and PLL 2 simultaneously; however, only a single internal output from each PLL can be used, because the four possible outputs feed two global clock lines. Altera Corporation 13 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Figure 7. Dedicated Global Clock Pin Connections to PLL & Dedicated Clock Lines for EP20K300E, EP20K400E, EP20K600E, EP20K1000E & EP20K1500E Devices 4 Dedicated Clocks G4 G1 LVDSTXOUTCLK1p/n (3) LVDSTXINCLK1p/n G1 G2 G3 CLK4p (4) 1x tx_outclock PLL4 (1) Transmitter Mode tx_inclock inclock fbin (1) LVDSRXINCLK1p/n clock1 clock1 PLL4 (1) General Purpose Mode clock0 inclock CLK2p rx_inclock PLL3 (2) Receiver Mode rx_outclock (2) PLL3 General Purpose Mode clock0 inclock clock1 clock1 clock0 clock0 PLL1 PLL2 CLKLK_FB2p CLK3p inclock CLK1p fbin CLKLK_FB1p G2 G3 CLKLK_OUT2p CLKLK_OUT1p Notes: (1) (2) (3) (4) For EP20K400E, EP20K600E, EP20K1000E, and EP20K1500E devices, PLL 4 can be used in only one of two possible modes, general purpose mode or ALTLVDS_TX transmitter mode. Connections that apply to the chosen mode are shown above and are exclusive to that mode. Only one mode can be used at a time for PLL 4. PLL 4 in EP20K300E devices can only be used in general purpose mode. For EP20K400E, EP20K600E, EP20K1000E, and EP20K1500E devices, PLL 3 can be used in only one of two possible modes, general purpose mode or ALTLVDS_RX receiver mode. Connections that apply to the chosen mode are shown above and are exclusive to that mode. Only one mode can be used at a time for PLL 3. PLL 3 in EP20K300E devices can only be used in general purpose mode. This PLL output is a high-speed CMOS/LVDS interface clock that feeds the LVDS transmitter block. This PLL output is a high-speed LVDS/CMOS interface clock that feeds the LVDS receiver block. For EP20K30E, EP20K60E, EP20K100E, EP20K160E, and EP20K200E devices, the CLK4P and CLK2P dedicated clock pins supply the clock to two PLLs. These PLLs have the same usage guidelines as the EP20K400E device and larger device's PLLs, with the exception of some PLL connections. You can use all four possible PLL output clocks that are shared among four dedicated clock lines. If you use all of the outputs, the CLK3P and CLK1P pins cannot be used. Figure 8 illustrates the valid clock connections for the PLL and the global clock lines in these devices. Use Figure 8 to determine whether a design clocking scheme is valid in terms of PLL and clock connections. The altclklock megafunction port connections should follow the usage guidelines illustrated in Figures 7 and 8. 14 Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Figure 8. Dedicated Global Clock Pin Connections to PLL & Dedicated Clock Lines for EP20K30E, EP20K60E, EP20K100E, EP20K160E & EP20K200E Devices 4 Dedicated Clocks G4 G1 clock1 inclock CLK4p PLL2 clock0 CLK3p clock1 inclock CLK2p fbin PLL1 CLK1p clock0 CLKLK_FB2p G2 G3 CLKLK_OUT2p Table 6 shows the APEX 20KE ClockLock and ClockBoost parameters, and Table 7 shows the APEX 20KE Clock Input and Output parameters. Table 6. APEX 20KE ClockLock & ClockBoost Parameters Symbol Parameter Max Unit tR Input rise time 5 ns tF Input fall time 5 ns t INDUTY Input duty cycle t INJITTER Input jitter peak-to-peak tOUTJITTER Jitter on ClockLock or ClockBoostgenerated clock tOUTDUTY Duty cycle for ClockLock or ClockBoost-generated clock tLOCK (2), (3) Time required for ClockLock or ClockBoost to acquire lock Altera Corporation Condition Note (1) Min 40 45 Typ 60 % 2% of input period peak-topeak 0.35% of output period RMS 55 % 40 s 15 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Table 7. APEX 20KE Clock Input and Output Parameters Symbol fIN (4), (5), (5) Parameter Input clock frequency I/O Standard Note (1) -1X Speed Grade -2X Speed Grade Units Min Max Min Max 3.3-V LVTTL 1.5 290 1.5 257 MHz 2.5-V LVTTL 1.5 281 1.5 250 MHz 1.8-V LVTTL 1.5 272 1.5 243 MHz GTL+ 1.5 303 1.5 261 MHz SSTL-2 Class I 1.5 291 1.5 253 MHz SSTL-2 Class II 1.5 291 1.5 253 MHz SSTL-3 Class I 1.5 300 1.5 260 MHz SSTL-3 Class II 1.5 300 1.5 260 MHz LVDS 1.5 420 1.5 350 MHz fVCO (5) Voltage controlled oscillator operating range 200 500 200 500 MHz fCLOCK0 Clock0 PLL output frequency for internal use 1.5 335 1.5 200 MHz fCLOCK1 Clock1 PLL output frequency for internal use 12.5 335 20 200 MHz 3.3-V LVTTL 1.5 245 1.5 226 MHz 2.5-V LVTTL 1.5 234 1.5 221 MHz 1.8-V LVTTL 1.5 223 1.5 216 MHz GTL+ 1.5 205 1.5 193 MHz SSTL-2 Class I 1.5 158 1.5 157 MHz fCLOCK0_EXT Output clock frequency for external (4), (5), (5) clock0 output fCLOCK1_EXT Output clock frequency for external (4), (5), (5) clock1 output 16 SSTL-2 Class II 1.5 142 1.5 142 MHz SSTL-3 Class I 1.5 166 1.5 162 MHz SSTL-3 Class II 1.5 149 1.5 146 MHz LVDS 1.5 420 1.5 350 MHz 3.3-V LVTTL 12.5 245 20 226 MHz 2.5-V LVTTL 12.5 234 20 221 MHz 1.8-V LVTTL 12.5 223 20 216 MHz GTL+ 12.5 205 20 193 MHz SSTL-2 Class I 12.5 158 20 157 MHz SSTL-2 Class II 12.5 142 20 142 MHz SSTL-3 Class I 12.5 166 20 162 MHz SSTL-3 Class II 12.5 149 20 146 MHz LVDS 12.5 420 20 350 MHz Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Notes to tables: (1) All input clock specifications must be met. The PLL may not lock onto an incoming clock if the clock specifications are not met, creating an erroneous clock within the device. The maximum lock time is 40 s or 2000 input clock cycles, whichever occurs first. Before configuration, the PLL circuits are disabled and powered down. During configuration, the PLLs are still disabled. The PLLs begin to lock once the device is in the user mode. If the clock enable feature is used, lock begins once the CLKLK_ENA pin goes high in user mode. For the external feedback mode, the maximum clock frequency is either 165 MHz or the maximum clock output according to the I/O standard, whichever is smaller. For the EP20K400E device, the maximum external clock frequency for the external feedback mode is 124 MHz. For external feedback mode, the clock out, clock in, feedback input must have the same I/O standard. For zero delay buffer mode, the clock out and clock in must have the same I/O standard. The PLL voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) operating range is wide enough to support the device's maximum LVDS data rate when in LVDS mode.b (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Table 8 shows the APEX 20KE device LVDS mode PLL Parameters for EP20K400E and EP20K600E devices and Table 9 shows the APEX 20KE LVDS Mode PLL Parameters for EP20K1000E and EP20K1500E devices. Table 8. EP20K400E & EP20K600E LVDS Mode PLL Parameters Symbol Parameter Mode -1X Speed Grade Min tC fINLVDS fLVDSDR LVDS receiver/transmitter input clock period LVDS receiver/transmitter input clock frequency Maximum LVDS data transfer rate Note (1) Typ -2X Speed Grade Max Min Typ Units Max x8 9.52 33 11.43 33 ns x7 9.52 33 11.43 33 ns x4 5.71 20 6.88 20 ns x8 30 105 30 87.5 MHz x7 30 105 30 87.5 MHz x4 50 175 50 145.25 MHz x8 240 840 240 700 Mbps x7 210 735 210 612.5 Mbps x4 200 700 200 581 Mbps Input Jitter Peak-to-peak input Jitter (peak-toon input clock peak) All 2% of tC 2% of tC ns Output Jitter (RMS) RMS output jitter in LVDS mode (2), (3) All 0.25% of tC 0.25% of tC ns tDUTY Duty cycle on LVDS transmitter output clock All 51 % tLOCK Lock time for LVDS transmitter and receiver PLLs All 5 s Altera Corporation 49 50 51 5 49 50 17 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Table 9. EP20K1000E and EP20K1500E LVDS Mode PLL Parameters Symbol Parameter Mode -1X Speed Grade Max Min LVDS receiver/transmitter Input clock period x8 10.67 33 12.80 33 ns x7 9.52 33 11.43 33 ns x4 5.71 20 6.88 20 ns x8 30 93.7 30 78.125 MHz x7 30 105 30 87.5 MHz x4 50 175 50 145.25 MHz x8 240 750 240 625 Mbps x7 210 735 210 612.5 Mbps x4 200 700 200 Min tC fINLVDS fLVDSDR Note (1) LVDS receiver/transmitter Input clock frequency Maximum LVDS data transfer rate Typ -2X Speed Grade Typ Units Max 581 Mbps Input Jitter Peak-to-peak Input Jitter (peak-toon input clock peak) All 2% of tC 2% of tC ns Output Jitter (RMS) RMS Output Jitter in LVDS mode (2), (3) All 0.25% of tC 0.25% of tC ns tDUTY Duty cycle on LVDS transmitter output clock All 51 % tLOCK Lock time for LVDS transmitter and receiver PLLs All 5 s 49 50 51 5 49 50 Notes to tables: (1) (2) (3) 18 The PLL voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) operating range is wide enough to support the device's maximum LVDS data rate when in LVDS mode. This assumes an input clock with 5 ps of input jitter This jitter is for both the receiver and the transmitter LVDS PLLs cascaded together. The jitter for the receiver or transmitter PLL will be less. Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Table 10 lists the APEX 20KE ClockLock pins and their function. Table 10. APEX 20KE Device ClockLock Pins Pin Name Pin Type Description I/O Standards Supported CLKp[1..4] Input Dedicated pins that drive the PLL clock inputs. In EP20K400E and larger devices, CLK3p and CLK4p drive PLL3 and PLL4, respectively, for generalpurpose mode only. CLKLK_FB Input Dedicated pins that allow external feedback to the PLLs. CLKLK_OUT Output Dedicated clock output that allows the PLL output to be driven off-chip. LVDSTXINCLK1p/n LVDSRXINCLK1p/n (1) Input Dual-purpose I/O pins that drive the PLL clock input in LVDS LVDS mode for LVDS/CMOS data conversion. LVDSTXOUTCLK1p/n Output (1) LOCK Output 1.8-V I/O, 2.5-V I/O, AGP, CTT, HSTL, LVCMOS, LVDS, LVPECL, LVTTL, GTL+, 3.3-V PCI, 3.3-V PCI-X, SSTL-2, SSTL-3 LVDS clock output that allows the PLL to drive the LVDS 1x clock off-chip in LVDS mode. LVDS output data is synchronized to this clock. These pins are dual-purpose I/O pins. Optional pin that shows the status of the ClockLock 1.8-V I/O, 2.5-V I/O, and ClockBoost circuitry. When the ClockLock and LVCMOS, LVTTL, ClockBoost circuitry is locked to the incoming clock 3.3-V PCI and generates an internal clock, LOCK is driven high. LOCK remains high as long as the clock input remains within specification. Note: (1) This pin is available in EP20K400E, EP20K600E, EP20K1000E, and EP20K1500E devices only. Board Layout Altera Corporation Each PLL uses its own VCC and GND pins. APEX 20K devices have one pair of VCC and GND pins for the ClockLock and ClockBoost circuitry. APEX 20KE devices use a VCC and GND pair for each PLL and each clock output pin. Separate VCC and GND pins and external clock outputs reduce jitter by isolating the output pin from adjacent switching pins. It also minimizes any ground bounce or VCC sag effects from nearby switching outputs. 19 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Table 11 shows the power pins required for APEX 20K and APEX 20KE devices. Table 11. Power Pin Requirements for APEX 20K & APEX 20KE ClockLock PLL Features Device Pin Name Description EP20K100 EP20K200 EP20K400 VCC_CKLK GND_CKLK Power and ground pins for the ClockLock and ClockBoost PLL circuitry. To ensure noise resistance, the power and ground supply to the PLL should be isolated from the power and ground to the rest of the device. VCC_CKLK pins have the same specifications as VCCINT and should be connected to a 2.5 V supply, even if the PLL is not used. EP20K60E EP20K100E EP20K160E EP20K200E VCC_CKLK2 VCC_CKLK4 GND_CKLK2 GND_CKLK4 Power and ground pins for the ClockLock and ClockBoost PLL circuitry. To ensure noise resistance, the power and ground supply to the PLL should be isolated from the power and ground to the rest of the device. VCC_CKLK pins have the same specifications as VCCINT and should be connected to a 1.8 V supply, even if the PLL is not used. VCC_CKOUT2 GND_CKOUT2 Power and ground pins for the external clock output pins (CLKLK_OUT). These pins supply the VCCIO and GNDIO for the CLKLK_OUT pins. VCC_CKOUT pins have the same specifications as VCCIO and should be connected to a VCCIO supply even if the external clock is not used. EP20K300E EP20K400E EP20K600E EP20K1000E EP20K1500E VCC_CKLK[4..1] Power and ground pins for the ClockLock and ClockBoost PLL circuitry. To GND_CKLK[4..1] ensure noise resistance, the power and ground supply to the PLL should be isolated from the power and ground to the rest of the device. VCC_CKLK pins have the same specifications as VCCINT and should be connected to a 1.8 V supply even if the PLL is not used. VCC_CKOUT1 VCC_CKOUT2 GND_CKOUT1 GND_CKOUT2 Power and ground pins for the external clock output pins (CLKLK_OUT). These pins supply the VCCIO and GNDIO for the CLKLK_OUT pins. VCC_CKOUT pins have the same specifications as VCCIO and should be connected to a VCCIO level even if the external clock is not used. The ClockLock circuits contain analog components, which may be sensitive to noise generated by digital components. Voltage fluctuations on the power and ground planes on the board, such as ground bounce and VCC sag, directly affects clock jitter. To avoid excessive jitter, the designer must use proper supply decoupling. All devices with ClockLock circuitry have special VCC and GND pins, which provide power to the PLL and its dedicated output pin. The power and ground connected to these pins must be isolated from the power and ground to the rest of the APEX device or to any other digital devices. These pins are named VCC_CKLK, GND_CKLK, VCC_CKOUT and GND_CKOUT. The pin file generated by the Quartus II software and the APEX 20K Device Family Data Sheet pin tables identify these pins. 20 Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices One of following recommended board layout techniques can be used: Use separate VCC_CKLK, GND_CKLK, VCC_CKOUT and GND_CKOUT power planes in board layout. The designer of a mixed-signal system will have already partitioned the system into analog and digital sections, each with its own power and ground planes on the board. In this case, the VCC_CKLK and GND_CKLK pins can be connected to the analog power and ground planes. VCC_CKOUT requires a digital power plane connection. Partition the VCCINT, GNDINT, VCCIO, and GNDIO planes to include islands for VCC_CKLK, GND_CKLK, VCC_CKOUT, and GND_CKOUT respectively. For fully digital systems that do not already have separate analog power and ground planes on the board, adding two or four new planes to the board may be prohibitively expensive. Instead, the board designer can create islands for the VCC_CKLK/GND_CKLK and VCC_CKOUT/GND_CKOUT. Figure 9 shows an example board layout with an analog power island. This would need to be done for VCC_CKLK/GND_CKLK and VCC_CKOUT/GND_CKOUT. If the CLKLK_OUT pins are not used, isolation for VCC_CKOUT is not necessary. Figure 9. Board Layout for PLL VCC & GND Islands Analog Power and Ground Island APEX Device Dielectric Width at least 100 mil Digital Power and GND Planes Altera Corporation 21 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Each of the VCC_CKLK/GND_CKLK and VCC_CKOUT/GND_CKOUT pairs should be decoupled with a 2.2-F, 0.1-F and 0.01-F parallel combination of ceramic capacitors located as close as possible to the APEX 20K or APEX 20KE device. Place a 10-F tantalum capacitor immediately adjacent to the location where the power-supply lines for the PLLs come into the PCB along with a ferrite bead. Values depend on the frequency of the application. Refer to the ferrite bead manufacturer frequency specifications. See Figure 10. If PLLs are used in LVDS mode, the VCC_CKLK4/GND_CKLK4 and VCC_CKLK3/GND_CKLK3 pins should be decoupled with 2.2-F, 0.1-F, 0.01-F, and 0.001-F parallel capacitors. Figure 10 shows the general purpose PLL power supply decoupling. Figure 10. General Purpose PLL Power Supply Decoupling VCCINT VCC_CKLK 2.2 F 0.1 F GND_CKOUT (1) GNDIO 10 F 0.01 F (2) GND_CKLK VCC_CKOUT (1) 10 F GND VCCIO 2.2 F 0.1 F 0.01 F APEX Device Notes: (1) (2) The VCC_CKOUT and GND_CKOUT pins are only available on APEX 20KE devices. If PLLs are used in LVDS mode, the VCC_CKLK4/GND_CKLK4 and VCC_CKLK3/GND_CKLK3 pins should be decoupled with an additional 0.001-F parallel capacitor. Software Support 22 The ClockShift and ClockBoost features, as well as other PLL feature settings, are controlled by the altclklock parameters. This section describes the ports and parameters for the altclklock megafunction and shows the function prototype and component declarations. Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices altclklock Ports & Parameters Tables 12 through 14 list the altclklock input port, output port, and parameter descriptions. Table 12. altclklock Input Port Descriptions Name inclock Required Yes inclocken No fbin No Description Comments Clock port that drives the ClockLock PLL PLL enable signal When the inclocken port is high, the PLL drives the clock0 and clock1 ports. When the inclocken port is low, the clock0 and clock1 ports drive out GND and the PLL goes out of lock. When the inclocken port goes high again, the PLL must relock. This port is not available for APEX 20K devices. External feedback input for PLL To complete the feedback loop, there must be a board-level connection between the fbin pin and the PLL's external clock output pin. This port is not available for APEX 20K devices. Table 13. altclklock Output Port Descriptions Name Required Description Comments clock0 No First output In APEX 20K devices, if the pin driving the PLL's inclock port is clock of the PLL used elsewhere in the design, you can use only the PLL's clock0 output port. No fit is possible if you simultaneously use the clock0 port, the clock1 port, and the pin driving the PLL's inclock port. In APEX 20KE devices, you can use the clock0 port, the clock1 port, and the pin driving the PLL's inclock port. If, however, you are using the PLL to generate only one clock signal, you should use the clock1 port to give the Compiler added flexibility when fitting the PLL. clock1 No Second output In APEX 20K devices, if the pin driving the PLL's inclock port is clock of the PLL used elsewhere in the design, you can use only the PLL's clock0 output port. No fit is possible if you simultaneously use the clock0 port, the clock1 port, and the pin driving the PLL's inclock port. In APEX 20KE devices, you can use the clock0 port, the clock1 port, and the pin driving the PLL's inclock port. If, however, you are using the PLL to generate only one clock signal, you should use the clock1 port to give the Compiler added flexibility when fitting the PLL. locked No Status of the PLL Altera Corporation When the PLL is locked, this signal is VCC. When the PLL is out of lock, this signal is GND. The locked port may pulse high and low while the PLL is in the process of achieving lock. 23 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Table 14. altclklock Parameter Descriptions (Part 1 of 6) Name Type Required Description INCLOCK_PERIOD Integer Yes Specifies the period of the inclock port in ps. This parameter is not required if a clock setting is specified for the inclock port. INCLOCK_SETTINGS String No Specifies the clock setting assignment to be used with the inclock port. If the INCLOCK_SETTINGS parameter is specified, the INCLOCK_PERIOD parameter is not required and is ignored. If omitted, the default is "UNUSED". VALID_LOCK_CYCLES Integer No Specifies the number of half-clock cycles for which the clock0 and clock1 ports must be locked before the locked pin goes high. This parameter is used only for third-party and functional simulations. To compute the actual number of half-clock cycles for which the clock0 and clock1 ports must be locked before the locked pin goes high, the Compiler uses the value of the VALID_LOCK_MULTIPLIER parameter. The computed value replaces any manually-specified values for the VALID_LOCK_CYCLES parameter. Altera recommends creating the PLL with the MegaWizard Plug-In Manager to obtain and select, based on the design, a close approximation of the value of the VALID_LOCK_CYCLES parameter. The MegaWizard Plug-In Manager automatically specifies values for both the VALID_LOCK_CYCLES and VALID_LOCK_MULTIPLIER parameters. If omitted, the default is five. This parameter is available only in APEX 20KE devices. 24 Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Table 14. altclklock Parameter Descriptions (Part 2 of 6) Name Type Required Description INVALID_LOCK_CYCLES Integer No Specifies the number of half-clock cycles for which the clock0 and clock1 ports must be out of lock before the locked pin goes low. This parameter is used only for third-party and functional simulations. To compute the actual number of half-clock cycles for which the clock0 and clock1 ports must be out of lock before the locked pin goes low, the Compiler uses the value of the INVALID_LOCK_MULTIPLIER parameter. The computed value replaces any manually specified values for the INVALID_LOCK_CYCLES parameter. Altera recommends creating the PLL with the MegaWizard Plug-In Manager to obtain and select, based on the design, a close approximation of the value of the INVALID_LOCK_CYCLES parameter. The MegaWizard Plug-In Manager automatically specifies values for both the INVALID_LOCK_CYCLES and INVALID_LOCK_MULTIPLIER parameters. If omitted, the default is five. This parameter is available only in APEX 20KE devices. VALID_LOCK_MULTIPLIER Integer No Specifies the scaling factor, in half-clock cycles, for which the clock0 and clock1 ports must be locked before the locked pin goes high. The Compiler uses the value of the VALID_LOCK_MULTIPLIER parameter to compute the value of the VALID_LOCK_CYCLES parameter. Altera recommends creating the PLL with the MegaWizard Plug-In Manager to obtain and select, based on the design, a close approximation of the scaling factor. The MegaWizard Plug-In Manager automatically specifies values for both the VALID_LOCK_CYCLES and VALID_LOCK_MULTIPLIER parameters. This parameter is required if the locked port is connected. Values are one and five. If omitted, the default is five. This parameter is available only in APEX 20KE devices. Altera Corporation 25 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Table 14. altclklock Parameter Descriptions (Part 3 of 6) Name INVALID_LOCK_MULTIPLIER 26 Type Integer Required No Description Specifies the scaling factor, in half-clock cycles, for which the clock0 and clock1 ports must be out of lock before the locked pin goes low. The Compiler uses the value of the INVALID_LOCK_MULTIPLIER parameter to compute the value of the INVALID_LOCK_CYCLES parameter. Altera recommends creating the PLL with the MegaWizard Plug-In Manager to obtain and select, based on the design, a close approximation of the scaling factor. The MegaWizard Plug-In Manager automatically specifies values for both the INVALID_LOCK_CYCLES and INVALID_LOCK_MULTIPLIER parameters. This parameter is required if the locked port is connected. Values are one and five. If omitted, the default is five. This parameter is available only in APEX 20KE devices. Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Table 14. altclklock Parameter Descriptions (Part 4 of 6) Name Type Required Description OPERATION_MODE String No In Normal mode, the phase shift is measured between the internal clock network and the dedicated inclock pin. If the PLL also feeds an external CLKLK_OUT pin, a phase difference results at the output of the external CLKLK_OUT pin due to the time delay it introduces. In Zero Delay Buffer mode, the PLL behaves as a zero-delay buffer of the input clock. The PLL must be connected to an external CLKLK_OUT pin, and the output of the external CLKLK_OUT pin is in phase with the dedicated inclock pin. If the clock0 port is used to drive the external CLKLK_OUT pin, the CLOCK0_BOOST parameter must be unused or set to one; if the clock1 port is used to drive the external CLKLK_OUT pin, the CLOCK1_BOOST parameter must be unused or set to one. If the PLL is also used to drive the internal clock network, a corresponding phase shift of that network results. The programmable phase shift feature is not available in this mode. Thus, the OUTCLOCK_PHASE_SHIFT parameter must be unused or set to zero. In External Feedback mode, the fbin port must be used, and a board-level connection between the external CLKLK_OUT pin and the CLKLK_FB pin must exist. In addition, the PLL adjusts its output to cause the signal observed at the CLKLK_FB pin to be synchronized with the input clock. If the PLL is also used to drive the internal clock network, a corresponding phase shift on that network results. Values are NORMAL, ZERO_DELAY_BUFFER, and EXTERNAL_FEEDBACK. If omitted, the default is NORMAL. This parameter is available only in APEX 20KE devices. CLOCK0_BOOST Integer No Specifies the integer multiplication factor, which must be greater than zero, for the clock0 port with respect to the input clock frequency. This parameter can be specified only if the clock0 port is used; however, it is not required if a clock setting is specified for the clock0 port. The value for this parameter must be one, two, or four for APEX 20K devices. Create the PLL with the MegaWizard Plug-In Manager to calculate the value for this parameter for APEX 20KE devices. If omitted, the default is one. Altera Corporation 27 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Table 14. altclklock Parameter Descriptions (Part 5 of 6) Name Type Required Description CLOCK0_DIVIDE Integer No Specifies the integer division factor, which must be greater than zero, for the clock0 port with respect to the input clock frequency. This parameter can be specified only if the clock0 port is used; however, it is not required if a clock setting is specified for the clock0 port. The setting for this parameter must be one for APEX 20K devices. Create the PLL with the MegaWizard Plug-In Manager to calculate the value for this parameter for APEX 20KE devices. If omitted, the default is one. CLOCK0_SETTINGS String No Specifies the clock setting assignment to be used with the clock0 port. If this parameter is specified, the CLOCK0_BOOST, CLOCK0_DIVIDE, and OUTCLOCK_PHASE_SHIFT parameters are not required and are ignored. If both CLOCK0_SETTINGS and CLOCK1_SETTINGS are specified, both must have the same phase shift. If omitted, the default is "UNUSED". CLOCK1_BOOST Integer No Specifies the integer multiplication factor, which must be greater than zero, for the clock1 port with respect to the input clock frequency. This parameter can only be specified if the clock1 port is used; however, it is not required if a clock setting is specified for the clock1 port. The setting for this parameter must be one, two, or four for APEX 20K devices. Create the PLL with the MegaWizard Plug-In Manager to calculate the value for this parameter for APEX 20KE devices. If omitted, the default is one. CLOCK1_DIVIDE Integer No Specifies the integer division factor, which must be greater than zero, for the clock1 port with respect to the input clock frequency. The parameter can only be specified if the clock1 port is used; however, it is not required if a clock setting is specified for the clock1 port. If omitted, the default is one. CLOCK1_SETTINGS String No Specifies the clock setting assignment to be used with the clock1 port. If this parameter is specified, the CLOCK1_BOOST, CLOCK1_DIVIDE, and OUTCLOCK_PHASE_SHIFT parameters are not required and are ignored. If both CLOCK0_SETTINGS and CLOCK1_SETTINGS are specified, they both must have the same phase shift. If omitted, the default is "UNUSED". 28 Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Table 14. altclklock Parameter Descriptions (Part 6 of 6) Name OUTCLOCK_PHASE_SHIFT Type Integer Required No Description Specifies, in ps, the output clock phase shift relative to the input clock. Phase shifts of 0.0 0.25, 0.5, or 0.75 times the input period (0, 90, or 270) are implemented precisely. The allowable range for the phase shift is between 0 ps and one input clock period. If the phase shift is outside this range, the Compiler adjusts it to fall within this range. For other phase shifts, the Compiler chooses the closest allowed value. If the fbin port is used, the programmable phase shift is not available. This parameter is not required if clock settings are used for the clock0 and clock1 ports. If omitted, the default is zero. ClockShift circuitry allows you to adjust the clock delay or phase for precise timing. This parameter is available only if the OPERATION_MODE parameter is set to NORMAL. This parameter is available only in APEX 20KE devices. Function Prototype The following sample code shows an AHDL function prototype (port name and order also apply to Verilog HDL). FUNCTION altclklock (inclock, inclocken, fbin) WITH (INCLOCK_PERIOD, INCLOCK_SETTINGS, VALID_LOCK_CYCLES, INVALID_LOCK_CYCLES, VALID_LOCK_MULTIPLIER, INVALID_LOCK_MULTIPLIER, OPERATION_MODE, CLOCK0_BOOST, CLOCK0_DIVIDE, CLOCK0_SETTINGS, CLOCK1_BOOST, CLOCK1_DIVIDE, CLOCK1_SETTINGS, OUTCLOCK_PHASE_SHIFT) RETURNS (clock0, clock1, locked); Altera Corporation 29 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices VHDL Component Declaration The following sample code shows a VHDL component declaration for the altclklock megafunction. COMPONENT altclklock GENERIC (INCLOCK_PERIOD: NATURAL; INCLOCK_SETTINGS: STRING := "UNUSED"; VALID_LOCK_CYCLES: NATURAL := 3; INVALID_LOCK_CYCLES: NATURAL := 3; VALID_LOCK_MULTIPLIER: NATURAL := 1; INVALID_LOCK_MULTIPLIER: NATURAL := 1; OPERATION_MODE: STRING := "NORMAL"; CLOCK0_BOOST: NATURAL := 1; CLOCK0_DIVIDE: NATURAL := 1; CLOCK1_BOOST: NATURAL := 1; CLOCK1_DIVIDE: NATURAL := 1; CLOCK0_SETTINGS: STRING := "UNUSED"; CLOCK1_SETTINGS: STRING := "UNUSED"; OUTCLOCK_PHASE_SHIFT: NATURAL := 0); PORT (inclock, inclocken: IN STD_LOGIC; fbin : IN STD_LOGIC := '0'; clock0, clock1, locked : OUT STD_LOGIC); END COMPONENT; MegaWizard Interface The MegaWizard Plug-In Manager automatically sets the appropriate parameters. On the first page, the MegaWizard manager allows you to select between entering a new instance or editing an existing instantiation. On the second page of the MegaWizard Plug-In, choose altclklock from the gates directory. On this same page, you can choose the filename and an AHDL, VHDL, or Verilog HDL file type. The options on page three of the MegaWizard window only apply to APEX 20KE device PLLs, as shown in Figure 11. Table 15 lists the options available on page three of the altclklock MegaWizard Plug-In Manager. 