1.25mm Pitch Miniature Crimping Connector (UL Listed) DF13 Series Right Angle Type Mar.1.2020Copyright2020HIROSEELECTRICCO.,LTD.AllRightsReserved. Straight Type Type Mounting Type Mounting Height(h) DIP 5.3mm SMT 5.8mm DIP 3.6mm SMT Features Correspond to Automatic Mounting 1. Miniature Size Secure the automatic plain area for the absorption type automatic mounting machine. Designed in the low profile at mounting height 5.8mm. (SMT mounting straight type) (For DIP type, the mounting height is to 5.3mm to the straight and 3.6mm at the right angle) Straight Type Absorption area 2. Multi-contact The double row type achieves the multi-contact up to 40 contacts, and secures 30% higher density in the mounting area, compared with the single row type. 3. Correspond to Automatic Mounting The header provides the grade with the vacuum absorption area, and secures automatic mounting by the embossed tape packaging. In addition, the tube packaging can be selected. (Fig.1) Metal fitting 4. Integral Basic Function Despite Miniature Size The header is designed in a scoop-proof box structure, and completely prevents mis-insertion. In addition, the surface mounting (SMT) header is equipped with the metal fitting to prevent solder peeling. (Fig.1) Right Angle Type Absorption area 5. UL Certifled Applications Note PC, mobile terminal, miniature type business equipment, and other various consumer equipment, including video camera Fig.1 2020.2 1 DF13 Series1.25mm Pitch Miniature Crimping Connector (UL Listed) Product Specifications Specification 1A UL Specification AC 150V Voltage rating UL AC/DC 29.9V Current rating Rating Item Operating Temperature Range : -35 to +85c (Note 1) Storage Temperature Range : -10 to +60c (Note 2) Operating Moisture Range : 20 to 80% (Note 3) Storage Moisture Range : 40 to 70% (Note 2) Specification Condition 1.Insulation Resistance 500Mo min. 100V DC 2.Withstanding voltage No flashover or insulation breakdown. 500V AC/1 minute 3.Contact Resistance 30mo max. 100mA 4.Vibration No electrical discontinuity of 1s or more Frequency : 10 to 55 Hz, single amplitude of 0.75 mm, 2 hours in each of the 3 directions. 5.Humidity (Steady state) Contact resistance : 30mo max. Insulation resistance : 500Mo min. 96 hours at temperature of 40c and humidity of 90% to 95% Contact resistance : 30mo max. Insulation resistance : 500Mo min. 6.Temperature Cycle (-55c : 30 minutes 5 to 35c : 10 minutes 85c : 30 minutes 5 to 35c : 10 minutes) 5 cycles Mar.1.2020Copyright2020HIROSEELECTRICCO.,LTD.AllRightsReserved. 7.Durability (Mating/un-mating) Contact resistance : 30mo max. Tin plating : 30 cycles Gold plating : 50 cycles No deformation of components affecting performance. 8.Resistance to Soldering heat Flow : 250c for 10 seconds Manual soldering : 300c for 3 seconds Reflow : At the recommended temperature profile Manual soldering : 300c for 3 seconds UL File No. and Recognition Note 1 : Includes temperature rise caused by current flow. Note 2 : The term "storage" refers to products stored for long period of time prior to mounting and use. No. UL : E52653 Operating Temperature Range and Humidity range covers non conducting condition of installed connectors in storage, shipment or during transportation. Note 3 : Use without condensation