September 2007
ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
1MSPS, 12-/10-/8-Bit A/D Converters in SOT-23 & LLP
General Description
The ADCS7476, ADCS7477, and ADCS7478 are low power,
monolithic CMOS 12-, 10- and 8-bit analog-to-digital convert-
ers that operate at 1 MSPS. The ADCS7476/77/78 are drop-
in replacements for Analog Devices' AD7476/77/78. Each
device is based on a successive approximation register ar-
chitecture with internal track-and-hold. The serial interface is
compatible with several standards, such as SPI™, QSPI™,
MICROWIRE™, and many common DSP serial interfaces.
The ADCS7476/77/78 uses the supply voltage as a refer-
ence, enabling the devices to operate with a full-scale input
range of 0 to VDD. The conversion rate is determined from the
serial clock (SCLK) speed. These converters offer a shut-
down mode, which can be used to trade throughput for power
consumption. The ADCS7476/77/78 is operated with a single
supply that can range from +2.7V to +5.25V. Normal power
consumption during continuous conversion, using a +3V or
+5V supply, is 2 mW or 10 mW respectively. The power down
feature, which is enabled by a chip select (CS) pin, reduces
the power consumption to under 5 µW using a +5V supply. All
three converters are available in a 6-lead, SOT-23 package
and in a 6-lead LLP, both of which provide an extremely small
footprint for applications where space is a critical considera-
tion. These products are designed for operation over the
automotive/extended industrial temperature range of −40°C
to +125°C.
Features
Variable power management
Packaged in 6-lead, SOT-23 and LLP
Power supply used as reference
Single +2.7V to +5.25V supply operation
SPI™/QSPI™/MICROWIRE™/DSP compatible
Key Specifications
Resolution with no Missing Codes 12/10/8 bits
Conversion Rate 1 MSPS
DNL +0.5, -0.3 LSB (typ)
INL ± 0.4 LSB (typ)
Power Consumption
3V Supply 2 mW (typ)
5V Supply 10 mW (typ)
Applications
Automotive Navigation
FA/ATM Equipment
Portable Systems
Medical Instruments
Mobile Communications
Instrumentation and Control Systems
Connection Diagram
20057701
TRI-STATE® is a registered trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation.
© 2007 National Semiconductor Corporation 200577 www.national.com
ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478 1MSPS, 12-/10-/8-Bit A/D Converters in SOT-23 & LLP
Ordering Information
Order Code Temperature Range Description Top Mark
ADCS7476AIMF −40°C to +125°C 6-Lead SOT-23 Package, 1000 Units Tape & Reel X01A
ADCS7477AIMF −40°C to +85°C 6-Lead SOT-23 Package, 1000 Units Tape & Reel X02A
ADCS7478AIMF −40°C to +85°C 6-Lead SOT-23 Package, 1000 Units Tape & Reel X03A
ADCS7476AIMFX −40°C to +125°C 6-Lead SOT-23 Package, 3000 Units Tape & Reel X01A
ADCS7476AISDX −40°C to +125°C 6-Lead LLP, 3000 Units Tape & Reel X1A
ADCS7477AIMFX −40°C to +85°C 6-Lead SOT-23 Package, 3000 Units Tape & Reel X02A
ADCS7477AISDX −40°C to +85°C 6-Lead LLP, 3000 Units Tape & Reel X2A
ADCS7478AIMFX −40°C to +85°C 6-Lead SOT-23 Package, 3000 Units Tape & Reel X03A
ADCS7478AISDX −40°C to +85°C 6-Lead LLP, 3000 Units Tape & Reel X3A
ADCS7476AIMFE −40°C to +85°C 6-Lead SOT-23 Package, 250 Units Tape & Reel X01A
ADCS7477AIMFE −40°C to +85°C 6-Lead SOT-23 Package, 250 Units Tape & Reel X02A
ADCS7478AIMFE −40°C to +85°C 6-Lead SOT-23 Package, 250 Units Tape & Reel X03A
Pin Descriptions
Pin No. Symbol Description
ANALOG I/O
3VIN Analog input. This signal can range from 0V to VDD.
DIGITAL I/O
4 SCLK Digital clock input. The range of frequencies for this input is 10 kHz to 20 MHz, with guaranteed
performance at 20 MHz. This clock directly controls the conversion and readout processes.
5 SDATA Digital data output. The output words are clocked out of this pin by the SCLK pin.
6 CS Chip select. A conversion process begins on the falling edge of CS.
POWER SUPPLY
1VDD
Positive supply pin. These pins should be connected to a quiet +2.7V to +5.25V source and
bypassed to GND with 0.1 µF and 1 µF monolithic capacitors located within 1 cm of the power
pin. The ADCS7476/77/78 uses this power supply as a reference, so it should be thoroughly
bypassed.
2 GND The ground return for the supply.
Block Diagram
20057718
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ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1)
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,
please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/
Distributors for availability and specifications.
