LM4917 Ground-Referenced, 95mW Stereo Headphone Amplifier General Description Key Specifications The LM4917 is a stereo, output capacitor-less headphone amplifier capable of delivering 95mW of continuous average power into a 16 load with less than 1% THD+N from a single 3V power supply. The LM4917 provides high quality audio reproduction with minimal external components. A ground referenced output eliminates the output coupling capacitors typically required by single-ended loads, reducing component count, cost and board space consumption. This makes the LM4917 ideal for mobile phones and other portable equipment where board space is at a premium. Eliminating the output coupling capacitors also improves low frequency response. The LM4917 operates from a single 1.4V to 3.6V power supply, features low 0.02% THD+N and 70dB PSRR. Independent right/left channel low-power shutdown controls provide power saving flexibility for mono/stereo applications. Superior click and pop suppression eliminates audible transients during start up and shutdown. Short circuit and thermal overload protection protects the device during fault conditions. j Improved PSRR at 1kHz 70dB (typ) j Power Output at VDD = 3V, RL = 16, THD % 1% j Shutdown Current 95mW (typ) 0.01A (typ) Features Ground referenced outputs High PSRR Available in space-saving TSSOP package Ultra low current shutdown mode Improved pop & click circuitry eliminates noises during turn-on and turn-off transitions n 1.4 - 3.6V operation n No output coupling capacitors, snubber networks, bootstrap capacitors n Shutdown either channel independently n n n n n Applications n n n n n Notebook PCs Desktop PCs Mobile Phone PDAs Portable electronic devices Block Diagram 200893B8 FIGURE 1. Circuit Block Diagram Boomer (R) is a registered trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation. (c) 2004 National Semiconductor Corporation DS200893 www.national.com LM4917 Ground-Referenced, 95mW Stereo Headphone Amplifier November 2004 LM4917 Typical Application 200893B2 FIGURE 2. Typical Audio Amplifier Application Circuit www.national.com 2 LM4917 Connection Diagrams TSSOP Package TSSOP Marking 200893B7 Z - Assembly Plant Code XY - Date Code TT - Traceability 200893A4 Top View Order Number LM4917MT See NS Package Number MTC14 LLP Package LLP Marking 200893C4 Z - Assembly Plant Code XY - Date Code TT - Traceability 200893C0 Top View Order Number LM4917SD See NS Package Number SDA14A Pin Descriptions Pin Name Function 1 SD_LC Active_Low Shutdown, Left Channel Charge Pump Power Supply 2 CPVDD 3 CCP+ Positive Terminal-Charge Pump Flying Capacitor 4 PGND Power Ground 5 CCP- Negative Terminal- Charge Pump Flying Capacitor 6 VCP_OUT Charge Pump Output 7 -AVDD Negative Power Supply-Amplifier 8 L_OUT Left Channel Output 9 AVDD Positive Power Supply-Amplifier 10 L_IN Left Channel Input 11 R_OUT Right Channel Output 12 SD_RC Active_Low Shutdown, Right Channel 13 R_IN Right Channel Input 14 SGND Signal Ground 3 www.national.com LM4917 Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 2) Junction Temperature If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. Thermal Resistance Supply Voltage 150C JC (TSSOP) 40C/W JA (TSSOP) 109C/W 4.0V Storage Temperature -65C to +150C Operating Ratings -0.3V to VDD + 0.3V Input Voltage Temperature Range Power Dissipation (Note 3) Internally Limited ESD Susceptibility (Note 4) 2000V TMIN TA TMAX -40C TA 85C 200V Supply Voltage (VDD) 1.4V VCC 3.6V ESD Susceptibility (Note 5) Electrical Characteristics VDD = 3V (Notes 1, 2) The following specifications apply for VDD = 3V, AV = 1, and 16 load unless otherwise specified. Limits apply to TA = 25C. Symbol IDD Parameter Quiescent Power Supply Current Conditions LM4917 Typ (Note 6) Limit (Notes 7, 8) VIN = 0V, IO = 0A, both channels enabled 11 20 VIN = 0V, IO = 0A, one channel enabled 9 Units (Limits) mA (max) mA ISD Shutdown Current VSD_LC = VSD_RC = GND 0.01 1 A (max) VOS Output Offset Voltage RL = 32 1 10 mV (max) PO Output Power THD+N = 1% (max); f = 1kHz, RL = 16 95 50 mW (min) THD+N = 1% (max); f = 1kHz, RL = 32 82 mW 0.02 % 70 55 dB THD+N Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise PO = 50mW, f = 1kHz, RL = 32 (A-weighted) single channel PSRR Power Supply Rejection Ratio VRIPPLE = 200mV sine p-p, f = 1kHz f = 20kHz SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio RL = 32, POUT = 20mW, f = 1kHz 100 dB VIH Shutdown Input Voltage High VIH = 0.7*CPVDD V (min) VIL Shutdown Input Voltage Low VIL = 0.3*CPVDD V (max) TWU Wake Up Time From Shutdown 339 s (max) XTALK Crosstalk IL Input Leakage Current RL = 16, PO = 1.6mW, f = 1kHz 70 dB 0.1 nA Note 1: All voltages are measured with respect to the GND pin unless otherwise specified. Note 2: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is functional but do not guarantee specific performance limits. Electrical Characteristics state DC and AC electrical specifications under particular test conditions that guarantee specific performance limits. This assumes that the device is within the Operating Ratings. Specifications are not guaranteed for parameters where no limit is given; however, the typical value is a good indication of device performance. Note 3: The maximum power dissipation must be derated at elevated temperatures and is dictated by TJMAX, JA, and the ambient temperature, TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation is PDMAX = (TJMAX - TA) / JA or the number given in Absolute Maximum Ratings, whichever is lower. For the LM4917, see power de-rating currents for more information. Note 4: Human body model, 100pF discharged through a 1.5k resistor. Note 5: Machine Model, 220pF-240pF discharged through all pins. Note 6: Typicals are measured at 25C and represent the parametric norm. Note 7: Limits are guaranteed to National's AOQL (Average Outgoing Quality Level). Note 8: Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. Note 9: If the product is in shutdown mode and VDD exceeds 3.6V (to a max of 4V VDD) then most of the excess current will flow through the ESD protection circuits. If the source impedance limits the current to a max of 10mA, then the part will be protected. If the part is enabled when VDD is above 4V circuit performance will be curtailed or the part may be permanently damaged. Note 10: Human body model, 100pF discharged through a 1.5k resistor. www.national.com 4 Components LM4917 External Components Description (Figure 1) Functional Description 1. Ri Inverting input resistance which sets the closed-loop gain in conjunction with Rf. This resistor also forms a high-pass filter with Ci at fc = 1 / (2RiCi). 2. Ci Input coupling capacitor which blocks the DC voltage at the amplifier's input terminals. Also creates a high-pass filter with Ri at fc = 1 / (2RiCi). Refer to the section Proper Selection of External Components, for an explanation of how to determine the value of Ci. 3. Rf Feedback resistance which sets the closed-loop gain in conjunction with Ri. 4. C1 Flying capacitor. Low ESR ceramic capacitor (100m) 5. C2 Output capacitor. Low ESR ceramic capacitor (100m) 6. C3 Tantalum capacitor. Supply bypass capacitor which provides power supply filtering. Refer to the Power Supply Bypassing section for information concerning proper placement and selection of the supply bypass capacitor. 7. C4 Ceramic capacitor. Supply bypass capacitor which provides power supply filtering. Refer to the Power Supply Bypassing section for information concerning proper placement and selection of the supply bypass capacitor. 5 www.national.com LM4917 Typical Performance Characteristics THD+N vs Frequency VDD = 1.8V, RL = 16, PO = 5mW THD+N vs Frequency VDD = 1.4V, RL = 32, PO = 1mW 20089341 20089339 THD+N vs Frequency VDD = 1.8V, RL = 32, PO = 10mW THD+N vs Frequency VDD = 1.8V, RL = 32, PO = 5mW 20089338 20089348 THD+N vs Frequency VDD = 3.0V, RL = 16, PO = 25mW THD+N vs Frequency VDD = 3.0V, RL = 16, PO = 10mW 20089336 www.national.com 20089334 6 LM4917 Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued) THD+N vs Frequency VDD = 3.0V, RL = 16, PO = 50mW THD+N vs Frequency VDD = 3.0V, RL = 32, PO = 5mW 20089333 20089332 THD+N vs Frequency VDD = 3.0V, RL = 32, PO = 25mW THD+N vs Frequency VDD = 3.0V, RL = 32, PO = 10mW 20089331 20089328 Output Power vs Supply Voltage RL = 16 Gain Flatness vs Frequency RIN = 20k, CIN = 0.39F 20089354 20089347 7 www.national.com LM4917 Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued) Output Power vs Supply Voltage RL = 32 PSRR vs Frequency VDD = 1.8V, RL = 16 200893C6 20089345 PSRR vs Frequency VDD = 3.0V, RL = 16 PSRR vs Frequency VDD = 1.8V, RL = 32 20089344 20089343 THD+N vs Output Power