on parts. Materials/Finish Product Part Material Finish Remarks Crimping Socket Crimping Contact for Socket Insulator Contact Insulator Contact Insulator Contact Metal Fitting Insulator Contact Metal Fitting Polyamide Phosphor copper Polyamide Brass Polyamide Brass Phosphor copper Polyamide Brass Phosphor copper Beige Tin plated or gold plated Beige Tin plated Beige Tin plated or gold plated Tin plated Beige Tin-copper plated or gold plated Tin plated UL94V-0 UL94V-0 UL94V-0 UL94V-0 - Pin Header (Through hole) Pin Header (SMT Single row) Pin Header (SMT Double row) Product Number Structure Refer to the chart below when determining the product specifications from the product number. Please select from the product numbers listed in this catalog when placing orders. Connector DF13 q # - * S - 1.25 C w e r t y q Series Name : DF13 e Number of Contacts t Contact Pitch : 1.25mm w Style Symbol : Blank : With boss r Single row : 2 to 12, 14, 15 y Connection Form / Contact Style. ( A : Without boss r Double row : 10, 20, 30, 40 C : Crimping socket / DSA : Straight through hole C : Without boss r Connector Type DS : Right angle through hole / V : Straight SMT t S : Single row socket / P : Single row pin header H : Right angle SMT t DS : Double row socket / DP : Double row pin header Contact DF13 # - 2630 SCF A q w e r q Style Symbol Blank : Standard w Applicable Cable Size 2630 : 26 to 30 AWG 3032 : 30 to 32 AWG 2 e Packaging Type SCF : Socket Contact/Reel G : Low insertion / extraction r Plating Type Blank : Tin plated A : Gold plated DF13 Series1.25mm Pitch Miniature Crimping Connector (UL Listed) Mar.1.2020Copyright2020HIROSEELECTRICCO.,LTD.AllRightsReserved. Single Row Socket Photo: Contact insertion Part No. HRS No. No. of Contacts A 536-0001-4 1.25 DF13-2S-1.25C 2 536-0002-7 2.50 DF13-3S-1.25C 3 536-0003-0 3.75 DF13-4S-1.25C 4 536-0004-2 5.00 DF13-5S-1.25C 5 536-0005-5 6.25 DF13-6S-1.25C 6 536-0006-8 7.50 DF13-7S-1.25C 7 536-0007-0 8.75 DF13-8S-1.25C 8 Note 1 : The quantity is delivered per bag (100pcs.). B RoHS Part No. HRS No. No. of Contacts 4.15 536-0008-3 DF13- 9S-1.25C 9 536-0009-6 5.40 DF13-10S-1.25C 10 6.65 536-0010-5 DF13-11S-1.25C 11 Yes 7.90 536-0011-8 DF13-12S-1.25C 12 9.15 536-0012-0 DF13-13S-1.25C 13 10.40 536-0013-3 DF13-14S-1.25C 14 11.65 536-0014-6 DF13-15S-1.25C 15 If needed, please select and order the products per bag. A 10.00 11.25 12.50 13.75 15.00 16.25 17.50 Unit : mm B RoHS 12.90 14.15 15.40 16.65 Yes 17.90 19.15 20.40 Double Row Socket Photo: Contact insertion state Part No. DF13-10DS-1.25C DF13-20DS-1.25C DF13-30DS-1.25C DF13-40DS-1.25C Note : The quantity Unit : mm HRS No. No. of Contacts A B RoHS 536-0550-2 10 10.40 5.00 536-0555-6 20 16.65 11.25 Yes 536-0560-6 30 22.90 17.50 536-0565-0 40 29.15 23.75 is delivered per bag (100pcs). If needed, please select and order the products per bag. 3 DF13 Series1.25mm Pitch Miniature Crimping Connector (UL Listed) Single Row Straight Pin Header (Through hole) [Specific No.] (**), ** Blank : Tin plated (75) : Tin plated, tube packaging BTube Dimensions 10 5 Mar.1.2020Copyright2020HIROSEELECTRICCO.,LTD.AllRightsReserved. Board Through-hole Diameter : O0.60.03 Unit: mm Part No. HRS No. No. of Contacts A B Tube Packaging Quantity RoHS Part No. HRS No. No. of