Supply Voltage VDD −0.3V to +6.5V
Voltage on Any Analog Pin to GND −0.3V to VDD +0.3V
Voltage on Any Digital Pin to GND -0.3V to 6.5V
Input Current at Any Pin (Note 3) ±10 mA
ESD Susceptibility
Human Body Model
Machine Model
3500V
200V
Soldering Temperature, Infrared,
10 seconds 215°C
Junction Temperature +150°C
Storage Temperature −65°C to +150°C
Operating Ratings
Operating Temperature Range TMIN = −40°C TA
TMAX = +125°C
VDD Supply Voltage +2.7V to +5.25V
Digital Input Pins Voltage Range (Note
4) +2.7V to +5.25V
Package Thermal Resistance
Package θJA
6-Lead SOT-23 265°C / W
6-Lead LLP 78°C / W
ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478 Specifications (Note 2)
ADCS7476 Converter Electrical Characteristics
The following specifications apply for VDD = +2.7V to 5.25V, fSCLK = 20 MHz, fSAMPLE = 1 MSPS unless otherwise noted. Boldface
limits apply for TA = −40°C to +85°C: all other limits TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical Limits Units
STATIC CONVERTER CHARACTERISTICS
Resolution with No Missing Codes VDD = 2.7V to 3.6V,
−40°C TA 125°C 12 Bits
INL Integral Non-Linearity
VDD = 2.7V to 3.6V,
−40°C TA 85°C ±0.4 ±1 LSB (max)
VDD = 2.7V to 3.6V,
TA = 125°C +1
-1.1
LSB (max)
LSB (min)
DNL Differential Non-Linearity
VDD = 2.7V to 3.6V,
−40°C TA 85°C
+0.5
-0.3
+1
-0.9
LSB (max)
LSB (min)
VDD = 2.7V to 3.6V,
TA = 125°C ±1 LSB (max)
VOFF Offset Error VDD = 2.7V to 3.6V,
−40°C TA 125°C ±0.1 ±1.2 LSB (max)
GE Gain Error VDD = 2.7V to 3.6V,
−40°C TA 125°C ±0.2 ±1.2 LSB (max)
DYNAMIC CONVERTER CHARACTERISTICS
SINAD Signal-to-Noise Plus Distortion Ratio fIN = 100 kHz, −40°C TA 125°C 72 70 dB (min)
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio fIN = 100 kHz, −40°C TA 85°C 72.5 70.8 dB (min)
fIN = 100 kHz, TA = 125°C 70.6 dB (min)
THD Total Harmonic Distortion fIN = 100 kHz -80 dB
SFDR Spurious-Free Dynamic Range fIN = 100 kHz 82 dB
IMD
Intermodulation Distortion, Second
Order Terms fa = 103.5 kHz, fb = 113.5 kHz -78 dB
Intermodulation Distortion, Third Order
Terms fa = 103.5 kHz, fb = 113.5 kHz -78 dB
FPBW -3 dB Full Power Bandwidth +5V Supply 11 MHz
+3V Supply 8 MHz
POWER SUPPLY CHARACTERISTICS
VDD Supply Voltage −40°C TA 125°C 2.7 V (min)
5.25 V (max)
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ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical Limits Units
IDD
Normal Mode (Static)
VDD = +4.75V to +5.25V,
SCLK On or Off 2 mA
VDD = +2.7V to +3.6V,
SCLK On or Off 1 mA
Normal Mode (Operational)
VDD = +4.75V to +5.25V,
fSAMPLE = 1 MSPS 2.0 3.5 mA (max)
VDD = +2.7V to +3.6V,
fSAMPLE = 1 MSPS 0.6 1.6 mA (max)
Shutdown Mode VDD = +5V, SCLK Off 0.5 µA
VDD = +5V, SCLK On 60 µA
PD
Power Consumption, Normal Mode
(Operational)
VDD = +5V, fSAMPLE = 1 MSPS 10 17.5 mW (max)
VDD = +3V, fSAMPLE = 1 MSPS 24.8 mW (max)
Power Consumption, Shutdown Mode VDD = +5V, SCLK Off 2.5 µW
VDD = +3V, SCLK Off 1.5 µW
ANALOG INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
VIN Input Range 0 to VDD V
IDCL DC Leakage Current ±1 µA (max)
CINA Analog Input Capacitance 30 pF
DIGITAL INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
VIH Input High Voltage 2.4 V (min)
VIL Input Low Voltage VDD = +5V 0.8 V (max)
VDD = +3V 0.4 V (max)
IIN Input Current VIN = 0V or VDD ±10 nA ±1 µA (max)
CIND Digital Input Capacitance 2 4pF (max)
DIGITAL OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
VOH Output High Voltage ISOURCE = 200 µA,
VDD = +2.7V to +5.25V VDD −0.2 V (min)
VOL Output Low Voltage ISINK = 200 µA 0.4 V (max)
IOL TRI-STATE® Leakage Current ±10 µA (max)
COUT TRI-STATE Output Capacitance 2 4pF (max)
Output Coding Straight (Natural) Binary
AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
fSCLK Clock Frequency 20 MHz (max)
DC SCLK Duty Cycle 40
60
% (min)
% (max)
tTH Track/Hold Acquisition Time 400 ns (max)
fRATE Throughput Rate See Serial Interface Section 1MSPS (max)
tAD Aperture Delay 3 ns
tAJ Aperture Jitter 30 ps
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ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
ADCS7477 Converter Electrical Characteristics
The following specifications apply for VDD = +2.7V to 5.25V, fSCLK = 20 MHz, fSAMPLE = 1 MSPS unless otherwise noted. Boldface