VDD = 1.4V, RL = 32, f = 1kHz PSRR vs Frequency VDD = 3.0V, RL = 32 20089342 www.national.com 20089327 8 LM4917 Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued) THD+N vs Output Power VDD = 1.8V, RL = 16, f = 1kHz THD+N vs Output Power VDD = 1.8V, RL = 32, f = 1kHz 20089326 20089325 THD+N vs Output Power VDD = 3.0V, RL = 32, f = 1kHz THD+N vs Output Power VDD = 3.0V, RL = 16, f = 1kHz 20089324 20089322 Power Dissipation vs Output Power VDD = 1.8V, RL = 32 Power Dissipation vs Output Power VDD = 1.8V, RL = 16 20089349 20089350 9 www.national.com LM4917 Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued) Power Dissipation vs Output Power VDD = 3V, RL = 16 Power Dissipation vs Output Power VDD = 3V, RL = 32 20089351 20089352 Supply Current vs Supply Voltage 20089353 www.national.com 10 ELIMINATING THE OUTPUT COUPLING CAPACITOR 2 / (22RL) (1) Since the LM4917 has two operational amplifiers in one package, the maximum internal power dissipation point is twice that of the number which results from Equation 1. Even with the large internal power dissipation, the LM4917 does not require heat sinking over a large range of ambient temperature. From Equation 1, assuming a 3V power supply and a 16 load, the maximum power dissipation point is 28mW per amplifier. Thus the maximum package dissipation point is 56mW. The maximum power dissipation point obtained must not be greater than the power dissipation that results from Equation 2: The LM4917 features a low noise inverting charge pump that generates an internal negative supply voltage. This allows the outputs of the LM4917 to be biased about GND instead of a nominal DC voltage, like traditional headphone amplifiers. Because there is no DC component, the large DC blocking capacitors (typically 220F) are not necessary. The coupling capacitors are replaced by two, small ceramic charge pump capacitors, saving board space and cost. Eliminating the output coupling capacitors also improves low frequency response. The headphone impedance and the output capacitor form a high pass filter that not only blocks the DC component of the output, but also attenuates low frequencies, impacting the bass response. Because the LM4917 does not require the output coupling capacitors, the low frequency response of the device is not degraded by external components. PDMAX = (TJMAX - TA) / (JA) (2) For package TSSOP, JA = 109C/W. TJMAX = 150C for the LM4917. Depending on the ambient temperature, TA, of the system surroundings, Equation 2 can be used to find the maximum internal power dissipation supported by the IC packaging. If the result of Equation 1 is greater than that of Equation 2, then either the supply voltage must be decreased, the load impedance increased or TA reduced. For the typical application of a 3V power supply, with a 16 load, the maximum ambient temperature possible without violating the maximum junction temperature is approximately 119.9C provided that device operation is around the maximum power dissipation point. Power dissipation is a function of output power and thus, if typical operation is not around the maximum power dissipation point, the ambient temperature may be increased accordingly. Refer to the Typical Performance Characteristics curves for power dissipation information for lower output powers. In addition to eliminating the output coupling capacitors, the ground referenced output nearly doubles the available dynamic range of the LM4917 when compared to a traditional headphone amplifier operating from the same supply voltage. OUTPUT TRANSIENT ('CLICK AND POPS') ELIMINATED The LM4917 contains advanced circuitry that virtually eliminates output transients ('clicks and pops'). This circuitry prevents all traces of transients when the supply voltage is first applied or when the part resumes operation after coming out of shutdown mode. To ensure optimal click and pop performance under low gain configurations (less than 0dB), it is critical to minimize the RC combination of the feedback resistor RF and stray input capacitance at the amplifier inputs. A more reliable way to lower gain or reduce power delivered to the load is to place a current limiting resistor in series with the load as explained in the Minimizing Output Noise / Reducing Output Power section. POWER SUPPLY BYPASSING As with any power amplifier, proper