BestCapTM Ultra-low ESR High Power Pulse Supercapacitors GENERAL DESCRIPTION The BestCapTM series of electrochemical supercapacitors offer excellent high power pulse characteristics based upon the combination of very high capacitance and ultra low ESR in the milliOhm region. Based on a unique patented aqueous chemistry and an innovative design, the system offers high capacitance, even with short pulse duration regimes such as in GSM and PCS based systems, together with a variety of voltage ratings. Depending upon package size, standard capacitance values of 30mF to 560mF are available in voltage ratings of 3.5V, 4.5V and 5.5V. ESR values for these standard devices range from 25 milliOhm to 230 milliOhm. Used in conjunction with battery packs, BestCapTM improves the voltage performance for high current pulses, resulting in higher PA efficiency and longer battery talk-time as shown in Fig. 5. BestCapTM can also be used to boost instantaneous power availability in non-battery electronic applications where low level constant currents need to be supplemented by high current pulses. APPLICATIONS RF Modems Mainframe Computer Decoupling Hybrid Battery Packs Hearing Aids Camera Flash Systems Prosthetics Audio System "Base Line Stiffeners" Wireless Alarm Systems Systems/Products based on GSM/DSC1800/PCS/DECT/etc. Memory Back-up UPS Switch Mode Power Supplies PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS & DIMENSIONS AVX CATALOG PART NUMBER Size (mm) Rated Voltage Volts Capacitance milli farads +80%, -20% ESR (ohms) ohms +/-20% @1khz Leakage Current milli amps max BZ015B303Z_B27 28 x 17 x 2.7 5.5 30 0.200 0.005 BZ014B353Z_B24 28 x 17 x 2.4 4.5 35 0.180 0.005 BZ013B403Z_B21 28 x 17 x 2.1 3.5 40 0.170 0.005 BZ015A503Z_B35 28 x 17 x 3.5 5.5 50 0.230 0.005 BZ014A603Z_B32 28 x 17 x 3.2 4.5 60 0.210 0.005 BZ013A703Z_B29 28 x 17 x 2.9 3.5 70 0.200 0.005 BZ015B603Z_B48 28 x 17 x 4.8 5.5 60 0.100 0.010 BZ014B703Z_B43 28 x 17 x 4.3 4.5 70 0.090 0.010 BZ013B803Z_B38 28 x 17 x 3.8 3.5 80 0.080 0.010 BZ015A104Z_B61 28 x 17 x 6.1 5.5 100 0.120 0.010 BZ014A124Z_B55 28 x 17 x 5.5 4.5 120 0.100 0.010 BZ013A144Z_B47 28 x 17 x 4.7 3.5 140 0.090 0.010 BZ025A204Z_B35 48 x 30 x 3.5 5.5 200 0.060 0.020 BZ024A234Z_B32 48 x 30 x 3.2 4.5 230 0.050 0.020 BZ023A284Z_B29 48 x 30 x 2.9 3.5 280 0.045 0.020 BZ025A404Z_B60 48 x 30 x 6.0 5.5 400 0.035 0.040 BZ024A474Z_B55 48 x 30 x 5.5 4.5 470 0.030 0.040 BZ023A564Z_B47 48 x 30 x 4.7 3.5 560 0.025 0.040 HOW TO ORDER BZ 01 5 A BESTCAPTM CASE SIZE Where: 01 = 28mm x 17mm 02 = 48mm x 30mm VOLTAGE Where 5 = 5.5 volts 4 = 4.5 volts 3 = 3.5 volts A = Standard B = Thin 503 Z A B 35 CAPACITANCE VALUE (F) First two numbers express the significant digits; the third number refers to the number of zeros. CAPACITANCE TOLERANCE Where: Z = +80%, -20% TERMINATION STYLE Where: A = Leaded S = SMT L = L lead PACKAGE CODE Where: B = Bulk MAXIMUM PART HEIGHT Where: 29 = 2.9mm 42 = 4.2mm 32 = 3.2mm 53 = 5.3mm 35 = 3.5mm 60 = 6.0mm Example: 503 50,000F = 50mF. BESTCAPTM: A NEW GENERATION OF PULSE SUPERCAPACITORS Supercapacitors, (also referred to as Electrochemical Capacitors or Double Layer Capacitors) have rapidly become recognized, not only as an excellent compromise between "electronic" capacitors such as ceramic, tantalum, film and aluminium electrolytic, and batteries (Fig. 1), but also as a valuable technology for providing a unique combination of characteristics, particularly very high energy, power and capacitance densities. Fig. 1 Specific Energy of Capacitor Types 10000 SPECIFIC ENERGY Specific Energy (mFV/cc) 1000 100 UM AL NT TA R C I ME LY LYT PO TRO IUM C N I E EL LUM A 0.1 1 ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR 10 100 10 1000 1 10000 Capacitance (mF) There are however, two negative characteristics associated with conventional supercapacitors, viz: high ESR in the Ohms or tens of Ohms area, and severe capacitance loss when called upon to supply very short duration current pulses. BestCapTM successfully addresses both of these drawbacks. This capacitance loss in the millisecond