![](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
AD9856
–23–REV. B
The output load should be located as close as possible to the
AD9856 package to minimize stray capacitance and inductance.
The load may be a simple resistor to ground, an op amp
current-to-voltage converter, or a transformer-coupled circuit.
It is best not to attempt to directly drive highly reactive loads
(such as an LC filter). Driving an LC filter without a trans-
former requires that the filter be doubly terminated for best
performance, that is, the filter input and output should both be
resistively terminated with the appropriate values. The parallel
combination of the two terminations will determine the load
that the AD9856 will see for signals within the filter passband.
For example, a 50 Ω terminated input/output low-pass filter will
look like a 25 Ω load to the AD9856.
The output compliance voltage of the AD9856 is –0.5 V to
+1.5 V. Any signal developed at the DAC output should not
exceed +1.5 V, otherwise, signal distortion will result. Further-
more, the signal may extend below ground as much as 0.5 V
without damage or signal distortion. The use of a transformer
with a grounded center-tap for common-mode rejection results in
signals at the AD9856 DAC output pins that are symmetrical
about ground.
As previously mentioned, by differentially combining the two
signals the user can provide some degree of common mode
signal rejection. A differential combiner might consist of a trans-
former or an op amp. The object is to combine or amplify only
the difference between two signals and to reject any common,
usually undesirable, characteristic, such as 60 Hz hum or “clock
feedthrough” that is equally present on both input signals. The
AD9856 true and complement outputs can be differentially
combined using a broadband 1:1 transformer with a grounded,
center-tapped primary to perform differential combining of the
two DAC outputs.
REFERENCE CLOCK MULTIPLIER
Due to the fact that the AD9856 is a DDS-based modulator, a
relatively high frequency system clock is required. For DDS
applications, the carrier is typically limited to about 40% of
SYSCLK. For a 65 MHz carrier, the system clock required is
above 160 MHz. To avoid the cost associated with these high
frequency references, and the noise coupling issues associated
with operating a high frequency clock on a PC board, the
AD9856 provides an on-chip programmable clock multiplier
(REFCLK Multiplier). The available clock multiplier range is
from 4× to 20×, in integer steps. With the REFCLK Multiplier
enabled, the input reference clock required for the AD9856 can
be kept in the 10 MHz to 50 MHz range for 200 MHz system
operation, which results in cost and system implementation
savings. The REFCLK Multiplier function maintains clock
integrity as evidenced by the AD9856’s system phase noise
characteristics of –105 dBc/Hz (A
OUT
= 40 MHz, REFCLK
Multiplier = 6, Offset = 1 kHz) and virtually no clock-related
spurii in the output spectrum. External loop filter components
consisting of a series resistor (1.3 kΩ) and capacitor (0.01 µF)
provide the compensation zero for the REFCLK Multiplier PLL
loop. The overall loop performance has been optimized for these
component values.
THROUGHPUT AND LATENCY
Data latency through the AD9856 is easiest to describe in terms
of SYSCLK clock cycles. Latency is a function of the AD9856
configuration; primarily affected by the CIC interpolation rate
and whether the third half-band filter is engaged.
When the third half-band filter is engaged the AD9856 latency
is given by:
126 N + 37 SYSCLK clock cycles
where N is the CIC interpolation rate.
If the AD9856 is configured to bypass the third half-band filter,
the latency is given by:
63 N + 37 SYSCLK clock cycles.
These equations should be considered estimates as observed
latency may be data dependent. The latency was calculated
using the linear delay model for the FIR filters.
In single tone mode, frequency hopping is accomplished via
changing the PROFILE input pins. The time required to switch
from one frequency to another is less than 50 SYSCLK cycles
with the Inverse SINC Filter engaged. With the Inverse SINC
Filter bypassed, the latency drops to less than 35 SYSCLK
cycles.
CONTROL INTERFACE
The AD9856 serial port is a flexible, synchronous serial com-
munications port allowing easy interface to many industry stan-
dard microcontrollers and microprocessors. The serial I/O is
compatible with most synchronous transfer formats, including
both the Motorola 6905/11 SPI and Intel 8051 SSR protocols.
The interface allows read/write access to all registers that config-
ure the AD9856. Single or multiple byte transfers are supported
as well as MSB first or LSB first transfer formats. The AD9856’s
serial interface port can be configured as a single pin I/O (SDIO)
or two unidirectional pins for in/out (SDIO/SDO).
GENERAL OPERATION OF THE SERIAL INTERFACE
There are two phases to a communication cycle with the AD9856.
Phase 1 is the instruction cycle, which is the writing of an in-
struction byte into the AD9856, coincident with the first
eight SCLK rising edges. The instruction byte provides the
AD9856 serial port controller with information regarding the
data transfer cycle, which is Phase 2 of the communication
cycle. The Phase 1 instruction byte defines whether the upcom-
ing data transfer is read or write, the number of bytes in the data
transfer (1–4), and the starting register address for the first byte
of the data transfer.
The first eight SCLK rising edges of each communication cycle
are used to write the instruction byte into the AD9856. The
remaining SCLK edges are for Phase 2 of the communication
cycle. Phase 2 is the actual data transfer between the AD9856
and the system controller. Phase 2 of the communication cycle
is a transfer of 1, 2, 3, or 4 data bytes as determined by the
instruction byte. Normally, using one communication cycle in a
multibyte transfer is the preferred method. However, single byte
communication cycles are useful to reduce CPU overhead when
register access requires one byte only. Examples of this may be
to write the AD9856 SLEEP bit, or an AD8320/AD8321 gain
control byte.