supply bypassing is critical for low noise performance and high power supply rejection. Applications that employ a 3V power supply typically use a 4.7F in parallel with a 0.1F ceramic filter capacitors to stabilize the power supply's output, reduce noise on the supply line, and improve the supply's transient response. However, their presence does not eliminate the need for a local 0.1F supply bypass capacitor, CS, connected between the LM4917's supply pins and ground. Keep the length of leads and traces that connect capacitors between the LM4917's power supply pin and ground as short as possible. AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATION EXPLANATION As shown in Figure 2, the LM4917 has two operational amplifiers internally. The two amplifiers have externally configurable gain, and the closed loop gain is set by selecting the ratio of Rf to Ri. Consequently, the gain for each channel of the IC is MICRO POWER SHUTDOWN The voltage applied to the SD_LC (shutdown left channel) pin and the SD_RC (shutdown right channel) pin controls the LM4917's shutdown function. When active, the LM4917's micropower shutdown feature turns off the amplifiers' bias circuitry, reducing the supply current. The trigger point is 0.3*CPVDD for a logic-low level, and 0.7*CPVDD for logichigh level. The low 0.01A(typ) shutdown current is achieved by appling a voltage that is as near as ground a possible to the SD_LC/SD_RC pins. A voltage that is higher than ground may increase the shutdown current. There are a few ways to control the micro-power shutdown. These include using a single-pole, single-throw switch, a microprocessor, or a microcontroller. When using a switch, connect an external 100k pull-up resistor between the SD_LC/SD_RC pins and VDD. Connect the switch between the SD_LC/SD_RC pins and ground. Select normal amplifier AV = -(Rf / Ri) Since this an output ground-referenced amplifier, by driving the headphone through ROUT (Pin 11) and LOUT (Pin 8), the LM4917 does not require output coupling capacitors. The typical single-ended amplifier configuration where one side of the load is connected to ground requires large, expensive output capacitors. POWER DISSIPATION Power dissipation is a major concern when using any power amplifier and must be thoroughly understood to ensure a successful design. Equation 1 states the maximum power dissipation point for a single-ended amplifier operating at a given supply voltage and driving a specified output load. 11 www.national.com LM4917 PDMAX = (VDD) Application Information LM4917 Application Information (Continued) fi-3dB = 1 / 2RiCi operation by opening the switch. Closing the switch connects the SD_LC/SD_RC pins to ground, activating micropower shutdown. The switch and resistor guarantee that the SD_LC/SD_RC pins will not float. This prevents unwanted state changes. In a system with a microprocessor or microcontroller, use a digital output to apply the control voltage to the SD_LC/SD_RC pins. Driving the SD_LC/SD_RC pins with active circuitry eliminates the pull-up resistor. Also, careful consideration must be taken in selecting a certain type of capacitor to be used in the system. Different types of capacitors (tantalum, electrolytic, ceramic) have unique performance characteristics and may affect overall system performance. AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER DESIGN SELECTING PROPER EXTERNAL COMPONENTS Design a Dual 90mW/16 Audio Amplifier Optimizing the LM4917's performance requires properly selecting external components. Though the LM4917 operates well when using external components with wide tolerances, best performance is achieved by optimizing component values. The LM4917 is unity-gain stable, giving a designer maximum design flexibility. The gain should be set to no more than a given application requires. This allows the amplifier to achieve minimum THD+N and maximum signal-to-noise ratio. These parameters are compromised as the closed-loop gain increases. However, low gain demands input signals with greater voltage swings to achieve maximum output power. Fortunately, many signal sources such as audio CODECs have outputs of 1VRMS (2.83VP-P). Please refer to the Audio Power Amplifier Design section for more information on selecting the proper gain. Given: Power Output 90mW Load Impedance 16 Input