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surgical implant into the body, or any other application in which the failure or lack of desired operation of the product may result in personal injury, death, or property damage) other than those expressly set forth in applicable Littelfuse
product documentation. Warranties granted by Littelfuse shall be deemed void for products used for any purpose not expressly set forth in applicable Littelfuse documentation. Littelfuse shall not be liable for any claims or damages
arising out of products used in applications not expressly intended by Littelfuse as set forth in applicable Littelfuse documentation. The sale and use of Littelfuse products is subject to Littelfuse Terms and Conditions of Sale, unless
otherwise agreed by Littelfuse.
I. Introduction
The purpose of this Fuseology section is to promote a better
understanding of fuses and some of the more common
application details. The fuses to be considered are current-
sensitive devices which are designed as the intentional weak
link in the electrical circuit. The function of a fuse is to provide
discrete component or complete circuit protection by reliably
melting under overcurrent conditions and thus safely
interrupting the flow of current.
II. Types of Overcurrents
An overcurrent is any current which exceeds the ampere
rating of wiring, equipment or devices under conditions of
use. The term “overcurrent” includes both overloads and
short circuits.
A. Overloads
An overload is an overcurrent which is confined to normal
current paths. An overload occurs when the current
exceeds the value for which the wires or equipment are
rated. This can happen when too many devices are
connected to the circuit, or when a device connected to the
circuit malfunctions in a way that causes it to draw higher
than normal current, usually in the range of one to six times
normal current. Sustained overloads eventually overheat
circuit components. Therefore, fuses must open circuits
experiencing sustained overloads before damage occurs.
B. Short Circuits
A short circuit is current out of its normal path. It occurs
when accident or malfunction creates an unintended path
for the electricity to flow from the battery or alternator to
ground. This shorter, more direct path to ground bypasses
the resistance normally offered by the wiring and devices
connected to the circuit. With virtually no resistance left to
impede current flow, the voltage forces higher and higher
current to flow through the wires to the point of the short.
Under such a condition, the current will quickly build to
such a high level that the heat generated can cause
insulation to burn and equipment to be damaged unless
the circuit is opened through the use of a fuse.
III. Fuse Selection Parameters
Since overcurrent protection is crucial to reliable electrical
system operation and safety, fuse selection and application
should be carefully considered. When selecting fuses, the
following parameters should be evaluated:
A. Voltage Rating
The voltage rating, as marked on a fuse, indicates the
maximum voltage of the circuit for which the fuse is
designed to operate safely in the event of an overcurrent.
Therefore, the fuse’s voltage rating must equal or exceed
the available circuit voltage where the fuse will be installed.
System voltage exceeding the fuse’s rated voltage may
result in fuse damage. The voltage rating is 32 volts DC
for the MINI®, MAXI®, ATO®, MIDI®, MEGA®, and
CABLEPRO® Fuses.
B. Interrupting Rating
The interrupting rating (also known as breaking capacity or
short circuit rating) is the maximum current, as stated by
the manufacturer, which the fuse can safely interrupt at
rated voltage. During a fault or short circuit condition, a
fuse may receive an instantaneous current many times
greater than its normal operating current. Safe operation
requires that the fuse remain intact (no body rupture) and
clear the circuit. The interrupting rating is 1000A @ 32 volts
DC for the MINI®, MAXI®, ATO®, JCASE®, and MIDI®
Fuses, and 2000A @ 32 volts DC for the MEGA® and
CABLEPRO® Fuses.
C. Time-Current Characteristics
A fuse’s time-current characteristics determine how fast it
responds to different overcurrents. All fuses have inverse
time-current characteristics, so opening time decreases as
overcurrents increase. Time-current characteristics are
presented graphically on standardized “log-log” paper.
Figure 1 is a sample time-current curve for the MAXI Fuse
series for fuses rated 20-60A. Current values increase
from left to right, and time increases from bottom to top.
The average melting time for any current can be determined
from the curve. For example, from Figure 1 it can be
determined that a 20A MAXI Fuse experiencing an overload
of 100A will open in about 0.5 seconds. At 40A, the same
20A MAXI Fuse would open in about 9 seconds.
Time-current curves are also used to compare fuses of the
same series but of different current ratings. Suppose it
was desired to compare the opening times of 20A and 60A
MAXI Fuses at an overload of 100A. From the curve in
Figure 1, one can see that the 20A fuse opens in about 0.5
seconds at 100 amps, whereas the 60A fuse does not
open until about 50 seconds.
Figure 1: Average Melting-
Current Curve for the MAXI
Fuse Series (20-60A)
Fuseology