Contacts A B Tube Packaging Quantity RoHS 115 37 DF13-2P-1.25DSA(**) 536-0101-9 ** 2 1.25 4.15 DF13- 9P-1.25DSA(**) 536-0108-8 ** 9 10.00 12.90 89 34 DF13-3P-1.25DSA(**) 536-0102-1 ** 3 2.50 5.40 DF13-10P-1.25DSA(**) 536-0109-0 ** 10 11.25 14.15 72 31 DF13-4P-1.25DSA(**) 536-0103-4 ** 4 3.75 6.65 DF13-11P-1.25DSA(**) 536-0110-0 ** 11 12.50 15.40 61 29 Yes DF13-12P-1.25DSA(**) 536-0111-2 ** Yes DF13-5P-1.25DSA(**) 536-0104-7 ** 5 5.00 7.90 12 13.75 16.65 52 27 DF13-6P-1.25DSA(**) 536-0105-0 ** 6 6.25 9.15 DF13-13P-1.25DSA(**) 536-0112-5 ** 13 15.00 17.90 46 25 DF13-7P-1.25DSA(**) 536-0106-2 ** 7 7.50 10.40 DF13-14P-1.25DSA(**) 536-0113-8 ** 14 16.25 19.15 41 23 DF13-8P-1.25DSA(**) 536-0107-5 ** 8 8.75 11.65 DF13-15P-1.25DSA(**) 536-0114-0 ** 15 17.50 20.40 Note 1 : The quantity at the specific No."None" is delivered per bag (100pcs.). If needed, please select and order the products per bag. Note 2 : Order the tube packaging product, multiplying the tube packaging quantity. Single Row Right Angle Pin Header (Through hole) [Specific No.] (**), ** (20) : Tin plated tube packaging BTube Dimensions Board Through-hole Diameter : O0.60.03 Part No. DF13-2P-1.25DS(20) DF13-3P-1.25DS(20) DF13-4P-1.25DS(20) DF13-5P-1.25DS(20) DF13-6P-1.25DS(20) DF13-7P-1.25DS(20) DF13-8P-1.25DS(20) Note 1 : Order the 4 HRS No. No. of Contacts A B Tube Packaging Quantity RoHS Part No. 2 1.25 4.15 115 536-0151-7 20 DF13- 9P-1.25DS(20) 3 2.50 5.40 89 536-0152-0 20 DF13-10P-1.25DS(20) 4 3.75 6.65 72 536-0153-2 20 DF13-11P-1.25DS(20) Yes DF13-12P-1.25DS(20) 5 5.00 7.90 61 536-0154-5 20 6 6.25 9.15 52 536-0155-8 20 DF13-14P-1.25DS(20) 7 7.50 10.40 46 536-0156-0 20 DF13-15P-1.25DS(20) 8 8.75 11.65 41 536-0157-3 20 tube packaging product, multiplying the tube packaging quantity. HRS No. No. of Contacts 9 536-0158-6 20 10 536-0159-9 20 11 536-0160-8 20 12 536-0161-0 20 14 536-0163-6 20 15 536-0164-9 20 Unit : mm A B Tube Packaging Quantity RoHS 10.00 12.90 37 11.25 14.15 34 12.50 15.40 31 Yes 13.75 16.65 29 16.25 19.15 25 17.50 20.40 23 DF13 Series1.25mm Pitch Miniature Crimping Connector (UL Listed) Single Row Straight Pin Header (SMT) (Three-Wall/Correspond to Vacuum Absorption) Mar.1.2020Copyright2020HIROSEELECTRICCO.,LTD.AllRightsReserved. 1.8 BPCB mounting pattern Note 1.Shaded area must be free of any electrically conductive traces to avoid contact with soldered pin header terminations. This pin header is a three-wall type, header has sufficiently large flat areas to allow pick-up with vacuum nozzles of automatic placement equipment. [Specific No.] (**), ** (21) : Tin plated embossed tape packaging (51) : Gold plated embossed tape packaging Unit : mm Part No. HRS No. No. of Contacts A B C D E F 1.25 4.15 7.15 5.65 1.95 2.20 2 536-0401-2 ** DF13C- 2P-1.25V(**) 2.50 5.40 8.40 6.90 3.20 3.45 3 536-0402-5 ** DF13C- 3P-1.25V(**) 3.75 6.65 9.65 8.15 4.45 3.10 4 536-0403-8 ** DF13C- 4P-1.25V(**) 5.00 7.90 10.90 9.40 5.70 4.35 5 536-0404-0 ** DF13C- 5P-1.25V(**) 6.25 9.15 12.15 10.65 6.95 5.60 6 536-0405-3 ** DF13C- 6P-1.25V(**) 7.50 10.40 13.40 11.90 8.20 6.85 7 536-0406-6 ** DF13C- 7P-1.25V(**) 8.75 11.65 14.65 13.15 9.45 8.10 8 536-0407-9 ** DF13C- 8P-1.25V(**) 10.00 12.90 15.90 14.40 10.70 9.35 9 536-0408-1 ** DF13C- 9P-1.25V(**) 11.25 14.15 17.15 