Level 1Vrms (max) Input Impedance Bandwidth 20k 100Hz-20kHz 0.50dB The design begins by specifying the minimum supply voltage necessary to obtain the specified output power. One way to find the minimum supply voltage is to use the Output Power vs Supply Voltage curve in the Typical Performance Characteristics section. Another way, using Equation (5), is to calculate the peak output voltage necessary to achieve the desired output power for a given load impedance. For a single-ended application, the result is Equation (5). Charge Pump Capacitor Selection Choose low ESR ( < 100m) ceramic capacitors for optimum performance. Low ESR capacitors keep the charge pump output impedance to a minimum, extending the headroom on the negative supply. Choose capacitors with an X7R dielectric for best performance over temperature. Charge pump load regulation and output resistance is affected by the value of the flying capacitor (C1). A larger valued C1 improves load regulation and minimizes charge pump output resistance. The switch on-resistance and capacitor ESR dominates the output resistance for capacitor values above 2.2F. The output ripple is affected by the value and ESR of the output capacitor (C2). Larger valued capacitors reduce output ripple on the negative power supply. Lower ESR capacitors minimizes the output ripple and reduces the output resistance of the charge pump. (4) VDD [2VOPEAK + (VDOTOP + VDOBOT)] (5) The Output Power vs Supply Voltage graph for a 16 load indicates a minimum supply voltage of 3.1V. This is easily met by the commonly used 3.3V supply voltage. The additional voltage creates the benefit of headroom, allowing the LM4917 to produce peak output power in excess of 90mW without clipping or other audible distortion. The choice of supply voltage must also not create a situation that violates maximum power dissipation as explained above in the Power Dissipation section. Remember that the maximum power dissipation point from Equation (1) must be multiplied by two since there are two independent amplifiers inside the package. Once the power dissipation equations have been addressed, the required gain can be determined from Equation (6). Input Capacitor Value Selection Amplifying the lowest audio frequencies requires high value input coupling capacitor (Ci in Figure 2). A high value capacitor can be expensive and may compromise space efficiency in portable designs. In many cases, however, the speakers used in portable systems, whether internal or external, have little ability to reproduce signals below 150Hz. Applications using speakers with this limited frequency response reap little improvement by using high value input and output capacitors. Besides affecting system cost and size, Ci has an effect on the LM4917's click and pop performance. The magnitude of the pop is directly proportional to the input capacitor's size. Thus, pops can be minimized by selecting an input capacitor value that is no higher than necessary to meet the desired -3dB frequency. As shown in Figure 2, the input resistor, Ri and the input capacitor, Ci, produce a -3dB high pass filter cutoff frequency that is found using Equation (3). www.national.com (3) (6) Thus, a minimum gain of 1.2 allows the LM4917 to reach full output swing and maintain low noise and THD+N perfromance. For this example, let AV = 1.5. The amplifiers overall gain is set using the input (Ri ) and feedback (Rf ) resistors. With the desired input impedance set at 20k, the feedback resistor is found using Equation (7). A V = R f / Ri 12 (7) ters. Thus to obtain the desired low frequency response of 100Hz within 0.5dB, both poles must be taken into consideration. The combination of two single order filters at the same frequency forms a second order response. This results in a signal which is down 0.34dB at five times away from the single order filter -3dB point. Thus, a frequency of 20Hz is used in the following equations to ensure that the response is better than 0.5dB down at 100Hz. (Continued) The value of Rf is 30k. The last step in this design is setting the amplifier's -3db frequency bandwidth. To achieve the desired 0.25dB pass band magnitude variation limit, the low frequency response must extend to at lease one-fifth the lower bandwidth limit and the high frequency response must extend to at least five times