LM2772SD/NOPB - NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR

LM2772

LM2772 Low-Ripple Switched Capacitor Step-Down Regulator

Literature Number: SNVS486A

December 2006

LM2772

Low-Ripple Switched Capacitor Step-Down Regulator

General Description

The LM2772 is a switched capacitor step-down regulator that

produces a 1.2V output. It is capable of supplying loads up to

150mA with 3% output voltage regulation over line, load, and

temperature. The LM2772 operates with an input voltage from

3.0V to 5.5V, accommodating 1-cell Li-Ion batteries and

chargers.

The LM2772 utilizes a highly efficient regulated multi-gain

charge pump. Pre-regulated 1.1MHz fixed-frequency switch-

ing results in very low ripple and noise on both the input and

the output. When output currents are low, the part automati-

cally switches to a low-ripple PFM regulation mode to main-

tain high efficiency over the entire load range.

The LM2772 is available in National’s 10-pad Leadless Lead-

frame No-Pullback Package (LLP-10).

Features

■Low-Noise Fixed Frequency Operation

■1.2V Output Voltage

■3% Output Voltage Regulation

■Li-Ion (3.6V) to 1.2V with 80% Efficiency

■Very Low Output Ripple: 8mV @ 150mA

■Output Currents up to 150mA

■2.7V to 5.5V Input Voltage Range

■Shutdown Disconnects Load from VIN

■1.1MHz Switching Frequency

■No Inductors…Small Solution Size

■Short Circuit and Thermal Protection

■LLP-10 Package (3mm × 3mm × 0.8mm)

Applications

■DSP, Memory, and Microprocessor Power Supplies

■Mobile Phones and Pagers

■Portable Electronic Devices

Typical Application Circuit

20216401

LM2772 Efficiency vs.

Low-Dropout Linear Regulator (LDO) Efficiency

20216413

LM2772 Low-Ripple Switched Capacitor Step-Down Regulator

Connection Diagram and Package Mark Information

10-Pin Non-Pullback Leadless Frame Package (LLP-10)

National Semiconductor Package Number SDA10A

20216402

Pin Descriptions

Pin # Name Description

1 VIN Input Voltage: Recommended VIN operating range 3.0V to 5.5V.

2 GND Ground

3 VOUT Output Voltage

4 C3- Flying Capacitor 3: Negative Terminal

5 C3+ Flying Capacitor 3: Positive Terminal

6 C2- Flying Capacitor 2: Negative Terminal

7 C2+ Flying Capacitor 2: Positive Terminal

8 C1- Flying Capacitor 1: Negative Terminal

9 C1+ Flying Capacitor 1: Positive Terminal

10 EN Enable Pin Logic Input. Applying a logic HIGH voltage signal enables the part. A logic LOW

voltage signal places the the device in shutdown.

Order Information

Output Voltages Order Number Package Mark ID Package Supplied as:

1.2V LM2772SD XXXXX = ¢Z¢2¢X

YYYYY = L2772 SDA10A

Non-Pullback LLP

1000 Units, Tape and

Reel

1.2V LM2772SDX XXXXX = ¢Z¢2¢X

YYYYY = L2772

4500 Units, Tape and

Reel

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LM2772

Absolute Maximum Ratings (Notes 1, 2)

If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,

please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/

Distributors for availability and specifications.

VIN Pin Voltage -0.3V to 6.0V

EN Pin Voltage -0.3V to (VIN+0.3V)

w/ 6.0V max

Continuous Power Dissipation

(Note 3)

Internally Limited

Junction Temperature (TJ-MAX) 150ºC

Storage Temperature Range -65ºC to +150º C

Maximum Lead Temperature

(Note 4)

265ºC

ESD Rating (Note 5)

Human Body Model:

2.0kV

Operating Ratings

(Notes 1, 2)

Input Voltage Range 2.7V to 5.5V

Recommended Load Current Range 0mA to 150mA

Junction Temperature (TJ) Range -30°C to +110°C

Ambient Temperature (TA) Range

(Note 6) -30°C to +85°C

Thermal Properties

Junction-to-Ambient Thermal

Resistance (θJA), LLP10 Package

(Note 7)