limits apply for TA = −40°C to +85°C: all other limits TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical Limits Units
STATIC CONVERTER CHARACTERISTICS
Resolution with No Missing Codes 10 Bits
INL Integral Non-Linearity ±0.2 ±0.7 LSB (max)
DNL Differential Non-Linearity +0.3
-0.2 ±0.7 LSB (max)
LSB (min)
VOFF Offset Error ±0.1 ±0.7 LSB (max)
GE Gain Error ±0.2 ±1 LSB (max)
DYNAMIC CONVERTER CHARACTERISTICS
SINAD Signal-to-Noise Plus Distortion Ratio fIN = 100 kHz 61.7 61 dBFS (min)
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio fIN = 100 kHz 62 dB
THD Total Harmonic Distortion fIN = 100 kHz -77 -73 dB (max)
SFDR Spurious-Free Dynamic Range fIN = 100 kHz 78 74 dB (min)
IMD
Intermodulation Distortion, Second
Order Terms fa = 103.5 kHz, fb = 113.5 kHz -78 dB
Intermodulation Distortion, Third Order
Terms fa = 103.5 kHz, fb = 113.5 kHz -78 dB
FPBW -3 dB Full Power Bandwidth +5V Supply 11 MHz
+3V Supply 8 MHz
POWER SUPPLY CHARACTERISTICS
VDD Supply Voltage 2.7
5.25
V (min)
V (max)
IDD
Normal Mode (Static)
VDD = +4.75V to +5.25V,
SCLK On or Off 2 mA
VDD = +2.7V to +3.6V,
SCLK On or Off 1 mA
Normal Mode (Operational)
VDD = +4.75V to +5.25V,
fSAMPLE = 1 MSPS 2.0 3.5 mA (max)
VDD = +2.7V to +3.6V,
fSAMPLE = 1 MSPS 0.6 1.6 mA (max)
Shutdown Mode VDD = +5V, SCLK Off 0.5 µA (max)
VDD = +5V, SCLK On 60 µA (max)
PD
Power Consumption, Normal Mode
(Operational)
VDD = +5V, fSAMPLE = 1 MSPS 10 17.5 mW (max)
VDD = +3V, fSAMPLE = 1 MSPS 24.8 mW (max)
Power Consumption, Shutdown Mode VDD = +5V, SCLK Off 2.5 µW (max)
VDD = +3V, SCLK Off 1.5 µW (max)
ANALOG INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
VIN Input Range 0 to VDD V
IDCL DC Leakage Current ±1 µA (max)
CINA Analog Input Capacitance 30 pF
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ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical Limits Units
DIGITAL INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
VIH Input High Voltage 2.4 V (min)
VIL Input Low Voltage VDD = +5V 0.8 V (max)
VDD = +3V 0.4 V (max)
IIN Input Current VIN = 0V or VDD ±10 nA ±1 µA (max)
CIND Digital Input Capacitance 2 4pF (max)
DIGITAL OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
VOH Output High Voltage ISOURCE = 200 µA,
VDD = +2.7V to +5.25V VDD −0.2 V (min)
VOL Output Low Voltage ISINK = 200 µA 0.4 V (max)
IOL TRI-STATE Leakage Current ±10 µA (max)
COUT TRI-STATE Output Capacitance 2 4pF (max)
Output Coding Straight (Natural) Binary
AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
fSCLK Clock Frequency 20 MHz (max)
DC SCLK Duty Cycle 40
60
% (min)
% (max)
tTH Track/Hold Acquisition Time 400 ns (max)
fRATE Throughput Rate See Serial Interface Section 1MSPS (max)
tAD Aperture Delay 3 ns
tAJ Aperture Jitter 30 ps
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ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
ADCS7478 Converter Electrical Characteristics
The following specifications apply for VDD = +2.7V to 5.25V, fSCLK = 20 MHz, fSAMPLE = 1 MSPS unless otherwise noted. Boldface
limits apply for TA = −40°C to +85°C: all other limits TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical Limits Units
STATIC CONVERTER CHARACTERISTICS
Resolution with No Missing Codes 8Bits
INL Integral Non-Linearity ±0.05 ±0.3 LSB (max)
DNL Differential Non-Linearity ±0.07 ±0.3 LSB (max)
VOFF Offset Error ±0.03 ±0.3 LSB (max)
GE Gain Error ±0.08 ±0.4 LSB (max)
Total Unadjusted Error ±0.07 ±0.3 LSB (max)
DYNAMIC CONVERTER CHARACTERISTICS
SINAD Signal-to-Noise Plus Distortion Ratio fIN = 100 kHz 49.7 49 dB (min)
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio fIN = 100 kHz 49.7 dB
THD Total Harmonic Distortion fIN = 100 kHz -77 -65 dB (max)
SFDR Spurious-Free Dynamic Range fIN = 100 kHz 69 65 dB (min)
IMD
Intermodulation Distortion, Second
Order Terms fa = 103.5 kHz, fb = 113.5 kHz -68 dB
Intermodulation Distortion, Third Order
Terms fa = 103.5 kHz, fb = 113.5 kHz -68 dB
FPBW -3 dB Full Power Bandwidth +5V Supply 11 MHz
+3V Supply 8 MHz
POWER SUPPLY CHARACTERISTICS
VDD Supply Voltage 2.7
5.25
V (min)
V (max)
IDD
Normal Mode (Static)
VDD = +4.75V to +5.25V,
SCLK On or Off 2 mA
VDD = +2.7V to +3.6V,
SCLK On or Off 1 mA
Normal Mode (Operational)
VDD = +4.75V to +5.25V,
fSAMPLE = 1 MSPS 2.0 3.5 mA (max)
VDD = +2.7V to +3.6V,
