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Application Hints
POWER DISSIPATION AND DEVICE OPERATION
The permissible power dissipation for any package is a mea-
sure of the capability of the device to pass heat from the power
source, the junctions of the IC, to the ultimate heat sink, the
ambient environment. Thus the power dissipation is depen-
dent on the ambient temperature and the thermal resistance
across the various interfaces between the die and ambient
air.
The Thermal Resistance figure
Re-stating the equation in (Note 7) in the electrical specifica-
tion section, the allowable power dissipation for the device in
a given package can be calculated:
With a θJA = 255°C/W, the device in the micro SMD package
returns a value of 392 mW with a maximum junction temper-
ature of 125°C.
With a θJA = 88°C/W, the device in the LLP package returns
a value of 1.136 mW with a maximum junction temperature of
125°C.
The actual power dissipation across the device can be rep-
resented by the following equation:
PD = (VIN − VOUT) x IOUT.
This establishes the relationship between the power dissipa-
tion allowed due to thermal consideration, the voltage drop
across the device, and the continuous current capability of the
device. These two equations should be used to determine the
optimum operating conditions for the device in the application.
EXTERNAL CAPACITORS
In common with most regulators, the LP3995 requires exter-
nal capacitors to ensure stable operation. The LP3995 is
specifically designed for portable applications requiring mini-
mum board space and smallest components. These capaci-
tors must be correctly selected for good performance.
INPUT CAPACITOR
An input capacitor is required for stability. It is recommended
that a 1.0 µF capacitor be connected between the LP3995
input pin and ground (this capacitance value may be in-
creased without limit).
This capacitor must be located a distance of not more than
1 cm from the input pin and returned to a clean analogue
ground. Any good quality ceramic, tantalum, or film capacitor
may be used at the input.
Important: Tantalum capacitors can suffer catastrophic fail-
ures due to surge current when connected to a low-
impedance source of power (like a battery or a very large
capacitor). If a tantalum capacitor is used at the input, it must
be guaranteed by the manufacturer to have a surge current
rating sufficient for the application.
There are no requirements for the ESR (Equivalent Series
Resistance) on the input capacitor, but tolerance and tem-
perature coefficient must be considered when selecting the
capacitor to ensure the capacitance will remain ≅ 1.0 µF over
the entire operating temperature range.
OUTPUT CAPACITOR
The LP3995 is designed specifically to work with very small
ceramic output capacitors. A ceramic capacitor (dielectric
types Z5U, Y5V or X7R) in the 1.0 [to 10 µF] range, and with
ESR between 5 mΩ to 500 mΩ, is suitable in the LP3995 ap-
plication circuit.
For this device the output capacitor should be connected be-
tween the VOUT pin and ground.
It may also be possible to use tantalum or film capacitors at
the device output, VOUT, but these are not as attractive for
reasons of size and cost (see the section Capacitor Charac-
teristics).
The output capacitor must meet the requirement for the min-
imum value of capacitance and also have an ESR value that
is within the range 5 mΩ to 500 mΩ for stability.
NO-LOAD STABILITY
The LP3995 will remain stable and in regulation with no ex-
ternal load. This is an important consideration in some cir-
cuits, for example CMOS RAM keep-alive applications.
CAPACITOR CHARACTERISTICS
The LP3995 is designed to work with ceramic capacitors on
the output to take advantage of the benefits they offer. For
capacitance values in the range of 1 µF to 4.7 µF, ceramic
capacitors are the smallest, least expensive and have the
lowest ESR values, thus making them best for eliminating
high frequency noise. The ESR of a typical 1 µF ceramic ca-
pacitor is in the range of 20 mΩ to 40 mΩ, which easily meets
the ESR requirement for stability for the LP3995.
The temperature performance of ceramic capacitors varies by
type. Most large value ceramic capacitors ( ≥ 2.2 µF) are
manufactured with Z5U or Y5V temperature characteristics,
which results in the capacitance dropping by more than 50%
as the temperature goes from 25°C to 85°C.
A better choice for temperature coefficient in a ceramic ca-
pacitor is X7R. This type of capacitor is the most stable and
holds the capacitance within ±15% over the temperature
range. Tantalum capacitors are less desirable than ceramic
for use as output capacitors because they are more expen-
sive when comparing equivalent capacitance and voltage
ratings in the 1 µF to 4.7 µF range.
Another important consideration is that tantalum capacitors
have higher ESR values than equivalent size ceramics. This
means that while it may be possible to find a tantalum capac-
itor with an ESR value within the stable range, it would have
to be larger in capacitance (which means bigger and more
costly) than a ceramic capacitor with the same ESR value. It
should also be noted that the ESR of a typical tantalum will
increase about 2:1 as the temperature goes from 25°C down
to −40°C, so some guard band must be allowed.
NOISE BYPASS CAPACITOR
A bypass capacitor should be connected between the CBP pin
and ground to significantly reduce the noise at the regulator
output. This device pin connects directly to a high impedance
node within the bandgap reference circuitry. Any significant
loading on this node will cause a change on the regulated
output voltage. For this reason, DC leakage current through
this pin must be kept as low as possible for best output voltage
accuracy.
The use of a 0.01uF bypass capacitor is strongly recom-
mended to prevent overshoot on the output during start-up.
The types of capacitors best suited for the noise bypass ca-
pacitor are ceramic and film. High quality ceramic capacitors
with NPO or COG dielectric typically have very low leakage.
Polypropolene and polycarbonate film capacitors are avail-
able in small surface-mount packages and typically have
extremely low leakage current.
11 www.national.com
LP3995