55°C/W

Electrical Characteristics (Notes 2, 8)

Limits in standard typeface are for TJ = 25ºC. Limits in boldface type apply over the full operating junction temperature range (-30°

C ≤ TJ ≤ +110°C) . Unless otherwise noted, specifications apply to the LM2772 Typical Application Circuit (pg. 1) with: VIN = 3.6V;

V(EN) = 1.8V, CIN = C1 = C2 = C3 = 1.0µF, COUT = 4.7µF. (Note 9)

Symbol Parameter Condition Min Typ Max Units

VOUT 1.2V Output Voltage Regulation

3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V

0mA ≤ IOUT ≤ 150mA

1.164

(−3%) 1.2 1.236

(+3%) V

0mA ≤ IOUT ≤ 150mA 1.178

(−1.8%) 1.2 1.236

(+3.0%)

VOUT/IOUT Output Load Regulation 0mA ≤ IOUT ≤ 150mA 0.15 mV/mA

VOUT/VIN Output Line Regulation 0.2 %/V

E Power Efficiency IOUT = 150mA 80 %

IQQuiescent Supply Current IOUT = 0mA

(Note 10) 47 50 µA

VRFixed Frequency Output Ripple 40mA ≤ IOUT ≤ 150mA 8 mV

VR–PFM PFM–Mode Output Ripple IOUT < 40mA 12 mV

ISD Shutdown Current V(EN) = 0V 0.01 0.3 µA

FSW Switching Frequency 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V 0.80 1.15 1.50 MHz

ICL Output Current Limit VIN = 5.5V

0V ≤ VOUT ≤ 0.2V 500 mA

tON Turn-on Time 150 µs

VIL Logic-low Input Voltage 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V 0 0.63 V

VIH Logic-high Input Voltage 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V 1.1 VIN V

IIH Logic-high Input Current V(EN) = 1.8V

(Note 11) 5 µA

IIL Logic-low Input Current Logic Input = 0V 0.01 µA

Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the component may occur. Operating Ratings are conditions under which operation

of the device is guaranteed. Operating Ratings do not imply guaranteed performance limits. For guaranteed performance limits and associated test conditions,

see the Electrical Characteristics tables.

Note 2: All voltages are with respect to the potential at the GND pins.

Note 3: Internal thermal shutdown circuitry protects the device from permanent damage. Thermal shutdown engages at TJ=150ºC (typ.) and disengages at

TJ=140ºC (typ.).

Note 4: For detailed information on soldering requirements and recommendations, please refer to National Semiconductor's Application Note 1187 (AN-1187):

Leadless Leadframe Package (LLP).

Note 5: The Human body model is a 100pF capacitor discharged through a 1.5kΩ resistor into each pin. MIL-STD-883 3015.7

Note 6: Maximum ambient temperature (TA-MAX) is dependent on the maximum operating junction temperature (TJ-MAX-OP = 110ºC), the maximum power

dissipation of the device in the application (PD-MAX), and the junction-to ambient thermal resistance of the part/package in the application (θJA), as given by the

following equation: TA-MAX = TJ-MAX-OP – (θJA × PD-MAX).

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LM2772

Note 7: Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance is highly application and board-layout dependent. In applications where high maximum power dissipation exists,

special care must be paid to thermal dissipation issues.

Note 8: Min and Max limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. Typical numbers are not guaranteed, but do represent the most likely norm.

Note 9: CIN, COUT, C1, C2, C3: Low-ESR Surface-Mount Ceramic Capacitors (MLCCs) used in setting electrical characteristics.

Note 10: VOUT is set to 1.3V during this test (Device is not switching).

Note 11: There is a 350kΩ pull-down resistor connected internally between the EN pin and GND.

Block Diagram

20216403

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LM2772

Typical Performance Characteristics Unless otherwise specified: VIN = 3.6V, CIN = C1 = C2 = C3 = 1.0µF,

COUT = 4.7µF, TA = 25ºC. Capacitors are low-ESR multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCC's).