15.65 11.95 10.60 10 536-0409-4 ** DF13C-10P-1.25V(**) 12.50 15.40 18.40 16.90 13.20 11.85 11 536-0410-3 ** DF13C-11P-1.25V(**) 13.75 16.65 19.65 18.15 14.45 13.10 12 536-0411-6 ** DF13C-12P-1.25V(**) 16.25 19.15 22.15 20.65 16.95 15.60 14 536-0413-1 ** DF13C-14P-1.25V(**) 17.50 20.40 23.40 21.90 18.20 16.85 15 536-0414-4 ** DF13C-15P-1.25V(**) Note 1 : Please order the embossed tape packaging product according to reel number. (1000pcs/reel) Emboss Width 16 16 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 32 32 32 44 RoHS Yes 5 DF13 Series1.25mm Pitch Miniature Crimping Connector (UL Listed) Single Row Right Angle Pin Header (SMT) (Four-Wall/Correspond to Vacuum Absorption) Mar.1.2020Copyright2020HIROSEELECTRICCO.,LTD.AllRightsReserved. 1.8 BPCB mounting pattern [Specific No.] (**), ** (21) : Tin plated embossed tape packaging (51) : Gold plated embossed tape packaging Unit : mm Part No. HRS No. No. of Contacts A B C D Emboss Width RoHS 1.25 4.15 7.15 5.65 16 2 536-0301-8 ** DF13A- 2P-1.25H(**) 2.50 5.40 8.40 6.90 16 3 536-0302-0 ** DF13A- 3P-1.25H(**) 3.75 6.65 9.65 8.15 24 4 536-0303-3 ** DF13A- 4P-1.25H(**) 5.00 7.90 10.90 9.40 24 5 536-0304-6 ** DF13A- 5P-1.25H(**) 6.25 9.15 12.15 10.65 24 6 536-0305-9 ** DF13A- 6P-1.25H(**) 7.50 10.40 13.40 11.90 24 7 536-0306-1 ** DF13A- 7P-1.25H(**) 8.75 11.65 14.65 13.15 24 536-0307-4 ** 8 Yes DF13A- 8P-1.25H(**) 10.00 12.90 15.90 14.40 24 9 536-0308-7 ** DF13A- 9P-1.25H(**) 11.25 14.15 17.15 15.65 24 10 536-0309-0 ** DF13A-10P-1.25H(**) 12.50 15.40 18.40 16.90 32 11 536-0310-9 ** DF13A-11P-1.25H(**) 13.75 16.65 19.65 18.15 32 12 536-0311-1 ** DF13A-12P-1.25H(**) 16.25 19.15 22.15 20.65 32 14 536-0313-7 ** DF13A-14P-1.25H(**) 17.50 20.40 23.40 21.90 44 15 536-0314-0 ** DF13A-15P-1.25H(**) Note 1 : Please order the embossed tape packaging product according to reel number. (1000pcs/reel) 6 DF13 Series1.25mm Pitch Miniature Crimping Connector (UL Listed) Double Row Straight Pin Header (SMT) Mar.1.2020Copyright2020HIROSEELECTRICCO.,LTD.AllRightsReserved. (Four-Wall/Correspond to Vacuum Absorption) BPCB mounting pattern Note 1. Shaded area must be free of any electrically conductive traces to avoid contact with soldered pin header terminations. [Specific No.] (**), ** (21) : Tin-copper plated embossed tape packaging (51) : Gold plated embossed tape packaging Unit: mm Spec No. Spec No. Emboss Part No. HRS No. No. of Contacts A B C DF13EA-10DP-1.25V(**) 536-0570-0 10 12.10 5.00 DF13EA-20DP-1.25V(**) 536-0571-0 20 (21) (51) Width 8.70 24 18.35 11.25 14.95 32 44 44 DF13EA-30DP-1.25V(**) 536-0572-0 30 24.60 17.50 21.20 DF13EA-40DP-1.25V(**) 536-0573-0 40 30.85 23.75 27.45 - RoHS Yes Note 1 : Please order the embossed tape packaging product according to reel number. (1000pcs/reel) Note 2 : The absorption cap is attached to the embossed tape packaging product. 