30 Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Figure 11. Page 3 of the altclklock MegaWizard Plug-In Manager Table 15. altclklock MegaWizard Plug-In Options Option Description Use the feedback path inside the PLL This option sets the OPERATION_MODE parameter to NORMAL. In this mode, the PLL feedback path is internal to the PLL, minimizing the clock delay to the registers. This mode allows for programmable phase shift. The phase shift can be entered as degrees, ps, or ns using the drop-down list box. The smallest resolution that can be implemented is between 500 ps and 1 ns, depending on the other PLL settings. The clock0 or clock1 signals can be driven off-chip in this mode; however, they will not be phase aligned with the clock input pin. Use feedback through the clock0/clock1 output of the PLL This option sets which PLL output, clock0 or clock1, will be driven off-chip in Zero Delay Buffer or External Feedback mode. Use on-chip connection for the feedback (zero delay buffer mode) This option sets the OPERATION_MODE parameter to ZERO_DELAY_BUFFER. In this mode, the clock port driven off-chip is phase aligned with the clock input pin for a minimized clock input to external clock output pin delay. Phase shifting is not possible in this mode. The clock output selected cannot be multiplied, but can be divided. The remaining output port that is not driven off-chip can be multiplied. Use off-chip connection This option sets the OPERATION_MODE parameter to EXTERNAL_FEEDBACK. In this for the feedback (external mode, the external feedback input pin is phase aligned with the clock input pin. The feedback mode) external clock output pin must feed the external feedback input pin on the board. This has the same restrictions as Zero Delay Buffer mode. Altera Corporation 31 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Page four of the MegaWizard Plug-In Manager (see Figure 12) sets the megafunction's input frequency, clock multiplication, and clock division. The Estimated Performance box displays the actual multiplication, division, and phase shift. For circuits that can be constructed, the actual multiplication and division factors may differ from the values you enter, but the ratio of multiplication/division for a given clock output will be the same. For circuits that cannot be constructed, the closest achievable multiplication and division factors are displayed. The closest possible phase shift for the estimated performance ratios is also given. The inability to achieve the desired phase shift does not prevent circuit construction; the compiler achieves the closest possible shift, shown under Actual phase shift in the Estimated Performance box. Figure 12. Page 4 of the altclklock MegaWizard Plug-In Manager Page five of the MegaWizard Plug-In Manager (see Figure 13) provides lock indication latency and clock enable port options. The lock indication options are determined by the internal PLL configuration parameters that are affected by the user-desired multiplication, division, and frequency. These options automatically set the VALID_LOCK_CYCLES, INVALID_LOCK_CYCLE, VALID_LOCK_MULTIPLIER, and INVALID_LOCK_MULTIPLIER parameters. 32 Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Figure 13. Page 5 of the altclklock MegaWizard Plug-In Manager Figures 14 and 15 are examples of PLL instantiations and configurations. Figure 14. APEX 20K & APEX 20KE altclklock Instantiation with 2x & 4x Clocks & Clock Inversion data_a D PRN Q CLRN clock_33 PLL inclock 66 MHz clock0 clock1 133 MHz locked Input Frequency = 33.0 MHz Clock0 Frequency = 2 Clock1 Frequency = 4 data_b D PRN Q CLRN Altera Corporation 33 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Figure 15. APEX 20KE altclklock Instantiation with Clock Multiplication, Phase Shift & External Clock Output data_a D PRN Q CLRN clock_33 PLL 3 clk_200 clock0 clock1 clk_100 locked Input Frequency = 33.33 MHz Phase Shift = 90 degrees Clock0 Frequency Ratio = 6 Clock1 Frequency Ratio = 3 inclock PLL 4 inclock clock1 locked data_b D PRN Q CLRN clock_100 Input Frequency = 33.33 MHz Clock1 Frequency Ratio = 3 Reporting The ClockLock section of the compilation report displays information regarding device PLL usage (i.e., altclklock megafunction usage). A compilation information message displays whether the requested clock_boost and clock_divide factors and/or the requested phase shift can be achieved. This information is useful if you do not use the MegaWizard Plug-In Manager to verify if a PLL configuration can be constructed. For unachievable clock_boost and clock_divide factors, compilation will provide an error message displaying the closest achievable factors. For unachievable phase shift, the compilation displays the closest-achievable and implemented phase shift. Actual valid or invalid lock cycle indication is also displayed. 1 34 The ClockLock section is omitted from the compilation report if the design does not include PLLs. For more information on the ClockLock section, see Quartus II software Help. Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Timing Analysis Multi-clock timing analysis causes the timing analyzer to report results using slack. The PLL input clocks and output clocks are different clocks that require multi-clock analysis. This condition is true even for the 1x case, because the clock coming out of the PLL is generated from the PLL VCO (not the clock pin), and has a reduced clock delay on the PLL output clock. Another important fact is that the PLL is tuned to run at the frequency you specify. It will not function reliably when above or below the specified frequency (except for a 2.5% frequency tolerance). The PLL runs according to your specified settings and may not run at the maximum clock frequency (fMAX). Because of this and the multi-clock analysis, fMAX is not reported. If an fMAX calculation is necessary, you can derive it from the reported slack. The micro tCO, tSU, and path delay are given for a list path command in the Slack Report window. These delays can be added and inverted to find the fMAX of that path. When using an external feedback input, the External Input Delay option can be used to specify the amount of board delay from the external clock output pin back to the external feedback input. This pin assignment can be made in the Quartus II software through the Timing dialog box (Tools menu - > Assignment Organizer). Clock Domain Transfers For data transfer across clock domains, specific design considerations should be made when using PLL clocks with synchronous and asynchronous transfers. The next two sections describe these considerations. Synchronous Transfers If the two clocks for domain transfer come from a single PLL, all synchronous register-to-register transfers (i.e. 50 MHz to 50 MHz or 50 MHz to 100 MHz) work across all conditions and no special design considerations need to be made. If the two clocks come from two different PLLs (i.e., fed by the same clock with no ClockShift), you must insert at least one LE in the data path to guarantee data transfer between two registers that are connected via local interconnect. All other register-to-register transfers (e.g., across MegaLABTM interconnects) work without special design considerations. Figure 16 shows the LCELL insertion for multiple clock source register-toregister transfer via local interconnect. Altera Corporation 35 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Figure 16. LCELL Insertion for Multiple PLL Clock Source Register-to-Register Transfer via Local Interconnect Registers Connected Via Local Interconnect D PRN Q D PRN Q PLL1.clock0 CLRN CLRN PLL3.clock0 Asynchronous Transfers For asynchronous register-to-register transfer (i.e., 50 MHz to 33 MHz), use the appropriate asynchronous design techniques to transfer data from one clock domain to the other. For example, the DCFIFO first-in first-out (FIFO) function can be used to buffer the data transfer. Figure 17 shows a DCFIFO function that can be used to buffer the data transfer. 