Output Voltage vs. Input Voltage

20216412

Output Voltage vs. Output Current

20216414

Efficiency vs. Input Voltage

20216413

Operating Supply Current

20216426

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LM2772

Input and Output Voltage Ripple, Load = 150mA

20216415

CH1: VIN, Scale: 50mV/Div, AC Coupled

CH3: VOUT, Scale: 10mV/Div, AC Coupled

Time scale: 1µs/Div

Load Step 10mA to 150mA, VIN = 3.6V

20216423

CH3: VOUT; Scale: 50mV/Div, AC Coupled

CH4: IOUT; Scale: 100mA/Div

Time scale: 40µs/Div

Load Step 10mA to 150mA, VIN = 4.7V

20216424

CH3: VOUT; Scale: 50mV/Div, AC Coupled

CH4: IOUT; Scale: 100mA/Div

Time scale: 40µs/Div

Line Step 3.5V to 4.0V with Load = 150mA

20216421

CH2: VIN; Scale: 1V/Div, DC Coupled

CH3: VOUT; Scale: 20mV/Div, AC Coupled

Time scale: 400µs/Div

Line Step 4.0V to 3.5V with Load = 150mA

20216422

CH2: VIN; Scale: 1V/Div, DC Coupled

CH3: VOUT; Scale: 20mV/Div, AC Coupled

Time scale: 400µs/Div

Oscillator Frequency vs. Input Voltage

20216425

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LM2772

Startup Behavior, Load = 150mA

20216416

CH1: VOUT; Scale: 200mV/Div, DC Coupled

Time scale: 20µs/Div

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LM2772

Operation Description

OVERVIEW

The LM2772 is a switched capacitor converter that produces

a regulated, low voltage output. The core of the part is a highly

efficient charge pump that utilizes fixed frequency pre-regu-

lation and Pulse Frequency Modulation to minimize ripple and

power losses over wide input voltage and output current

ranges. A description of the principal operational character-

istics of the LM2772 is detailed in the Circuit Description,

and Efficiency Performance sections. These sections refer

to details in the Block Diagram.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

The core of the LM2772 is a two-phase charge pump con-

trolled by an internally generated non-overlapping clock. The

charge pump operates by using external flying capacitors

C1, C2, and C3 to transfer charge from the input to the output.

At input voltages below 3.5V (typ.) the LM2772 operates in a

1/2x Gain, with the input current being equal to 1/2 of the load

current. At input voltages between 3.5V to 4.6V(typ.) the part

utilizes a gain of 2/5x, resulting in an input current equal to 2/5

times the load current. At input voltages above 4.6V (typ.), the

part is in a gain of 1/3, with the input current being 1/3 of the

load current.

The two phases of the switched capacitor switching cycle will

be referred to as the "charge phase" and the "discharge

phase". During the charge phase, the flying capacitor is

charged by the input supply. After half of the switching cycle

[ t = 1/(2×FSW) ], the LM2772 switches to the discharge phase.

In this configuration, the charge that was stored on the flying

capacitors in the charge phase is transferred to the output.

The LM2772 uses fixed frequency pre-regulation to regulate

the output voltage to 1.2V during moderate to high load cur-

rents. The input and output connections of the flying capaci-

tors are made with internal MOS switches. Pre-regulation

limits the gate drive of the MOS switch connected between

the voltage input and the flying capacitors. Controlling the on

resistance of this switch limits the amount of charge trans-

ferred into and out of each flying capacitor during the charge

and discharge phases, and in turn helps to keep the output

ripple very low.

When output currents are low (<40mA typ.), the LM2772 au-

tomatically switches to a low-ripple Pulse Frequency Modu-

lation (PFM) form of regulation. In PFM mode, the flying

capacitors stay in the discharge phase until the output voltage

drops below a predetermined trip point. When this occurs, the

flying capacitors switch back to the charge phase. After being

charged, the flying capacitors repeat the process of staying

in the discharge phase and switching to the charge phase

when necessary.