7 DF13 Series1.25mm Pitch Miniature Crimping Connector (UL Listed) Crimping Contact ReelContact(1Reel,10,000reelcontacts) Part No. Mar.1.2020Copyright2020HIROSEELECTRICCO.,LTD.AllRightsReserved. Finish Applicable Cable (Tin Plated Annealing Copper Wire) (Note 1) RoHS 2 26 AWG 7Pi e ces/0.16mm 0.141mm 1061 0.56to 2 DF13-2630SCF 536-0300-5 1571 28 AWG 7Pieces/0.127mm 0.089mm2 1.0mm Tin plated 30 AWG 7Pieces/0.1mm 0055mm 1061 30 AWG 7Pieces/0.1mm 0.055mm2 0.52to DF13-3032SCF 536-0299-8 1571 32 AWG 7Pieces/0.08mm 0.035mm2 0.8mm 2 1061 26 AWG 7Pieces/0.16mm 0.141mm2 0.56to 28 AWG DF13-2630SCFA(04) 536-0298-5 04 7Pi e ces/0.127mm 0.089mm 1571 Au plated 30 AWG 7Pieces/0.1mm 0.055mm2 1.0mm 1061 30 AWG 7Pieces/0.1mm 0.055mm2 0.52to YES DF13-3032SCFA 536-0641-6 1571 32 AWG 7Pieces/0.08mm 0.035mm2 0.8mm 2 1061 26 AWG 7Pieces/0.16mm 0.141mm2 0.56to DF13G-2630SCF (Low insertion/extraction) 536-0643-1 Tin plated 1571 28 AWG 7Pieces/0.127mm 0.089mm2 1.0mm 30 AWG 7Pieces/0.1mm 0.055mm 26 AWG 7Pieces/0.16mm 0.141mm2 1061 DF13G-2630SCFA 0.56to 2 536-0642-9 Au plated 1571 28 AWG 7Pieces/0.127mm 0.089mm2 1.0mm (Low insertion/extraction) 30 AWG 7Pieces/0.1mm 0.055mm Note 1 : Please contact your local Hirose sales REP if you plan on using wires other than those listed above. KDF13 HRS No. Wire size Stranded wire conductor Calcuated coss-section Jacket Diameter UL BApplicable Crimping Tool KDF13G 1 0.15 0.5 7.2 2 0.9 3.7 3.3 0.8 1.5 Crimp contact with cable BProduct Number Structure Refer to the chart below when determining the product specifications from the product number. Please select from the product numbers listed in this catalog when placing orders. DF13-2630S 1 - 26 A 9 - 300 1 1 Part No. of adopted crimping contact DF13-2630S : DF13-2630SCF 2 Wire type 1 : UL1571 Part No. DF13-2630S1-26A9-300(05) 2 4 5 HRS No. Quantity 536-9001-0 05 100pcs/Pack Note 1 : Bag packaging (100pcs/pack). Order by number of packs. 8 3 3 Wire size 26 : 26AWG 4 Crimp position / End processing A : Both end crimped 6 5 Wire color 9 : White 6 Wire length 300 : 300mm Finish Tin plating BApplication Pattern Through hole (Single Row Product) SMT (Double Row Product) Right Angle SMT (Single Row Product) Straight Mar.1.2020Copyright2020HIROSEELECTRICCO.,LTD.AllRightsReserved. DF13 Series1.25mm Pitch Miniature Crimping Connector (UL Listed) 9 DF13 Series1.25mm Pitch Miniature Crimping Connector (UL Listed) BEmbossed Carrier Tape Dimensions 5.20.15 A-A 1.4 0.1 Productnamelabel O3702 0.1 A0.3 O210.8 Mar.1.2020Copyright2020HIROSEELECTRICCO.,LTD.AllRightsReserved. 20.5 0.40.1 O80 40.1 120.1 1.750.1 0 O5.25 0.1 20.144 20.1544 O1 3 0.2 KDF13C-*P-1.25V (**) 2 D0 D6MAX DIRECTIONOFUNREELING 0.2 A-A (1.1) 20.5 3 4.10.15 0.30.1 O1 O21 O80 0.1 0.1 0.3 Productnamelabel O3302 20.1(A<44mm) 20.15(A44mm) 40.1 120.1 1.750.1 KDF13A-*P-1.25H (**) 0.8 Directionofunreeling 2 D0 D6MAX O1 1.750.1 20.1 .5 0 130.1 40.1 0 .1 KDF13EA-*DP-1.25V (**) A-A 0.38 5.1 C0.1 20.5 B0.1 A0.3 O3702 2 D0 D6MAX O1 8 0. 3 1 0.5 O2 O80 Productnamelabel Unreeling direction Unit : mm Product Type Size DF13C-*P-1.25V (**) DF13A-*P-1.25H (**) No. of Contacts 2, 3 4 to 10 11 to 14 15 A 16 24 32 44 B ------- ------- 28.4 40.4 C 7.5 11.5 14.2 20.2 D 16.4 24.4 32.4 44.4 Note : The 13 contacts is not serialized. Unit : mm Product Type Size DF13EA-*DP-1.25V (**) 10 No. of Contacts 10 20 30 to 40 A 24 32 44 B ------- 28.4 40.4 C 11.5 14.2 20.2 D 24.4 32.4 44.4 DF13 Series1.25mm Pitch Miniature Crimping Connector (UL Listed) BPrecautions 1. Recommended Temperature Profile (SMT) 10sec MAX MAX 250 250 TEMPERATURE Mar.1.2020Copyright2020HIROSEELECTRICCO.,LTD.AllRightsReserved. 