fSAMPLE = 1 MSPS 0.6 1.6 mA (max)
Shutdown Mode VDD = +5V, SCLK Off 0.5 µA (max)
VDD = +5V, SCLK On 60 µA (max)
PD
Power Consumption, Normal Mode
(Operational)
VDD = +5V, fSAMPLE = 1 MSPS 10 17.5 mW (max)
VDD = +3V, fSAMPLE = 1 MSPS 24.8 mW (max)
Power Consumption= Shutdown Mode VDD = +5V, SCLK Off 2.5 µW (max)
VDD = +3V, SCLK Off 1.5 µW (max)
ANALOG INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
VIN Input Range 0 to VDD V
IDCL DC Leakage Current ±1 µA (max)
CINA Analog Input Capacitance 30 pF
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ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical Limits Units
DIGITAL INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
VIH Input High Voltage 2.4 V (min)
VIL Input Low Voltage VDD = +5V 0.8 V (max)
VDD = +3V 0.4 V (max)
IIN Digital Input Current VIN = 0V or VDD ±10 nA ±1 µA (max)
CIND Input Capacitance 2 4pF(max)
DIGITAL OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
VOH Output High Voltage ISOURCE = 200 µA,
VDD = +2.7V to +5.25V VDD −0.2 V (min)
VOL Output Low Voltage ISINK = 200 µA 0.4 V (max)
IOL TRI-STATE Leakage Current ±10 µA (max)
COUT TRI-STATE Output Capacitance 2 4pF (max)
Output Coding Straight (Natural) Binary
AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
fSCLK Clock Frequency 20 MHz (max)
DC SCLK Duty Cycle 40
60
% (min)
% (max)
tTH Track/Hold Acquisition Time 400 ns (max)
fRATE Throughput Rate See Applications Section 1MSPS (min)
tAD Aperture Delay 3 ns
tAJ Aperture Jitter 30 ps
Note 1: Absolute maximum ratings are limiting values, to be applied individually, and beyond which the serviceability of the circuit may be impaired. Functional
operability under any of these conditions is not implied. Exposure to maximum ratings for extended periods may affect device reliability.
Note 2: Data sheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis.
Note 3: Except power supply pins.
Note 4: Independent of supply voltage.
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ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
Timing Test Circuit
20057708
ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478 Timing Specifications
The following specifications apply for VDD = +2.7V to 5.25V, fSCLK = 20 MHz, Boldface limits apply for TA = −40°C to +85°C: all
other limits TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. (Note 9)
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical Limits Units
tCONVERT 16 x tSCLK
tQUIET (Note 5) 50 ns (min)
t1Minimum CS Pulse Width 10 ns (min)
t2CS to SCLK Setup Time 10 ns (min)
t3
Delay from CS Until SDATA TRI-STATE
Disabled (Note 6) 20 ns (max)
t4
Data Access Time after SCLK Falling
Edge(Note 7)
VDD = +2.7 to +3.6 40 ns (max)
VDD = +4.75 to +5.25 20 ns (max)
t5SCLK Low Pulse Width 0.4 x tSCLK ns (min)
t6SCLK High Pulse Width 0.4 x tSCLK ns (min)
t7SCLK to Data Valid Hold Time VDD = +2.7 to +3.6 7ns (min)
VDD = +4.75 to +5.25 5ns (min)
t8
SCLK Falling Edge to SDATA High
Impedance (Note 8)
VDD = +2.7 to +3.6 25 ns (max)
6ns (min)
VDD = +4.75 to +5.25 25 ns (max)
5ns (min)
tPOWER-UP Power-Up Time from Full Power-Down 1 µs
Note 5: Minimum Quiet Time Required Between Bus Relinquish and Start of Next Conversion
Note 6: Measured with the load circuit shown above, and defined as the time taken by the output to cross 1.0V.
Note 7: Measured with the load circuit shown above, and defined as the time taken by the output to cross 1.0V or 2.0V.
Note 8: t8 is derived from the time taken by the outputs to change by 0.5V with the loading circuit shown above. The measured number is then adjusted to remove
the effects of charging or discharging the 25pF capacitor. This means t8 is the true bus relinquish time, independent of the bus loading.
Note 9: All input signals are specified as tr = tf = 5 ns (10% to 90% VDD) and timed from 1.6V.
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ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
Specification Definitions
APERTURE DELAY is the time after the falling edge of CS
to when the input signal is acquired or held for conversion.
APERTURE JITTER (APERTURE UNCERTAINTY) is the
variation in aperture delay from sample to sample. Aperture
jitter manifests itself as noise in the output.