EFFICIENCY PERFORMANCE

Charge-pump efficiency is derived in the following two ideal

equations (supply current and other losses are neglected for

simplicity):

IIN = G × IOUT

E = (VOUT × IOUT) ÷ (VIN × IIN) = VOUT ÷ (G × VIN)

In the equations, G represents the charge pump gain. Effi-

ciency is at its highest as G×VIN approaches VOUT. Refer to

the efficiency graph in the Typical Performance Character-

istics section for detailed efficiency data. The transition be-

tween gains of 1/2, 2/5, and 1/3 are clearly distinguished by

the sharp discontinuity in the efficiency curve.

SHUTDOWN

The LM2772 is in shutdown mode when the voltage on the

enable pin (EN) is logic-low. In shutdown, the LM2772 draws

virtually no supply current. When in shutdown, the output of

the LM2772 is completely disconnected from the input. Inter-

nal feedback resistors pull the output voltage down to 0V

during shutdown.

SOFT START

The LM2772 employs soft start circuitry to prevent excessive

input inrush currents during startup. At startup, the output

voltage gradually rises from 0V to the nominal output voltage.

This occurs in 150µs (typ.). Soft-start is engaged when the

part is enabled, including situations where voltage is estab-

lished simultaneously on the VIN and EN pins.

THERMAL SHUTDOWN

Protection from damage related to overheating is achieved

with a thermal shutdown feature. When the junction temper-

ature rises to 150ºC (typ.), the part switches into shutdown

mode. The LM2772 disengages thermal shutdown when the

junction temperature of the part is reduced to 140ºC (typ.).

Due to the high efficiency of the LM2772, thermal shutdown

and/or thermal cycling should not be encountered when the

part is operated within specified input voltage, output current,

and ambient temperature operating ratings. If thermal cycling

is seen under these conditions, the most likely cause is an

inadequate PCB layout that does not allow heat to be suffi-

ciently dissipated out of the LLP package.

CURRENT LIMIT PROTECTION

The LM2772 charge pump contains current limit protection

circuitry that protects the device during VOUT fault conditions

where excessive current is drawn. Output current is limited to

500mA (typ).

Application Information

RECOMMENDED CAPACITOR TYPES

The LM2772 requires 5 external capacitors for proper opera-

tion. Surface-mount multi-layer ceramic capacitors are rec-

ommended. These capacitors are small, inexpensive and

have very low equivalent series resistance (ESR, ≤ 15mΩ

typ.). Tantalum capacitors, OS-CON capacitors, and alu-

minum electrolytic capacitors generally are not recommended

for use with the LM2772 due to their high ESR, as compared

to ceramic capacitors.

For most applications, ceramic capacitors with an X7R or X5R

temperature characteristic are preferred for use with the

LM2772. These capacitors have tight capacitance tolerance

(as good as ±10%) and hold their value over temperature

(X7R: ±15% over -55ºC to 125ºC; X5R: ±15% over -55ºC to

85ºC).

Capacitors with a Y5V or Z5U temperature characteristic are

generally not recommended for use with the LM2772. These

types of capacitors typically have wide capacitance tolerance

(+80%, -20%) and vary significantly over temperature (Y5V:

+22%, -82% over -30ºC to +85ºC range; Z5U: +22%, -56%

over +10ºC to +85ºC range). Under some conditions, a 1µF-

rated Y5V or Z5U capacitor could have a capacitance as low

as 0.1µF. Such detrimental deviation is likely to cause Y5V

and Z5U capacitors to fail to meet the minimum capacitance

requirements of the LM2772.

Net capacitance of a ceramic capacitor decreases with in-

creased DC bias. This degradation can result in lower capac-

itance than expected on the input and/or output, resulting in

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LM2772

higher ripple voltages and currents. Using capacitors at DC

bias voltages significantly below the capacitor voltage rating

will usually minimize DC bias effects. Consult capacitor man-

ufacturers for information on capacitor DC bias characteris-

tics.