region is caused by the charge transfer (i.e. establishment of capacitance) being carried out primarily by relatively slow moving ions in double layer capacitors. In the above-mentioned "electronic" capacitors, the charge transfer is performed by fast electrons, thereby creating virtually instant rated capacitance value. Fig. 2 illustrates the severe capacitance loss experienced by several varieties of supercapacitors (N, M & P), under short pulse width conditions. It can also be seen from Fig. 2, how well BestCapTM retains its capacitance with reducing pulse widths. Actual Cap. (% of Nominal) Fig. 2 Actual capacitance vs. pulse width EDLC=Electrochemical double layer capacitor 100% 80% Aluminium Electroytic Capacitor 60% manufacturer A EDLC 40% manufacturer B EDLC manufacturer C EDLC 20% 0% 1000 10 100 1 Pulse Width (msec) For comparison purposes, the characteristic of an equivalent capacitance value aluminium electrolytic capacitor is shown in Fig. 3. The electrolytic capacitor is many times the volume of the BestCapTM. Fig. 3 Sized comparison, BestCapTM vs aluminium electrolytic capacitor VOLTAGE DROP Two factors are critical in determining voltage drop when a capacitor delivers a short current pulse; these are ESR and "available" capacitance as shown in Fig. 4. Fig 4 Voltage-time relation of capacitor unit Vo V(IR) Vtotal=I*R + I*t/C(t) V(Q)=I* t/C(t) Vt t The instant voltage drop V (IR) is caused by and is directly proportional to the capacitor's ESR. The continuing voltage drop with time V (Q), is a function of the available charge, i.e. capacitance. From figures 3 and 4, it is apparent that, for very short current pulses, e.g. in the millisecond region, the combination of voltage drops in a conventional supercapacitor caused by a) the high ESR and b) the lack of available capacitance, causes a total voltage drop, unacceptable for most applications. Now compare the BestCapTM performance under such pulse conditions. The ultra-low, (milliOhm), ESR minimizes the instantaneous voltage drop, while the very high retained capacitance drastically reduces the severity of the charge related drop. EFFICIENCY/TALKTIME BENEFITS OF BESTCAPTM Because BestCapTM, when used in parallel with a battery, provides a current pulse with a substantially higher voltage than that available just from the battery as shown in Fig. 5, the efficiency of the RF power amplifier is improved. 4 5 3.8 4 3.6 3 3.4 2 3.2 1 3 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Time (uSeconds) Battery Voltage Battery and Capacitor Voltage Current Pulse Current (Amps) Battery Voltage (Volts) Fig. 5 GSM Pulse Additionally, the higher-than battery voltage supplied by the BestCapTM keeps the voltage pulse above the "cut off voltage" limit for a significantly longer time than is the case for the battery alone. This increase in "talktime" is demonstrated in figures 6a) (Li-Ion at +25C); 6b) (Li-Ion at 0C); 6c) (Ni-MH at +25C) & 6d) (Ni-MH at 0C). Fig. 6a Li-ION Battery Cutoff Voltage Limits Voltage (Volts) 4 3.5 3 2.5 Cutoff Voltage % Increase 3.4 Volts 28% 3.5 Volts 73% 3.6 Volts 300% Fig. 6b Battery Life at 0C 2 0 100 200 300 LI-ION Battery 400 4 Time (Minutes) Battery Alone Voltage (Volts) Battery with Pulse Capacitor GSM Pulse @ 2 Amps 3.5 3 Cutoff Voltage 3.4 Volts 3.5 Volts 3.6 Volts 2.5 % Increase 83% 160% 900% 2 0 Fig. 6c NI-MH Battery 100 200 300 400 500 Time (Minutes) Battery with Pulse Capacitor Battery Alone 6 5 4 3 Cutoff Voltage % Increase 4.3 Volts 13% 4.4 Volts 118% 4.5 Volts 960% Fig. 6d Battery Life at 0C 2 0 50 100 150 NI-MH Battery 200 6 Time (Minutes) Battery and Capacitor GSM Pulse @ 2 Amps Battery Only Voltage (Volts) Voltage (Volts) GSM Pulse @ 2 Amps 0 Deg C 5 4 Cutoff Voltage 4.3 Volts 4.4 Volts 4.5 Volts 3 % Increase 600% 3500% 4900% 2 0 50 100 150 200 250 Time (Minutes) Battery with Pulse Capacitor Battery Alone GSM Pulse @ 2 Amps 0 Deg C BESTCAPTM INRUSH CURRENT/SHORT CIRCUIT DISCHARGE CAPABILITIES Testing of capacitors, including supercapacitors, is normally carried out using milliAmpere signals. However, for