the upper bandwidth limit. The gain variation for both response limits is 0.17dB, well within the 0.25dB desired limit. The results are fL = 100Hz / 5 = 20Hz (8) fH = 20kHz x 5 = 100kHz (9) Ci 1 / (2*20k*20Hz) = 0.397F; use 0.39F (10) The high frequency pole is determined by the product of the desired high frequency pole, fH, and the closed-loop gain, AV. With a closed-loop gain of 1.5 and fH = 100kHz, the resulting GBWP = 150kHz which is much smaller than the LM4917's GBWP of 3MHz. This figure displays that if a designer has a need to design an amplifier with a higher gain, the LM4917 can still be used without running into bandwidth limitations. and As stated in the External Components section, both Ri in conjunction with Ci, and RL, create first order highpass fil- 13 www.national.com LM4917 Application Information LM4917 Application Information (Continued) LM4917 SO DEMO BOARD ARTWORK Top Overlay Top Layer 20089304 20089305 Bottom Layer 20089321 www.national.com 14 LM4917 Application Information (Continued) LM4917 LLP DEMO BOARD ARTWORK Top Overlay Top Layer 200893C2 200893C3 Bottom Layer 200893C1 15 www.national.com LM4917 Application Information (Continued) LM4917 REFERENCE DESIGN BOARDS BILL OF MATERIALS Part Description Qty LM4917 Mono Reference Design Board 1 Ref Designator LM4917 Audio AMP 1 U1 Tantalum Cap 1F 16V 10 1 Cs Ceramic Cap 0.39F 50V Z50 20 2 Ci Resistor 20k 1/10W 5 4 Ri, Rf Resistor 100k 1/10W 5 1 Rpu Jumper Header Vertical Mount 2X1, 0.100 1 J1 PCB LAYOUT GUIDELINES greatly enhance low level signal performance. Star trace routing refers to using individual traces to feed power and ground to each circuit or even device. This technique will require a greater amount of design time, but will not increase the final price of the board. The only extra parts required may be some jumpers. This section provides practical guidelines for mixed signal PCB layout that involves various digital/analog power and ground traces. Designers should note that these are only "rule-of-thumb" recommendations and the actual results will depend heavily on the final layout. Single-Point Power / Ground Connections The analog power traces should be connected to the digital traces through a single point (link). A "PI-filter" can be helpful in minimizing high frequency noise coupling between the analog and digital sections. Further, place digital and analog power traces over the corresponding digital and analog ground traces to minimize noise coupling. Minimization of THD PCB trace impedance on the power, ground, and all output traces should be minimized to achieve optimal THD performance. Therefore, use PCB traces that are as wide as possible for these connections. As the gain of the amplifier is increased, the trace impedance will have an ever increasing adverse affect on THD performance. At unity-gain (0dB) the parasitic trace impedance effect on THD performance is reduced but still a negative factor in the THD performance of the LM4917 in a given application. Placement of Digital and Analog Components All digital components and high-speed digital signal traces should be located as far away as possible from analog components and circuit traces. GENERAL MIXED SIGNAL LAYOUT RECOMMENDATION Avoiding Typical Design / Layout Problems Avoid ground loops or running digital and analog traces parallel to each other (side-by-side) on the same PCB layer. When traces must cross over each other do it at 90 degrees. Running digital and analog traces at 90 degrees to each other from the top to the bottom side as much as possible will minimize capacitive noise coupling and cross talk. Power and Ground Circuits For two layer mixed signal design, it is important to isolate the digital power and ground trace paths from the analog power and ground trace paths. Star trace routing techniques (bringing individual traces back to a central point rather than daisy chaining traces together in a serial manner) can www.national.com 16 LM4917 Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted TSSOP Order Number LM4917MT NS Package Number MTC14 LLP Order Number LM4917SD NS Package Number SDA14A 17 www.national.com LM4917 Ground-Referenced, 95mW Stereo Headphone Amplifier Notes National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications. 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