DIFFERENTIAL NON-LINEARITY (DNL) is the measure of
the maximum deviation from the ideal step size of 1 LSB.
DUTY CYCLE is the ratio of the time that a repetitive digital
waveform is high to the total time of one period. The specifi-
cation here refers to the SCLK.
EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF BITS (ENOB, or EFFECTIVE
BITS) is another method of specifying Signal-to-Noise and
Distortion or SINAD. ENOB is defined as (SINAD - 1.76) / 6.02
and says that the converter is equivalent to a perfect ADC of
this (ENOB) number of bits.
FULL POWER BANDWIDTH is a measure of the frequency
at which the reconstructed output fundamental drops 3 dB
below its low frequency value for a full scale input.
GAIN ERROR is the deviation of the last code transition
(111...110) to (111...111) from the ideal (VREF - 1.5 LSB for
ADCS7476 and ADCS7477, VREF - 1 LSB for ADCS7478),
after adjusting for offset error.
INTEGRAL NON-LINEARITY (INL) is a measure of the de-
viation of each individual code from a line drawn from negative
full scale (½ LSB below the first code transition) through pos-
itive full scale (½ LSB above the last code transition). The
deviation of any given code from this straight line is measured
from the center of that code value.
INTERMODULATION DISTORTION (IMD) is the creation of
additional spectral components as a result of two sinusoidal
frequencies being applied to the ADC input at the same time.
It is defined as the ratio of the power in the either the two
second order or all four third order intermodulation products
to the sum of the power in both of the original frequencies.
IMD is usually expressed in dBFS.
MISSING CODES are those output codes that will never ap-
pear at the ADC outputs. The ADCS7476/77/78 is guaranteed
not to have any missing codes.
OFFSET ERROR is the deviation of the first code transition
(000...000) to (000...001) from the ideal (i.e. GND + 0.5 LSB
for the ADCS7476 and ADCS7477, and GND + 1 LSB for the
ADCS7478).
SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (SNR) is the ratio, expressed in
dB, of the rms value of the input signal to the rms value of the
sum of all other spectral components below one-half the sam-
pling frequency, not including harmonics or DC.
SIGNAL TO NOISE PLUS DISTORTION (S/N+D or
SINAD) Is the ratio, expressed in dB, of the rms value of the
input signal to the rms value of all of the other spectral com-
ponents below half the clock frequency, including harmonics
but excluding DC.
SPURIOUS FREE DYNAMIC RANGE (SFDR) is the differ-
ence, expressed in dB, between the rms values of the input
signal and the peak spurious signal, where a spurious signal
is any signal present in the output spectrum that is not present
at the input.
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION (THD) is the ratio, ex-
pressed in dBc, of the rms total of the first five harmonic levels
at the output to the level of the fundamental at the output. THD
is calculated as
where f1 is the RMS power of the fundamental (output) fre-
quency and f2 through f6 are the RMS power in the first 5
harmonic frequencies.
TOTAL UNADJUSTED ERROR is the worst deviation found
from the ideal transfer function. As such, it is a comprehensive
specification which includes full scale error, linearity error,
and offset error.
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ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
Timing Diagrams
20057702
FIGURE 1. ADCS7476 Serial Interface Timing Diagram
20057703
FIGURE 2. ADCS7477 Serial Interface Timing Diagram
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ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
20057704
FIGURE 3. ADCS7478 Serial Interface Timing Diagram
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ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
Typical Performance Characteristics TA = +25°C, VDD = 3V, fSAMPLE = 1 MSPS, fSCLK = 20 MHz, fIN =
100 kHz unless otherwise stated.
ADCS7476
ADCS7476 DNL
20057706
ADCS7476 INL
20057705
ADCS7476 Spectral Response @ 100kHz Input
20057707
ADCS7476 THD vs. Source Impedance
20057750
ADCS7476 THD vs. Input Frequency, 600 kSPS
20057751
ADCS7476 THD vs. Input Frequency, 1 MSPS
20057752
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ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
ADCS7476 SINAD vs. Input Frequency, 600 kSPS
20057753
ADCS7476 SINAD vs. Input Frequency, 1 MSPS
20057754
ADCS7476 SNR vs. fSCLK
20057756
ADCS7476 SINAD vs. fSCLK
20057757
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ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
ADCS7477 DNL
20057770
ADCS7477 INL
20057771
ADCS7477 Spectral Response @ 100kHz Input
20057772
ADCS7477 SNR vs. fSCLK
20057773
ADCS7477 SINAD vs. fSCLK
20057774
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ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
ADCS7478 DNL
20057760
ADCS7478 INL
20057761
ADCS7478 Spectral Response @ 100kHz Input
20057762
ADCS7478 SNR vs. fSCLK
20057763
ADCS7478 SINAD vs. fSCLK
20057764
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ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
Applications Information
1.0 ADCS7476/77/78 OPERATION
The ADCS7476/77/78 are successive-approximation analog-
to-digital converters designed around a charge-redistribution
digital-to-analog converter. Simplified schematics of the
ADCS7476/77/78 in both track and hold operation are shown
in Figure 4 and Figure 5, respectively. In Figure 4 the device
is in track mode: switch SW1 connects the sampling capacitor
to the input, and SW2 balances the comparator inputs. The
device is in this state until CS is brought low, at which point
the device moves to hold mode.