36 Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Figure 17. Using DCFIFO to Interface between Asynchronous Clock Domains DCFIFO DATA 33_MHz_data WRREQ wrreq wrreq WRCLK 33_MHz Q 50_MHz_data RDREQ (ACK) rdreq 50_MHz RDCLK PLL used for ClockBoost Circuitry If ClockShift feature is used only on some clocks in a register-to-register transfer, the fMAX may be reduced or a hold time violation may occur, depending on the direction, magnitude of the shift (any positive shift past 180 degrees can be considered negative shift), and whether the destination or source register's clock is shifted. Simulation The altclklock behavioral model can be used to simulate both the APEX 20K PLL and the APEX 20KE PLL by generating a clock signal based upon a reference clock. The APEX 20K and APEX 20KE behavioral model's instantiation should follow the same guidelines and restrictions as the design entry. The altclklock behavioral and timing models do not simulate jitter or lock acquisition time. At zero time, the simulation assumes lock time has already occurred. The latency on lock indication is modeled. To simulate the External Feedback Input pin, you must set the External Input Delay option on the external feedback input pin, as shown in the steps below. Altera Corporation 1. In the Quartus II software, choose Assignment Organizer (Tools menu). 2. Choose the By Node tab. In the Mode box, select Edit Specific Entity & Node Settings for:. 3. Select Browse (...). Use the Node finder to search for the external feedback input pin and select OK. 37 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices 4. In the Assignment Organizer, select the Timing assignment categories list. In the Name list, select External Input Delay. In the Setting box, type the amount of board fly time between the external clock output pin and external feedback input pin. The delay should not exceed 5 ns or 50% of the input clock period, whichever is less. select OK. The simulator can now model the external clock output timing with external feedback. The behavioral models for the altclklock megafunction reside in the \quartus\eda\sim_lib directory. The apex20ke_mf.vhd file contains the VHDL behavioral models and can be used for altclklock in both APEX 20K and APEX 20KE devices. The apex20ke_mf.v file contains the Verilog HDL behavioral models and can be used for altclklock in both APEX 20K and APEX 20KE devices. The behavioral model does not perform parameter error checking, and the user must specify only valid values for the altclklock parameters. When targeting APEX 20K devices, only use APEX 20K-applicable parameters with appropriate values. To simulate the model successfully, the VHDL simulator's resolution must be set to ps. A larger resolution will result in calculation rounding and thus create incorrect multiplication or division. 38 Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Sample VHDL Instantiation of the altclklock Model in a Design The following shows a sample VHDL instantiation of the altclklock model in a design. library ieee; use ieee.std_logic_1164.all; entity pll_design is port ( inclock : in std_logic; inclocken : in std_logic; data_in1 : in std_logic_vector(7 downto 0); clock0 : out std_logic; r_out : out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0); locked : out std_logic); end pll_design; architecture apex of pll_design is component my_dff port ( clock data q end component; : in STD_LOGIC; : in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0); : out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0)); component altclklock generic ( inclock_period inclock_settings valid_lock_cycles invalid_lock_cycles valid_lock_multiplier invalid_lock_multiplier operation_mode clock0_boost clock0_divide clock1_boost clock1_divide clock0_settings clock1_settings outclock_phase_shift port Altera Corporation (inclock inclocken fbin clock0 clock1 locked : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : natural; string := "UNUSED"; natural := 5; natural := 5; natural := 5; natural := 5; string := "NORMAL"; natural := 1; natural := 1; natural := 1; natural := 1; string := "UNUSED"; string := "UNUSED"; natural := 0 ); in std_logic; in std_logic; in std_logic := '0'; out std_logic; out std_logic; out std_logic); 39 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices end component; signal clock1_sig : std_logic; begin U0: altclklock generic map ( inclock_period => 40000, clock1_boost => 4, clock1_divide => 1, clock0_boost => 2, clock0_divide => 1, operation_mode => "NORMAL", valid_lock_cycles => 5, invalid_lock_cycles => 5, valid_lock_multiplier => 5, invalid_lock_multiplier => 5, outclock_phase_shift => 10000 ) port map (inclock => inclock, inclocken => inclocken, clock0 => clock0, clock1 => clock1_sig, locked => locked); process(clock1_sig) begin if clock1_sig'event and clock1_sig = '1' then r_out <= data_in1; end if; end process; end apex; Sample Testbench for the VHDL Design The following shows a sample testbench for the VHDL design. library ieee; use ieee.std_logic_1164.all; entity plltest2 is end plltest2; 40 Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices architecture behave2 of plltest2 is signal inclock : std_logic := '0'; signal inclocken : std_logic; signal data_in1 : std_logic_vector(7 downto 0) := "10101010"; signal clock0 : std_logic; signal locked : std_logic; signal r_out : std_logic_vector(7 downto 0); component pll_design port ( inclock : in std_logic; inclocken : in std_logic; data_in1 : std_logic_vector(7 downto 0); clock0 : out std_logic; r_out : out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0); locked : out std_logic) ; end component; begin inclocken <= '1' after 5 ns; U0 : pll_design port map ( inclock => inclock, inclocken => inclocken, data_in1 => data_in1, clock0 => clock0, r_out => r_out, locked => locked); process(inclock) begin for i in 1 to 100 loop inclock <= not inclock after 20 ns; end loop; end process; end behave2; configuration pllconfig of plltest2 is for behave2 for U0: pll_design use entity work.pll_design(apex); end for; end for; end pllconfig; Altera Corporation 41 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Example Verilog HDL Instantiation of the altclklock Model in a Design The following shows an example Verilog HDL instantiation of the alkclklock model in a design. module pllsource (inclock, inclocken, data_in1, clock0, r_out, locked); input inclock, inclocken; input [7:0] data_in1; output clock0, locked; output [7:0] r_out; wire clock1_sig; reg [7:0] r_out; altclklock PLL_1 ( .inclock(inclock), .inclocken(inclocken), .clock0(clock0), .clock1(clock1_sig), .locked(locked)); defparam PLL_1.inclock_period = 50000, PLL_1.inclock_settings = "UNUSED", PLL_1.clock0_settings = "UNUSED", PLL_1.clock1_settings = "UNUSED", PLL_1.valid_lock_cycles = 5, PLL_1.invalid_lock_cycles = 5, PLL_1.valid_lock_multiplier = 5, PLL_1.invalid_lock_multiplier = 5, PLL_1.clock0_boost = 4, PLL_1.clock1_boost = 2, PLL_1.clock0_divide = 1, PLL_1.clock1_divide = 1, PLL_1.outclock_phase_shift = 0, PLL_1.operation_mode = "NORMAL"; always @(posedge clock1_sig) begin r_out = data_in1; end 42 Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Sample Testbench for Verilog HDL Design The following shows a sample testbench for a Verilog HDL design. timescale 1 ns/100ps module plltest; parameter tmp = 8'b 10101010; reg inclock, inclocken; reg [7:0] data_in1; wire clock0, locked; wire [7:0] r_out; pllsource U1 ( .inclock(inclock), .inclocken(inclocken), .data_in1(data_in1), .clock0(clock0), .r_out(r_out), .locked(locked)); initial data_in1 = tmp; initial inclock = 0; always #25 inclock = ~inclock; initial begin #0 inclocken = 0; #5 inclocken = 1; end initial begin #100 