19-3200; Rev 0; 2/08 KIT ATION EVALU E L B A IL AVA Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers Features The MAX17007/MAX17008 are dual Quick-PWMTM stepdown controllers intended for general power generation in battery-powered systems. The two switched-mode power supplies (SMPSs) can also be combined to operate in a two-phase single-output mode. Constant ontime Quick-PWM operation provides fast response to load transients and handles wide input/output (I/O) voltage ratios with ease, while maintaining a relatively constant switching frequency. The switching frequency can be individually adjusted between 200kHz and 600kHz with external resistors. Differential output current sensing allows output sense-resistor sensing for an accurate current limit, or lossless inductor direct-current resistance (DCR) current sensing for lower power dissipation while maintaining 0.7% output accuracy. Overvoltage (MAX17007 only), undervoltage protection, and accurate user-selectable current limits (15mV, 30mV, 45mV, and 60mV) ensure robust operations. The SMPS outputs can operate in skip mode or in ultrasonic mode for improved light-load efficiency. The ultrasonic mode eliminates audible noises by maintaining a minimum switching frequency of 25kHz in pulseskipping mode. Dual Quick-PWM with Fast Transient Response Automatic Dynamic REFIN1 Detection and PGOOD1/Fault Blanking Fixed and Adjustable Output Voltages 0.7% Output Accuracy Over Line and Load OUT1: 0 to 2V Dynamic Output or Preset 1.05V OUT2: 0.7V to 2V Range or Preset 1.5V Resistor-Programmable Switching Frequency Integrated BST Switches Differential Current-Sense Inputs Low-Cost DCR Sensing or Accurate CurrentSense Resistors Internally Coupled Current-Sense Compensation Combinable Mode Supports High-Current Dynamic Output Voltages Selectable Forced-PWM, Pulse Skip, or Ultrasonic Mode Operation 26V Maximum Input Voltage Rating Independent Enable Inputs Independent Power-Good Outputs Overvoltage Protection (MAX17007 Only) Undervoltage/Thermal Protection Automatic Dynamic REFIN1 Detection and PGOOD1/Fault Blanking Voltage Soft-Start and Soft-Shutdown Quick-PWM is a trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. 28 Thin QFN DL2 VDD DL1 GND BST1 TOP VIEW PGND Pin Configuration 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 LX2 22 14 LX1 DH2 23 12 DH1 PGOOD2 24 12 PGOOD1 MAX17007 MAX17008 EN2 25 11 EN1 CSH2 26 10 CSH1 CSL2 27 9 CSL1 FB2 28 + 8 REFIN1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TON2 GPU Core Supplies -40C to +105C TON1 2 to 4 Li+ Cells BatteryPowered Devices MAX17008GTI+* +Denotes a lead-free package. *Future product--contact factory for availability. SKIP Low-Power I/O Supplies 28 Thin QFN VCC 5V and 3.3V Supplies PIN-PACKAGE -40C to +105C ILIM1 Notebook Computers PART (CCI) ILIM2 Applications TEMP RANGE MAX17007GTI+ BST2 Independent on/off controls with well-defined logic thresholds and independent open-drain power-good outputs provide flexible system configurations. To prevent current surges at startup, the internal voltage target is slowly ramped up from zero to the final target with a slew rate of 1.3mV/s for SMPS1 at CSL1 and 0.65mV/s for SMPS2 at FB2. To prevent the output from ringing off below ground in shutdown, the internal voltage target is ramped down from its previous value to zero with the same respective slew rates. Integrated bootstrap switches eliminate the need for external bootstrap diodes. The MAX17007/MAX17008 are available in a spacesaving, 28-pin, 4mm x 4mm, thin QFN package with