Figure 5 shows the device in hold mode: switch SW1 con-
nects the sampling capacitor to ground, maintaining the sam-
pled voltage, and switch SW2 unbalances the comparator.
The control logic then instructs the charge-redistribution DAC
to add or subtract fixed amounts of charge from the sampling
capacitor until the comparator is balanced. When the com-
parator is balanced, the digital word supplied to the DAC is
the digital representation of the analog input voltage. The de-
vice moves from hold mode to track mode on the 13th rising
edge of SCLK.
20057709
FIGURE 4. ADCS7476/77/78 in Track Mode
20057710
FIGURE 5. ADCS7476/77/78 in Hold Mode
2.0 USING THE ADCS7476/77/78
Serial interface timing diagrams for the ADCS7476/77/78 are
shown in Figure 1, , and Figure 3. CS is chip select, which
initiates conversions and frames the serial data transfers.
SCLK (serial clock) controls both the conversion process and
the timing of serial data. SDATA is the serial data out pin,
where a conversion result is found.
Basic operation of the ADCS7476/77/78 begins with CS going
low, which initiates a conversion process and data transfer.
Subsequent rising and falling edges of SCLK will be labelled
with reference to the falling edge of CS; for example, "the third
falling edge of SCLK" shall refer to the third falling edge of
SCLK after CS goes low.
At the fall of CS, the SDATA pin comes out of TRI-STATE,
and the converter moves from track mode to hold mode. The
input signal is sampled and held for conversion at the falling
edge of CS. The converter moves from hold mode to track
mode on the 13th rising edge of SCLK (see Figure 1,
Figure 2, or Figure 3). The SDATA pin will be placed back into
TRI-STATE after the 16th falling edge of SCLK, or at the rising
edge of CS, whichever occurs first. After a conversion is com-
pleted, the quiet time tQUIET must be satisfied before bringing
CS low again to begin another conversion.
Sixteen SCLK cycles are required to read a complete sample
from the ADCS7476/77/78. The sample bits (including any
leading or trailing zeroes) are clocked out on falling edges of
SCLK, and are intended to be clocked in by a receiver on
subsequent falling edges of SCLK. The ADCS7476/77/78 will
produce four leading zeroes on SDATA, followed by twelve,
ten, or eight data bits, most significant first. After the data bits,
the ADCS7477 will clock out two trailing zeros, and the
ADCS7478 will clock out four trailing zeros. The ADCS7476
will not clock out any trailing zeros; the least significant data
bit will be valid on the 16th falling edge of SCLK.
Depending upon the application, the first edge on SCLK after
CS goes low may be either a falling edge or a rising edge. If
the first SCLK edge after CS goes low is a rising edge, all four
leading zeroes will be valid on the first four falling edges of
17 www.national.com
ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
SCLK. If instead the first SCLK edge after CS goes low is a
falling edge, the first leading zero may not be set up in time
for a microprocessor or DSP to read it correctly. The remain-
ing data bits are still clocked out on the falling edges of SCLK.
3.0 ADCS7476/77/78 TRANSFER FUNCTION
The output format of the ADCS7476/77/78 is straight binary.
Code transitions occur midway between successive integer
LSB values. The LSB widths for the ADCS7476 is VDD / 4096;
for the ADCS7477 the LSB width is VDD / 1024; for the
ADCS7478, the LSB width is VDD / 256. The ideal transfer
characteristic for the ADCS7476 and ADCS7477 is shown in
Figure 6, while the ideal transfer characteristic for the
ADCS7478 is shown in Figure 7.
20057711
FIGURE 6. ADCS7476/77 Ideal Transfer Characteristic
20057712
FIGURE 7. ADCS7478 Ideal Transfer Characteristic
www.national.com 18
ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
4.0 TYPICAL APPLICATION CIRCUIT
A typical application of the ADCS7476/77/78 is shown in
Figure 8. The combined analog and digital supplies are pro-
vided in this example by the National LP2950 low-dropout
voltage regulator, available in a variety of fixed and adjustable
output voltages. The supply is bypassed with a capacitor net-
work located close to the device. The three-wire interface is
also shown connected to a microprocessor or DSP.
20057713
FIGURE 8. Typical Application Circuit
5.0 ANALOG INPUTS
An equivalent circuit for the ADCS7476/77/78 input channel
is shown in Figure 9. The diodes D1 and D2 provide ESD
protection for the analog inputs. At no time should an analog
input exceed VDD + 300 mV or GND - 300 mV, as these ESD
diodes will begin conducting current into the substrate or sup-
ply line and affect ADC operation.
The capacitor C1 in Figure 9 typically has a value of 4 pF, and
is mainly due to pin capacitance. The resistor R1 represents
the on resistance of the multiplexer and track / hold switch,
and is typically 100 ohms. The capacitor C2 is the
ADCS7476/77/78 sampling capacitor, and is typically 26 pF.