data_in1 = 8'b 11110000; #200 data_in1 = 8'b 00110011; end endmodule Altera Corporation 43 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Sample Waveform Figure 18 shows an example waveform for dual-clock outputs of the APEX 20KE PLL. In this example, clock0 is a 2x clock and clock1 is a 4x clock; both are shifted/lag by 90. For simulation, |altclklock|<instance>|pll is the clock0 output of the PLL, |altclklock|<instance>|pll~CLK1 is the clock1 output of the PLL, and |altclklock|<instance>|pll~LOCKED is the locked output indication. In timing simulation, output clocks have a slight negative shift because they are at the output of the PLL and not at the flip-flop clock ports. A positive delay is added as they reach the clock ports of RAMs or flip-flops. Figure 18. Timing Simulation Output Waveform for Dual-Output Clocks with 90 Shift Applications This section describes some applications of the APEX 20KE device's ClockLock, ClockBoost, and ClockShift features. Clock Multiplication & Division The ClockBoost feature allows designers to use low-speed clocks on the board, reducing the effects of high-speed clocks; designers can use a lowspeed clock on the board and then use the ClockBoost feature to increase clock speed within the device. Using a lower speed clock can help reduce transmission line effects and allow the designer to simplify board layout. In APEX 20K devices, the board clock can be multiplied by 2 or 4 within the device. More complex ratios are possible with APEX 20KE devices. See Tables 12 and 13 on page 23 for more information. 44 Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Clock multiplication and division are useful for communications applications. The ClockBoost feature can be used when transfer rates must be multiplied or divided. The multiplication and division of clocks is also needed to maintain bit rates when converting between parallel data streams and serial data streams. In microprocessor-based systems, a system clock may run at a lower rate than other system components. For example, an embedded processor or its peripheral circuits may run at a faster rate than the system I/O bus clock. Embedded applications also require faster internal rates for operations such as synchronization and counting. The ClockBoost feature can be used to multiply a slower system bus clock for an embedded application in an APEX 20K device. The multiplication and division capabilities of an APEX 20K device give designers the ability to develop SOPC designs. Figure 19 shows clock synthesis in an embedded application. Figure 19. Embedded Application Using Clock Synthesis Clock 8 MHz PLL 2x 16 MHz PLL 4x 32 MHz PLL 8x 64 MHz PLL 16x 128 MHz Logic Microprocessor System Logic Logic Logic The ClockBoost feature can be used to create variable-size pulse widths. By using a multiplied frequency and a counter, you can create pulse widths of various sizes depending on the multiplied frequency driving the counter. These pulses can be used to interface with external SRAM or DRAM. For example, write enable (WE), row address strobe (RAS), and column address strobe (CAS) signals can be generated for a DRAM interface, meeting appropriate address and data setup times. See Figure 20. Altera Corporation 45 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Figure 20. Using Multiplication to Generate Pulses CLK CLK x 2 ADDR A0 DATA A1 A2 D1 WE CLK CLK x 4 Pulse Removing Board Delay APEX 20KE device feedback pins allow the designer to reduce the clock skew between several devices on a board. The PLL actively aligns the feedback input to the CLK input clock. The PLL dynamically adjusts the output during operation to account for delay changes that occur due to temperature or voltage. While designing the board, you should match the return delay containing the feedback input with the delay to each device involved. Similar delays ensure that the aligned feedback input edge is also aligned at the destination devices, eliminating delay. Figure 21 illustrates how board delay is reduced using an APEX 20KE device. 46 Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Figure 21. Reducing Board Delay Using an APEX 20KE Device CLK Note (1) CLKLK_OUT CLKLK_FB Device APEX 20KE Device Device Device Note: (1) For board design, the route delay from CLKLK_OUT1 to each device and the return route delay to CLKLK_FB1 should be equal. 1 Minimize the delays between the CLKLK_OUT and CLKLK_FB signals in APEX 20KE devices. Be sure the PLL clock-to-output time plus board fly time is less than 5 ns or 50% of the input clock period, whichever is less. LVDS In EP20K400E and larger devices, two of the general-purpose PLLs can be configured for use in LVDS interfaces. These PLLs interface with the APEX 20KE LVDS differential input and output blocks. You can multiply the clock input by 4, 7, or 8 for LVDS/CMOS data conversion using dedicated, built-in parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel converters. When the APEX 20KE device is configured to use LVDS, it uses PLL 3 to multiply the LVDSRXINCLK1p input. Serial-to-parallel conversion circuitry uses the multiplied clock to convert the high-speed serial LVDS data to low-speed parallel CMOS data. The multiplication factor used should match the multiplexer/de-multiplexer ratio desired. For example, if a conversion of 1-to-8 is required for a 622-Mbps LVDS channel, the multiplication factor needed is 8 with a clock input of 77.75 MHz. If needed, the serial-to-parallel converter and PLL can be bypassed for lowspeed LVDS data inputs. Figure 22 shows the built-in LVDS input interface with the LVDS serial input at 622 Mbps and the multiplexer/de-multiplexer ratio at 1-to-8. Altera Corporation 47 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Figure 22. APEX 20KE LVDS Receiver Interface APEX 20KE LVDS Serial Data 622 Mbps LVDSRXINCLK1P 77.75 MHz Clock + - data[7..0] I/O Serial-to-Parallel Converter 622 MHz (8x) + - PLL 3 Dedicated Clock 77.75 MHz (1x) When the APEX 20KE device is configured to use LVDS, it uses PLL 4 to multiply the LVDSTXINCCLK1p input. Parallel-to-serial conversion circuitry uses the multiplied clock to convert the low-speed parallel CMOS data to high-speed serial LVDS output data. The multiplication factor should match the multiplexer/de-multiplexer ratio desired. For example, if a conversion of 7-to-1 is needed for a 462-Mbps LVDS output, the multiplication factor needed is seven with an input clock of 66 MHz. If needed, the parallel-to-serial converter and PLL can be bypassed for a low-speed LVDS serial output. Figure 23 shows the built-in LVDS output interface that converts internal parallel data into LVDS serial data with a 7-to-1 ratio at 462 Mbps. Figure 23. APEX 20KE Transmitter Interface APEX 20KE LVDS Interface + - data[6..0] Serial Data 462 Mbps Built-in I/O Parallel-to-Serial Converter 66-MHz LVDSTXINCLK1p + - 462 MHz (7x) PLL 4 Internal Global Clocks (1) 66 MHz (1x) + - LVDSTXOUTCLK1 Note: (1) In LVDS mode, PLL 4 is fed by LVDSTXINCLK1p or one of the three remaining internal global clocks (G1, G2, G3). These remaining global clocks cannot be used if fed by a general-purpose PLL (receiver PLL is allowed). 