230 200 190 170 100 0 TIMESec 60-120sec 60secMAX PRE-HEATINGTIME SOLDERINGTIME [Applicable Conditions] 1. Peak temperature : 250 max. 2. Heating area : 230 min. for less than 60 seconds 3. Preheating area : 170 to 190 for 60 to 120 seconds 4. Number of times : no more than 2 times * Measurement is conducted at the contact lead part Soldering results may change depending on conditions such as solder paste type, manufacturer, PCB size, and other soldering materials. Please determine all mounting conditions before use. Note 1 : This temperature profile is a recommended value. Note 2 : Up to 2 cycles of Reflow soldering are possible under the same conditions, provided that there is a return to normal temperature between the first and second cycle. Note 3 : The temperature profile indicates the board surface temperature at the point of contacts with the connector terminals. Note 4 : Slight variations in color of the plastic compounds do not affect form, fit or function of the connector. 2. Recommended Soldering Condition (SMT) 3. Recommended Screen Manual soldering : 29010c for 2 seconds max. 0.15 to 0.2mm Thickness (SMT) 4. Board Warpage (SMT) Max 0.03mm in the connector center area, based on both connector edges 5. Recommended Soldering Flow : 2505c for 3 seconds 5. Condition (Through hole) Manual soldering : 29010c for 2 seconds 6. Cleaning Condition Refer to Wire to board connector Use Hand book. IPA cleaning is allowed. (Cleaning is not recommended because cleaning may change the mating/withdrawal feeling etc. Please contact us when you use other cleaning agents.) 7. Cautions Be careful for the excessive scoop insertion/extraction, which will cause damage to the product. 8. Precautions Please refer to following documents in handling this product. Crimp quality standards (ETAD-H0895-00, ETAD-H0953-00) Wire to board connector Use Hand book. 11 DF13 Series1.25mm Pitch Miniature Crimping Connector (UL Listed) BPrecautions <Precautions at Time of Insertion> <Precautions at Time of Disconnection> Align with the connector form and press down continue pressing until there is a tactile click. Align with the connector form and press down continue pressing until there is a tactile click. Handing Handing Method : Lightly grasping the base the cable, press the connector with your finger and insert it. Insertion Angle Angle of Removal Mar.1.2020Copyright2020HIROSEELECTRICCO.,LTD.AllRightsReserved. Caution : Do not insert at an angle of 30 or greater. Doing so will cause contact deformation or case damage. Method : Insert with the connector parallel. Caution : Do not remove at an angle of 30 or greater. Doing so will cause contact deformation or case damage. Method : Remove with the connector parallel. Parallel Diagonal Parallel Diagonal Parallel Diagonal Parallel Diagonal (R) 12 Method : Grasp the cable so that the entire cable is pulled evenly and it out. 2-6-3,Nakagawa Chuoh,Tsuzuki-Ku,Yokohama-Shi 224-8540,JAPAN TEL: +81-45-620-3526 Fax: +81-45-591-3726 http://www.hirose.com http://www.hirose-connectors.com The characteristics and the specifications contained herein are for reference purpose. Please refer to the latest customer drawings prior to use. The contents of this catalog are current as of date of 02/2020. Contents are subject to change without notice for the purpose of improvements.