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LTC4013
13
4013fa
OPERATION
battery fault is indicated by STAT0 turning off and STAT1
turning on.
There are two voltage settings available for 2-stage charg-
ing as noted in Table 1.
2-stage charging for a lead-acid battery has the disad-
vantage of not fully charging the battery, resulting in
diminished capacity over time due to increased deposits
on the electrodes.
3-Stage Charging
A more complete lead-acid battery charging method is
3-stage charging utilizing an absorption phase which
increases the amount of stored charge in the battery.
Because the absorption voltage is above the electro-
chemical float level, the time that the battery stays in this
condition should be limited either by a timer (the safest
method) or waiting for the charge current to diminish.
Minor gassing of water from the battery can occur from
charging the battery above the float voltage, so choosing
an appropriate absorption voltage is important for best
battery life. Always consult the battery manufacturer for
their recommendations.
3-stage charging is initiated on input power-up whereupon
the battery charges with constant-current at ICHGMAX
toward
VFB(ABS). The STAT0 pin pulls low immediately indicating
that charging has begun. As the battery voltage approaches
VFB(ABS), charge current naturally tapers to zero. When
the charge current drops to ICHGMAX/10, STAT1 also pulls
low and the charge voltage setting changes to the VFB(FL)
voltage. At this lower level, the constant-voltage control
loop will "capture" and hold the battery voltage as it slowly
drops from VFB(ABS) down to VFB(FL).
Alternately, the transition from absorption charging to
float charging can be controlled with the timer by placing
a capacitor on the TMR pin. When the battery voltage
reaches constant-voltage in the absorption phase, the
timer begins. At the end of the accumulated timer period
in constant-voltage mode at VFB(ABS), the charge voltage
changes to the VFB(FL) voltage and will remain there. Again,
STAT1 turns on, indicating the transition from the VFB(ABS)
charging level to the VFB(FL) charging level.
The LB pin provides a user adjustable low battery voltage
setting that sets the re-start level in 2-stage, 3-stage and
4-stage charging and the low battery fault level in Li-Ion
charging. The LB pin produces a precision 20µA current
which results in a precision voltage when a resistor is placed
from LB to ground. The LB pin is compared internally to
the FB pin for low battery determination.
Four possible charging algorithms can be selected by pin
strapping or manipulating the MODE0 and MODE1 pins
(see Table 1). These pins should be tied either low (GND),
high (INTVCC) or mid (floating). The charge algorithms
are described below.
2-Stage Charging
2-stage charging is useful for batteries with no absorption
preconditioning. Charging is initiated on input power-up
whereupon the battery charges with constant-current
at ICHGMAX toward VFB(FL). The STAT0 pin pulls low im-
mediately indicating that charging has begun. Once the
battery terminals approach VFB(FL), the constant-voltage
control loop takes over holding the battery voltage steady
as the charge current naturally tapers to zero. Once the
constant-voltage loop takes control, the STAT1 pin also
pulls low indicating the change from constant-current to
constant-voltage charging.
If a capacitor is used on the TMR pin, the charge cycle
terminates after an accumulated period of tEOC in constant-
voltage mode at which time STAT0 and STAT1 will indicate
termination by switching off. Alternately, if the TMR pin is
grounded, 2-stage charging will charge forever at VFB(FL)
with no termination.
Charging is re-initiated from termination if the FB-referred
battery voltage drops below the LB threshold voltage as
set by the LB pin, or if the LTC4013 is powered off and
back on by cycling the ENAB pin or input power.
Defective battery protection is enabled if the timer capaci-
tor is used. Whenever the FB-referred battery voltage is
below the LB threshold, charge current is automatically
reduced to ICHGMAX/5. If a defective battery remains below
the low battery threshold longer than 1/8 of the timer
period (tEOC/8) the charge cycle terminates. A defective