48 Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices T1 & E1 Clock Domain Conversion In APEX 20KE devices, the ClockBoost circuitry can be used to convert a T1 clock frequency (1.544 MHz) to an E1 clock frequency (2.048 MHz) and vice versa. The ClockLock circuit has a special mode to perform T1/E1 conversions; this multiplication is accomplished by setting the CLOCK0_BOOST and CLOCK0_DIVIDE parameters to 256/193 or 193/256. As with any type of clock domain data transfer, use the appropriate asynchronous design techniques to transfer data from one clock domain to the other. For example, the DCFIFO FIFO function can be used to buffer the data transfer. Figure 24 shows a DCFIFO that interfaces between clock domains. For example, a DCFIFO is fed with input data clocked by the PLL input T1 clock. The output of the DCFIFO should be clocked with the converted E1 clock from the PLL output. Output data is synchronized to the PLL output E1 clock. This same practice is used for synchronization across other clock domains. Figure 24. Using DCFIFO to Interface between Clock Domains DCFIFO 33_MHz_data DATA wrreq wrreq WRREQ 33_MHz WRCLK Q rdreq 50_MHz_data RDREQ (ACK) 50_MHz RDCLK PLL used for ClockBoost Circuitry Time-Domain Multiplexing The ClockBoost feature allows designers to implement time-domain multiplexed applications in which a given circuit is used more than once per clock cycle. Depending on whether the circuit is clocked by the 2x or 4x ClockBoost circuitry in the APEX 20K device, it can operate two or four times, respectively, per system cycle. With time-domain multiplexing, a given function can be implemented with fewer LEs or ESBs. Altera Corporation 49 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices For example, in a circuit using two 16 x 16 multipliers, each multiplier uses 447 LEs for a total of 894 LEs. Alternatively, you could implement the circuit as one multiplier that is used twice per clock cycle by using a clock that is 2x the system clock. The input of the multiplier is multiplexed so it can switch between two sets of inputs; the output is de-multiplexed so that it can drive out the two multiplication results. While some LEs are needed to accomplish the multiplexing, the cost is outweighed by the LEs saved by using one multiplier. Figure 25 shows a schematic of the timedomain multiplexed circuit. Figure 25. Time-Domain Multiplexed Circuit dataa1[15..0] D D datab1[15..0] D 16 x 16 Multiplier ENA D dataa2[15..0] datab2[15..0] producta[31..0] productb[31..0] ENA D D control signal ClockLock clk 50 ClockBoost x 2 Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices The same example can be applied to a circuit requiring four multipliers; the circuit would use a 4x clock and 4-to-1 multiplexers instead of the 2-to-1 multiplexers shown in Figure 25. A control line bus can be created using a one-hot counter or state machine to enable one output bus register per 4x clock cycle, permitting one multiplier to be used four times in a single system clock cycle. Table 16 shows the reduction in resource requirements. Table 16. Resources Required for 16 x 16 Multipliers Design LEs Required Two 16 x 16 multipliers 894 Two 16 x 16 multipliers, time-domain multiplexed with 2x ClockBoost 547 Four 16 x 16 multipliers Four 16 x 16 multipliers, time-domain multiplexed with 4x ClockBoost 1,788 741 ClockShift Applications Phase and time delay adjustment of PLL clock outputs have many interface applications. Delay adjustment allows the designer to overcome strict timing margins that would not be possible to overcome without clock adjustment. By adjusting the clock output's lead or lag, you can use a known clock delay between various clocks to improve the perceived clock-to-output timing for the PLD or external devices. Some high-speed devices, such as SDRAMs, have access times that require fast setup times on the interface device for a given critical path. To meet device-to-device timing requirements, the internal clock to the destination chip's input register can be adjusted to lag a specified amount of time from the input clock. By adding clock lag, you can obtain a faster setup time on the destination device input register. Figure 26 shows an APEX 20KE and ASIC device-to-device interface with timing. For example, the APEX 20KE device may be receiving data from an ASIC with a 5.5 ns tCO. Assuming a 133-MHz system speed and a board propagation delay of 1 ns (tPD) between the ASIC and APEX 20KE device, the tCO + tDELAY = 6.5 ns. Only 1.0 ns is left for setup time into the APEX 20KE device (7.5 ns period). Timing can be met by adjusting the APEX 20KE internal clock to lag by an amount of tSU (PLD) - tSU (needed). Altera Corporation 51 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Figure 26. APEX 20KE and ASIC Device-to-Device Interface with Timing ASIC APEX 20KE t t SU t SU PD PLL with Shift PLL CLKIN t CLK = 7.5 ns t t CO +t PD SU (APEX) = 6.5 ns t SU (Needed) = 1 ns In cases where feedback is not used, clock delay control can be used to adjust clock delay to other devices based on their distance from the clock source. Designers can manually adjust the external clock output of the APEX 20KE device to compensate for board delay. Phase adjustment is also useful for interfaces to an external device. An input clock can be phase shifted with two separate altclklock circuits and then output to the two external outputs. This along with the input could be used for a three-phase DC motor control. Conclusion 52 The advanced APEX 20K ClockLock and ClockBoost features use PLLs to provide significant improvements in system performance and design versatility. The reduction in clock delay and the elimination of clock skew within the device improves design speed, and time-domain multiplexing improves area usage. The ClockBoost feature simplifies board design by running the internal logic of the device at a faster rate than the input clock frequency. The advanced APEX 20KE ClockLock and ClockBoost feature set is further enhanced with m/(n x k) multiplication, LVDS I/O interfaces, and phase adjustment for more complex clock synthesis applications. Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices Revision History The information contained in Application Note 115 (Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices) version 2.2 supersedes information published in previous versions. Version 2.2 Changes The following changes were made to Application Note 115 (Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices) version 2.2: Updated CLKp[1..4] description in Table 10. Updated Figures 7 and 8. Various textual changes. Version 2.1 Changes The following changes were made to Application Note 115 (Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices) version 2.1: Updated Tables 3, 4, 6, and 11. Added Tables 7, 8. Updated Figures 7 and 23. Updated APEX 20KE Devices section. Version 2.01 Changes The following changes were made to Application Note 115 (Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices) version 2.01: Altera Corporation Updated information in Board Layout from pages 16 to 19. Added Figures 9, 26. Updated Table 11. 53 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost PLL Features in APEX Devices 54 Altera Corporation AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost Features in APEX Devices Notes: Altera Corporation 55 AN 115: Using the ClockLock & ClockBoost Features in APEX Devices (R) 101 Innovation Drive San Jose, CA 95134 (408) 544-7000 http://www.altera.com Applications Hotline: (800) 800-EPLD Customer Marketing: (408) 544-7104 Literature Services: lit_req@altera.com 56 Copyright (c) 2001 Altera Corporation. All rights reserved. Altera, The Programmable Solutions Company, the stylized Altera logo, specific device designations, and all other words and logos that are identified as trademarks and/or service marks are, unless noted otherwise, the trademarks and service marks of Altera Corporation in the U.S. and other countries. All other product or service names are the property of their respective holders. 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