Capacitance characteristics can vary quite dramatically with

different application conditions, capacitor types, and capaci-

tor manufacturers. It is strongly recommended that the

LM2772 circuit be thoroughly evaluated early in the design-in

process with the mass-production capacitors of choice. This

will help ensure that any such variability in capacitance does

not negatively impact circuit performance.

The table below lists some leading ceramic capacitor manu-

facturers.

Manufacturer Contact Information

AVX www.avx.com

Murata www.murata.com

Taiyo-Yuden www.t-yuden.com

TDK www.component.tdk.com

Vishay-Vitramon www.vishay.com

OUTPUT CAPACITOR AND OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE

The output capacitor in the LM2772 circuit (COUT) directly im-

pacts the magnitude of output voltage ripple. Other prominent

factors also affecting output voltage ripple include input volt-

age, output current and flying capacitance. Due to the com-

plexity of the regulation topology, providing equations or

models to approximate the magnitude of the ripple can not be

easily accomplished. But one important generalization can be

made: increasing (decreasing) the output capacitance will re-

sult in a proportional decrease (increase) in output voltage

ripple.

In typical high-current applications, a 4.7µF low-ESR ceramic

output capacitor is recommended. Different output capaci-

tance values can be used to reduce ripple, shrink the solution

size, and/or cut the cost of the solution. But changing the out-

put capacitor may also require changing the flying capacitor

and/or input capacitor to maintain good overall circuit perfor-

mance. Performance of the LM2772 with different capacitor

setups in discussed in the section Recommended Capacitor

Configurations.

High ESR in the output capacitor increases output voltage

ripple. If a ceramic capacitor is used at the output, this is usu-

ally not a concern because the ESR of a ceramic capacitor is

typically very low and has only a minimal impact on ripple

magnitudes. If a different capacitor type with higher ESR is

used (tantalum, for example), the ESR could result in high

ripple. To eliminate this effect, the net output ESR can be sig-

nificantly reduced by placing a low-ESR ceramic capacitor in

parallel with the primary output capacitor. The low ESR of the

ceramic capacitor will be in parallel with the higher ESR, re-

sulting in a low net ESR based on the principles of parallel

resistance reduction.

INPUT CAPACITOR AND INPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE

The input capacitor (CIN) is a reservoir of charge that aids a

quick transfer of charge from the supply to the flying capaci-

tors during the charge phase of operation. The input capacitor

helps to keep the input voltage from drooping at the start of

the charge phase when the flying capacitors are connected

to the input. It also filters noise on the input pin, keeping this

noise out of sensitive internal analog circuitry that is biased

off the input line.

Much like the relationship between the output capacitance

and output voltage ripple, input capacitance has a dominant

and first-order effect on input ripple magnitude. Increasing

(decreasing) the input capacitance will result in a proportional

decrease (increase) in input voltage ripple. Input voltage, out-

put current, and flying capacitance also will affect input ripple

levels to some degree.

In typical high-current applications, a 1µF low-ESR ceramic

capacitor is recommended on the input. Different input ca-

pacitance values can be used to reduce ripple, shrink the

solution size, and/or cut the cost of the solution. But changing

the input capacitor may also require changing the flying ca-

pacitor and/or output capacitor to maintain good overall circuit

performance. Performance of the LM2772 with different ca-

pacitor setups is discussed below in Recommended Capac-

itor Configurations.

FLYING CAPACITORS

The flying capacitors (C1, C2, C3) transfer charge from the

input to the output. Flying capacitance can impact both output

current capability and ripple magnitudes. If flying capacitance

is too small, the LM2772 may not be able to regulate the out-

put voltage when load currents are high. On the other hand,

if the flying capacitance is too large, the flying capacitor might

overwhelm the input and output capacitors, resulting in in-

creased input and output ripple.

In typical high-current applications, 1µF low-ESR ceramic ca-

pacitors are recommended for the flying capacitors. Polarized

capacitors (tantalum, aluminum electrolytic, etc.) must not be

used for the flying capacitor, as they could become reverse-

biased during LM2772 operation.

RECOMMENDED CAPACITOR CONFIGURATIONS

The data in Table 1 can be used to assist in the selection of

a capacitor configuration that best balances solution size and

cost with the electrical requirements of the application.