an exposed backside pad. Ordering Information REF The output voltage of SMPS1 can be dynamically adjusted by changing the voltage at the REFIN1 pin. The device includes a 0.5% accurate reference output that can be used to set the REFIN1 voltage. An external 5V bias supply is required to power the internal circuitry and its gate drivers. THIN QFN (4mm x 4mm) ________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products 1 For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim Direct at 1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim's website at www.maxim-ic.com. MAX17007/MAX17008 General Description MAX17007/MAX17008 Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS BST1, BST2 to GND ...............................................-0.3V to +34V BST1, BST2 to VDD .................................................-0.3V to +28V TON1, TON2 to GND..............................................-0.3V to +28V VDD to GND ..............................................................-0.3V to +6V VDD to VCC ............................................................-0.3V to +0.3V LX1 to BST1..............................................................-6V to +0.3V LX2 to BST2..............................................................-6V to +0.3V DH1 to LX1 ..............................................-0.3V to (VBST1 + 0.3V) DH2 to LX2 ..............................................-0.3V to (VBST2 + 0.3V) ILIM1, ILIM2, REF to GND ..........................-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) CSH1, CSH2, CSL1, CSL2, FB2, REFIN1 to GND....-0.3V to +6V EN1, EN2, SKIP, PGOOD1, PGOOD2 to GND.........-0.3V to +6V DL1 to GND ................................................-0.3V to (VDD + 0.3V) DL2 to PGND..............................................-0.3V to (VDD + 0.3V) PGND to GND ......................................................-0.3V to + 0.3V REF Short Circuit to GND ...........................................Continuous Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70C) 28-Pin TQFN T2844-1 (derate 20.8mW/C above +70C) ............................1667mW Extended Operating Temperature Range .........-40C to +105C Junction Temperature ......................................................+150C Storage Temperature Range .............................-65C to +150C Lead Temperature (soldering 10s) ..................................+300C Stresses beyond those listed under "Absolute Maximum Ratings" may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (VIN = 12V, VDD = VCC = EN1 = EN2 = 5V, VREFIN1 = 2V, SKIP = GND, TA = 0 to +85C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25C.) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS 26 V PWM CONTROLLER Input Voltage Range VIN Quiescent Supply Current (VDD, VCC) IDD + ICC Shutdown Supply Current (VDD, VCC) I SHDN On-Time (Note 1) Minimum Off-Time TON1, TON2, Shutdown Supply Current t ON1, t ON2 t OFF(MIN) ITON1, ITON2 REFIN1 Voltage Range VREFIN1 FB2 Regulation Voltage VFB2 4.5 Output forced above regulation voltage, EN1 = EN2 = 5V 1.7 2.5 mA EN1 = EN2 = GND, TA = +25C 0.1 5 A RTON1 = RTON2 = 97.5k (600kHz) 142 (-15%) 174 194 (+15%) RTON1 = RTON2 = 200k (300kHz) 305 (-10%) 336 368 (+10%) RTON1 = RTON2 = 302.5k (200kHz) 425 (-15%) 500 575 (+15%) (Note 1) 250 330 ns EN1 = EN2 = GND, VTON1 = VTON2 = 26V, VDD = 0V or 5V, TA = +25C 0.01 1 A VIN = 12V, VCSL1 = VCSL2 = VCCI = 1.2V, separate or combined mode (Note 2) 0 Adjustable mode FB2 Input Voltage Range Preset mode 1.7 FB2 Combined-Mode Threshold Combined mode 3.8 3.8 REFIN1 Dual ModeTM Switchover Threshold VREF 0.7 ns V V 2.3 V VCC 1V VCC 0.4 V VCC 1V VCC 0.4 V +0.1 A REFIN1, FB2 Bias Current IREFIN1, IFB2 SMPS1 Voltage Accuracy VCSL1 Measured at CSL1, REFIN1 = VCC, VIN = 2V to 26V, SKIP = VCC (Note 2) 1.043 1.05 1.057 V SMPS2 Voltage Accuracy VCSL2 Measured at CSL2, FB2 = REF, VIN = 2V to 26V, SKIP = VCC (Note 2) 1.489 1.5 1.511 V REFIN1 = 0.5V to 2V; VFB2 = 0.7V, TA = +25C -0.1 Dual Mode is a trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. 