The sampling nature of the analog input causes input current
pulses that result in voltage spikes at the input. The
ADCS7476/77/78 will deliver best performance when driven
by a low-impedance source to eliminate distortion caused by
the charging of the sampling capacitance. In applications
where dynamic performance is critical, the input might need
to be driven with a low output-impedance amplifier. In addi-
tion, when using the ADCS7476/77/78 to sample AC signals,
a band-pass or low-pass filter will reduce harmonics and
noise and thus improve THD and SNR.
20057714
FIGURE 9. Equivalent Input Circuit
6.0 DIGITAL INPUTS AND OUTPUTS
The ADCS7476/77/78 digital inputs (SCLK and CS) are not
limited by the same absolute maximum ratings as the analog
inputs. The digital input pins are instead limited to +6.5V with
respect to GND, regardless of VDD, the supply voltage. This
allows the ADCS7476/77/78 to be interfaced with a wide
range of logic levels, independent of the supply voltage.
Note that, even though the digital inputs are tolerant of up to
+6.5V above GND, the digital outputs are only capable of
driving VDD out. In addition, the digital input pins are not prone
to latch-up; SCLK and CS may be asserted before VDD with-
out any risk.
7.0 MODES OF OPERATION
The ADCS7476/77/78 has two possible modes of operation:
normal mode, and shutdown mode. The ADCS7476/77/78
enters normal mode (and a conversion process is begun)
when CS is pulled low. The device will enter shutdown mode
if CS is pulled high before the tenth falling edge of SCLK after
CS is pulled low, or will stay in normal mode if CS remains
low. Once in shutdown mode, the device will stay there until
CS is brought low again. By varying the ratio of time spent in
the normal and shutdown modes, a system may trade-off
throughput for power consumption.
8.0 NORMAL MODE
The best possible throughput is obtained by leaving the
ADCS7476/77/78 in normal mode at all times, so there are no
power-up delays. To keep the device in normal mode contin-
uously, CS must be kept low until after the 10th falling edge
of SCLK after the start of a conversion (remember that a con-
version is initiated by bringing CS low).
If CS is brought high after the 10th falling edge, but before the
16th falling edge, the device will remain in normal mode, but
the current conversion will be aborted, and SDATA will return
to TRI-STATE (truncating the output word).
Sixteen SCLK cycles are required to read all of a conversion
word from the device. After sixteen SCLK cycles have
elapsed, CS may be idled either high or low until the next
conversion. If CS is idled low, it must be brought high again
before the start of the next conversion, which begins when
CS is again brought low.
After sixteen SCLK cycles, SDATA returns to TRI-STATE.
Another conversion may be started, after tQUIET has elapsed,
by bringing CS low again.
9.0 SHUTDOWN MODE
Shutdown mode is appropriate for applications that either do
not sample continuously, or are willing to trade throughput for
power consumption. When the ADCS7476/77/78 is in shut-
down mode, all of the analog circuitry is turned off.
To enter shutdown mode, a conversion must be interrupted
by bringing CS back high anytime between the second and
tenth falling edges of SCLK, as shown in Figure 10. Once
CS has been brought high in this manner, the device will enter
shutdown mode; the current conversion will be aborted and
SDATA will enter TRI-STATE. If CS is brought high before the
second falling edge of SCLK, the device will not change
mode; this is to avoid accidentally changing mode as a result
of noise on the CS line.
19 www.national.com
ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
20057716
FIGURE 10. Entering Shutdown Mode
10.0 EXITING SHUTDOWN MODE
20057717
FIGURE 11. Entering Normal Mode
To exit shutdown mode, bring CS back low. Upon bringing
CS low, the ADCS7476/77/78 will begin powering up. Power
up typically takes 1 µs. This microsecond of power-up delay
results in the first conversion result being unusable. The sec-
ond conversion performed after power-up, however, is valid,
as shown in Figure 11.
If CS is brought back high before the 10th falling edge of
SCLK, the device will return to shutdown mode. This is done
to avoid accidentally entering normal mode as a result of
noise on the CS line. To exit shutdown mode and remain in
normal mode, CS must be kept low until after the 10th falling
edge of SCLK. The ADCS7476/77/78 will be fully powered-
up after 16 SCLK cycles.
11.0 POWER-UP TIMING
The ADCS7476/77/78 typically requires 1 µs to power up, ei-
ther after first applying VDD, or after returning to normal mode
from shutdown mode. This corresponds to one "dummy" con-
version for any SCLK frequency within the specifications in
this document. After this first dummy conversion, the AD-
CS7476/77/78 will perform conversions properly. Note that
the tQUIET time must still be included between the first dummy
conversion and the second valid conversion.
12.0 STARTUP MODE
When the VDD supply is first applied, the ADCS7476/77/78
may power up in either of the two modes: normal or shutdown.
As such, one dummy conversion should be performed after
start-up, exactly as described in Section 11.0 POWER-UP
TIMING. The part may then be placed into either normal mode
or the shutdown mode, as described in Section 8.0 NORMAL
MODE and Section 9.0 SHUTDOWN MODE.
13.0 POWER CONSIDERATIONS
There are three concerns relating to the power supply of these
products: the effects of power supply noise upon the conver-
sion process, the digital output loading effects upon the con-
version process and managing total power consumption of
the product.