As previously discussed, input and output ripple voltages will

vary with output current and input voltage. The numbers pro-

vided show expected ripple voltage with VIN = 3.6V and a load

current of 150mA. The table offers a first look at approximate

ripple levels and provides a comparison of different capacitor

configurations, but is not intended to be a guarantee of per-

formance. With any capacitance configuration chosen, al-

ways verify that the performance of the ripple waveforms are

suitable for the intended application. The same capacitance

value must be used for all the flying capacitors.

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LM2772

TABLE 1. LM2772 Performance with Different Capacitor

Configurations (Note 12)

CAPACITOR

CONFIGURATION

(VIN = 3.6V)

TYPICAL

INPUT

RIPPLE

TYPICAL

OUTPUT

RIPPLE

CIN = 1µF,

COUT = 4.7µF,

C1, C2, C3 = 1µF

54mV 4mV

CIN = 1µF,

COUT = 2.2µF,

C1, C2, C3 = 1µF

48mV 6mV

CIN = 0.47µF,

COUT = 4.7µF,

C1, C2, C3 = 1µF

83mV 5mV

CIN = 0.47µF,

COUT = 3.3µF,

C1, C2, C3 = 1µF

82mV 4mV

CIN = 0.47µF,

COUT = 3.3µF,

C1, C2, C3 = 0.47µF

83mV 5mV

Note 12: Refer to the text in the Recommended Capacitor Configurations

section for detailed information on the data in this table

Layout Guidelines

Proper board layout will help to ensure optimal performance

of the LM2772 circuit. The following guidelines are recom-

mended:

•Place capacitors as close to the LM2772 as possible, and

preferably on the same side of the board as the IC.

•Use short, wide traces to connect the external capacitors

to the LM2772 to minimize trace resistance and

inductance.

•Use a low resistance connection between ground and the

GND pin of the LM2772. Using wide traces and/or multiple

vias to connect GND to a ground plane on the board is

most advantageous.

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LM2772

Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted

SDA10A: 10-Pin Non-Pullback Leadless Leadframe Package

3.0mm × 3.0mm × 0.8mm

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LM2772

Notes

LM2772 Low-Ripple Switched Capacitor Step-Down Regulator

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specifically designated by TI as military-grade or "enhanced plastic."Only products designated by TI as military-grade meet military

specifications. Buyers acknowledge and agree that any such use of TI products which TI has not designated as military-grade is solely at

the Buyer's risk, and that they are solely responsible for compliance with all legal and regulatory requirements in connection with such use.

TI products are neither designed nor intended for use in automotive applications or environments unless the specific TI products are

designated by TI as compliant with ISO/TS 16949 requirements. Buyers acknowledge and agree that, if they use any non-designated

products in automotive applications, TI will not be responsible for any failure to meet such requirements.

Following are URLs where you can obtain information on other Texas Instruments products and application solutions:

Products Applications

Audio www.ti.com/audio Communications and Telecom www.ti.com/communications

Amplifiers amplifier.ti.com Computers and Peripherals www.ti.com/computers

Data Converters dataconverter.ti.com Consumer Electronics www.ti.com/consumer-apps

DLP®Products www.dlp.com Energy and Lighting www.ti.com/energy

DSP dsp.ti.com Industrial www.ti.com/industrial

Clocks and Timers www.ti.com/clocks Medical www.ti.com/medical

Interface interface.ti.com Security www.ti.com/security

Logic logic.ti.com Space, Avionics and Defense www.ti.com/space-avionics-defense

Power Mgmt power.ti.com Transportation and Automotive www.ti.com/automotive

Microcontrollers microcontroller.ti.com Video and Imaging www.ti.com/video

RFID www.ti-rfid.com

OMAP Mobile Processors www.ti.com/omap

Wireless Connectivity www.ti.com/wirelessconnectivity

TI E2E Community Home Page e2e.ti.com

Mailing Address: Texas Instruments, Post Office Box 655303, Dallas, Texas 75265