many applications it is important to know the true capability of the device in terms of inrush and discharge currents. In Figs. 7 & 8, shown below, show BestCapTM charging to 10 Amps max., (28 x 17mm version) and discharging with a peak current of 25 Amps (48 x 30mm version) into a load impedance of approximately 70 milliOhms. Fig. 7 Inrush Characteristics Voltage 10 5 8 4 6 3 4 2 2 1 1V/Div 2AMPS/Div. Current 0 -2 0 -1 -4 -2 -6 -3 -8 -4 -10 -5 20ms/Div. 20ms/Div. Charging to 5.5V with maximum current of 10Amps. Fig. 8 Short-Circuit Discharge Characteristics Current Voltage 1V/Div 5A/Div. 9V -1V 5ms/Div. 5msec/Div. Discharge into load of 70 milliOhms; peak current = 25Amps. These figures graphically illustrate the exceptional peak current handling capabilities of BestCapTM. BESTCAPTM IN BATTERY BACK-UP APPLICATIONS BestCapTM is normally utilized as a power-boosting device to assist the main battery during pulse power demand periods. However, the capacitor may also be used as a back-up unit when, for example, the battery is being replaced. Back-up time of the BestCapTM may be calculated using the following formula: Where C is the Capacitance in F Vo is the initial voltage Vt is the end voltage I is the back-up current drain in Amperes RESR is the ESR in Ohms t = back-up time in seconds C = I * t / V V = Vo - Vt - I * RESR At low current (as is the case in the back-up application): V = Vo - Vt t = CV/I = C*(Vo - Vt)/I Example: System Clock Time Maintenance Using a BZ015A503ZAB35 BestCapTM 5.5V, 50mF, 28 x 17 footprint, 3.5 mm (max) height If Vo = 5.0V Vt = 2.5V I(Back-up) = 40A (40*10 -6 Amp.) The discharge current of the Cap shall be the sum of the back-up current drain plus leakage current. Leakage Current is a function of the Capacitor voltage. In the specific case, the Leakage Current is 5A at 5.0V and it comes down to <1A at 2.5V. In the "worst" case the Leakage Current = 5A. Practically, the Leakage Current is 3A[(5+1)/2]. The total discharge current during the back-up period is 40A (back-up) + 5A (Leakage Current) = 45A, in the worst case, or 40A (back-up) + 3A (Leakage Current) = 43A, practically. Thus the back-up time would be: t = 50*10-3 * (5-2.5)/45*10-6 = 46 minutes Engineering Guidance Notes 1. Operational and storage temperature -20C to +70C. Storage at room temperature is recommended. 2. Voltage Rated voltage of the capacitor is per the data sheet and the label on the product. A surge voltage of V rated +2% may be applied to the capacitor for <5 sec without damage or performance degradation. 3. Temperature/Voltage Recommendations Temperature -20C to +35C +35C to +70C Rated Voltage Recommended Maximum Applied Voltage 3.5V 3.5V 3.2V 4.5V 4.5V 4.2V 5.5V 5.5V 5.0V 4. Polarity BestCapTM capacitors are non-polar, so can handle both positive and negative voltages. The polarity marking on the label relates to internal test procedures only and may be ignored in normal use. 5. Mounting BestCapTM may not be reflow or wave soldered. Hand soldering of the device is acceptable. When hand soldering, use a soldering iron of <30W rating and ensure that the tip temperature does not exceed +350C. Duration of the soldering operation should be <3 sec. Mounting chips which may be automatically placed, (i.e. via Pick n' Place machine) and reflow soldered, and into which the BestCapTM may subsequently be inserted, are available for some versions of BestCapTM. Please check with your AVX Sales Office for further information. 6. Other Precautions * Do not disassemble the capacitor * Do not dispose of the capacitor by incineration. * Should the internal material come in contact with the skin or eyes, wash/rinse thoroughly with running water. Other BestCapTM Characteristics The material systems used in the Bestcap structure features the following characteristics: * * * * Completely non-toxic. Capable of very thin formats. Shock resistance to >30000G's. Various voltage ratings. USA * Non-Polar. * Low leakage current <0.2A/mF. * Capacitance values 30-560mF. 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