13.1 Power Supply Noise
Since the reference voltage of the ADCS7476/77/78 is the
reference voltage, any noise greater than 1/2 LSB in ampli-
tude will have some effect upon the converter noise perfor-
mance. This effect is proportional to the input voltage level.
The power supply should receive all the considerations of a
reference voltage as far as stability and noise is concerned.
Using the same supply voltage for these devices as is used
for digital components will lead to degraded noise perfor-
mance.
13.2 Digital Output Effect Upon Noise
The charging of any output load capacitance requires current
from the digital supply, VDD. The current pulses required from
the supply to charge the output capacitance will cause voltage
variations at the ADC supply line. If these variations are large
enough, they could degrade SNR and SINAD performance of
the ADC. Similarly, discharging the output capacitance when
the digital output goes from a logic high to a logic low will dump
current into the die substrate, causing "ground bounce" noise
in the substrate that will degrade noise performance if that
current is large enough. The larger the output capacitance,
the more current flows through the device power supply line
and die substrate and the greater is the noise coupled into the
analog path.
The first solution to keeping digital noise out of the power
supply is to decouple the supply from any other components
or use a separate supply for the ADC. To keep noise out of
the supply, keep the output load capacitance as small as
practical. If the load capacitance is greater than 50 pF, use a
100 series resistor at the ADC output, located as close to
the ADC output pin as practical. This will limit the charge and
discharge current of the output capacitance and improve
noise performance. Since the series resistor and the load ca-
www.national.com 20
ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
pacitance form a low frequency pole, verify signal integrity
once the series resistor has been added.
13.3 Power Management
When the ADCS7476/77/78 is operated continuously in nor-
mal mode, throughput up to 1 MSPS can be achieved. The
user may trade throughput for power consumption by simply
performing fewer conversions per unit time, and putting the
ADCS7476/77/78 into shutdown mode between conversions.
This method is not advantageous beyond 350 kSPS through-
put.
A plot of maximum power consumption versus throughput is
shown in Figure 12. To calculate the power consumption for
a given throughput, remember that each time the part exits
shutdown mode and enters normal mode, one dummy con-
version is required. Generally, the user will put the part into
normal mode, execute one dummy conversion followed by
one valid conversion, and then put the part back into shut-
down mode. When this is done, the fraction of time spent in
normal mode may be calculated by multiplying the throughput
(in samples per second) by 2 µs, the time taken to perform
one dummy and one valid conversion. The power consump-
tion can then be found by multiplying the fraction of time spent
in normal mode by the normal mode power consumption fig-
ure. The power dissipated while the part is in shutdown mode
is negligible.
For example, to calculate the power consumption at 300
kSPS with VDD = 5V, begin by calculating the fraction of time
spent in normal mode: 300,000 samples/second x 2 µs = 0.6,
or 60%. The power consumption at 300 kSPS is then 60% of
17.5 mW (the maximum power consumption at VDD = 5V) or
10.5 mW.
20057755
FIGURE 12. Maximum Power Consumption vs. Throughput
14.0 LAYOUT AND GROUNDING
Capacitive coupling between noisy digital circuitry and sensi-
tive analog circuitry can lead to poor performance. The solu-
tion is to keep the analog and digital circuitry separated from
each other and the clock line as short as possible.
Digital circuits create substantial supply and ground current
transients. This digital noise could have significant impact up-
on system noise performance. To avoid performance degra-
dation of the ADCS7476/77/78 due to supply noise, do not
use the same supply for the ADCS7476/77/78 that is used for
digital logic.
Generally, analog and digital lines should cross each other at
90° to avoid crosstalk. However, to maximize accuracy in high
resolution systems, avoid crossing analog and digital lines al-
together. It is important to keep clock lines as short as possi-
ble and isolated from ALL other lines, including other digital
lines. In addition, the clock line should also be treated as a
transmission line and be properly terminated.
The analog input should be isolated from noisy signal lines to
avoid coupling of spurious signals into the input. Any external
component (e.g., a filter capacitor) connected between the
converter’s input pins and ground or to the reference input pin
and ground should be connected to a very clean point in the
ground plane.
We recommend the use of a single, uniform ground plane and
the use of split power planes. The power planes should be
located within the same board layer. All analog circuitry (input
amplifiers, filters, reference components, etc.) should be
placed over the analog power plane. All digital circuitry and I/
O lines should be placed over the digital power plane. Fur-
thermore, all components in the reference circuitry and the
input signal chain that are connected to ground should be
connected together with short traces and enter the analog
ground plane at a single, quiet point.
21 www.national.com
ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted
6-Lead SOT-23
Order Number ADCS7476AIMF, ADCS7476AIMFX, ADCS7477AIMF, ADCS7477AIMFX, ADCS7478AIMF or
ADCS7478AIMFX
NS Package Number MF06A
6-Lead LLP
Order Number ADCS4746AISD, ADCS7476AISDX, ADCS7477AISD, ADCS4747AISDX, ADCS7478AISD, ADCS7478AISDX
NS Package Number SDB06A
www.national.com 22
ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
Notes
23 www.national.com
ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478
Notes
ADCS7476/ADCS7477/ADCS7478 1MSPS, 12-/10-/8-Bit A/D Converters in SOT-23 & LLP
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