2 _______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers (VIN = 12V, VDD = VCC = EN1 = EN2 = 5V, VREFIN1 = 2V, SKIP = GND, TA = 0 to +85C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25C.) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN ILOAD = 0 to 3A, SKIP = VCC (Note 3) Load Regulation Error Line Regulation Error TYP MAX 0.1 UNITS % VDD = 4.5V to 5.5V, VIN = 4.5V to 26V (Note 3) 0.25 % CSL1 Soft-Start/-Stop Slew Rate SRSS1 Rising/falling edge on EN1 1.25 mV/s FB2 Soft-Start/-Stop Slew Rate SRSS2 Rising/falling edge on EN2 0.63 mV/s Dynamic REFIN1 Slew Rate SRDYN Rising edge on REFIN1 11.4 mV/s INTERNAL REFERENCE Reference Voltage VREF Reference Lockout Voltage VDD = 4.5V to 5.5V 1.990 VREF(UVLO) Rising edge, hysteresis = 230mV Reference Load Regulation IREF = -10A to +100A 2.000 2.010 V 2.015 mV 340 mV 1.8 1.980 V FAULT DETECTION SMPS1 Overvoltage Trip Threshold and PGOOD1 Upper Threshold VOVP1, VPG1_H With respect to the internal target voltage (error comparator threshold); rising edge; hysteresis = 50mV 260 Dynamic transition Minimum OVP threshold SMPS2 Adjustable Mode Overvoltage Trip Threshold and PGOOD2 Upper Threshold 300 VREF + 0.30 V 0.7 V VOVP2, VPG2_H With respect to the internal target voltage 0.7V (error comparator threshold); hysteresis = 50mV tOVP CSL1/FB2 forced 25mV above trip threshold SMPS1 Undervoltage Protection Trip Threshold and Lower PGOOD1 Threshold VUVP1, VPG1_L With respect to the internal target voltage (error comparator threshold); falling edge; hysteresis = 50mV -240 -200 -160 mV SMPS2 Undervoltage Protection Trip Threshold and Lower PGOOD2 Threshold VUVP2, VPG2_L With respect to the internal target voltage 0.7V (error comparator threshold); falling edge; hysteresis = 50mV -130 -100 -70 mV CSL1/FB2 forced 25mV below trip threshold 110 205 310 s Output Overvoltage Fault Propagation Delay Output Undervoltage Fault Propagation Delay PGOOD_ Propagation Delay tUVP tPGOOD 5 5 ISINK = 3mA PGOOD_ Leakage Current CSL1 = REFIN1, FB2 = 0.7V (PGOOD_ high impedance), PGOOD_ forced to 5V, TA = +25C Thermal-Shutdown Threshold VCC Undervoltage Lockout Threshold TSHDN 180 5 OVP rising edge, 25mV overdrive Startup delay from regulation Dynamic REFIN1 Transition FaultBlanking Threshold 150 UVP falling edge, 25mV overdrive PGOOD_ Output Low Voltage IPGOOD 120 100 200 mV s s 300 0.4 V 1 A Fault blanking initiated; REFIN1 deviation from the internal target voltage (error comparator threshold); hysteresis = 10mV 50 mV Hysteresis = 15C (Note 3) 160 C Rising edge, PWM disabled below this level, VUVLO(VCC) hysteresis = 100mV 3.95 4.20 4.45 V _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3 MAX17007/MAX17008 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) MAX17007/MAX17008 Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (VIN = 12V, VDD = VCC = EN1 = EN2 = 5V, VREFIN1 = 2V, SKIP = GND, TA = 0 to +85C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25C.) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS CURRENT LIMIT Current-Sense Input Range CSH1, CSH2 0 2.3 CSL1, CSL2 0 2.3 -0.2 +0.2 A 1 A Current-Sense Input (CSH_) Leakage Current CSH_ = GND or VCC, TA = +25C Current-Sense Input (CSL_) Leakage Current CSL_= CSL_ = 2V, TA = +25C VCSH_ - VCSL_ ILIM1 = ILIM2 = REF Current-Limit Threshold (Fixed) VCSLIMT_ Current-Limit Threshold (Negative) VNEG Current-Limit Threshold (Zero Crossing) VZX TA = +25C 28 30 TA = 0C to +85C 27 30 33 56 60 64 VCSH_ - VCSL_, ILIM1 = ILIM2 = VCC 32 VCSH_ - VCSL_, ILIM1 = ILIM2 = OPEN 42 45 48 VCSH_ - VCSL_, ILIM1 = ILIM2 = GND 13 15 17 VCSH_ - VCSL_, SKIP = VCC VCSH_ - VCSL_, SKIP = GND or OPEN; ILIM1 = ILIM2 = REF V mV -1.2 x VCSLIMIT_ mV 1 mV Ultrasonic Frequency SKIP = OPEN (3.3V); VCSL1 = VREFIN1 + 50mV; VCSL2 = VFB2 + 50mV Ultrasonic Current-Limit Threshold SKIP = OPEN (3.3V) Current-Balance Amplifier (GMI) Offset [V(CSH1,CSL1) - V(CSH2,CSL2)] at ICCI = 0 Current-Balance Amplifier (GMI) Transconductance ICCI / [V(CSH1,CSL1) - V(CSH2,CSL2)]; VCCI = VCSL1 = VCSL2 = 0.5V to 2V, and V(CSH_,CSL_) = -60.0mV to +60.0mV, ILIM1 = GND 180 Low state (pulldown) 1.7 4.0 High state (pullup) 1.7 4.0 High state (pullup) 1.3 3.0 Low state (pulldown) 0.6 2.5 DH_ forced to 2.5V, BST_ - LX_ forced to 5V 1.2 A 1 A 2.4 A 20 kHz VCSL1 = VREF1 + 50mV 22 33 46 VCSL2 = VFB2+ 50mV 18 30 46 -3 +3 mV mV S GATE DRIVERS DH1, DH2 Gate Driver On-Resistance RON(DH) DL1, DL2 Gate Driver On-Resistance RON(DL) DH1, DH2 Gate Driver Source/Sink Current IDH DL1, DL2 Gate Driver Source Current DL1, DL2 Gate Driver Sink Current Driver Propagation Delay 4 BST_ - LX_ forced to 5V IDL(SOURCE) DL_ forced to 2.5V IDL(SINK) DL_ forced to 2.5V DH_ low to DL high 10 25 40 DL_ low to DH high 15 30 45 _______________________________________________________________________________________ ns Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers (VIN = 12V, VDD = VCC = EN1 = EN2 = 5V, VREFIN1 = 2V, SKIP = GND, TA = 0 to +85C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25C.) PARAMETER SYMBOL DL_ Transition Time DH_ Transition Time Internal BST_ Switch On-Resistance RBST_ LX_, BST_ Leakage Current CONDITIONS MIN TYP DL_ falling, CDL = 3nF 10 20 DL_ rising, C DL = 3nF 10 20 DH_ falling, CDH = 3nF 10 20 DH_ rising, CDH = 3nF 10 20 IBST_ = 10mA, VDD = 5V 6.5 VBST_ = VLX_ = 26V, TA = +25C MAX UNITS ns ns 11.0 5 A 2.20 V +0.5 A V INPUTS AND OUTPUTS EN1, EN2 Logic-Input Threshold EN1, EN2 rising edge, hysteresis = 300mV/600mV (min/max) 1.20 Logic-Input Current EN1, EN2, TA = +25C -0.5 High (5V) SKIP, ILIM1, ILIM2 Quad-Level Input-Logic Levels VCC 0.4 Open (3.3V) 3.0 3.6 Ref (2.0V) 1.7 2.3 Low (GND) SKIP, ILIM1, ILIM2 forced to GND or VCC, TA = +25C Quad-Level Logic-Input Current 1.70 0.4 -2 +2 A ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (VIN = 12V, VDD = VCC = EN1 = EN2 = 5V, VREFIN1 = 2V, SKIP = GND, TA = -40C to +105C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 4) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN MAX UNITS 4.5 26 V 2.5 mA PWM CONTROLLER Input Voltage Range Quiescent Supply Current (VDD, VCC) VIN IDD + ICC t ON1, t ON2 On-Time (Note 1) Minimum Off-Time t OFF(MIN) REFIN1 Voltage Range VREFIN1 FB2 Input Voltage Range VIN = 12V, VCSL1 = VCSL2 = VCCI = 1.2V, separate or combined mode Combined mode IREFIN1, IFB2 RTON1 = RTON2 = 97.5k (600kHz) 142 194 RTON1 = RTON2 = 200k (300kHz) 305 368 RTON1 = RTON2 = 302.5k (200kHz) 425 575 330 ns 0 VREF V 1.7 2.3 V 3.75 VCC 0.4 V -0.1 +0.1 A (Note 1) Preset mode FB2 Combined-Mode Threshold REFIN, FB2 Bias Current Output forced above regulation voltage, EN1 = EN2 = 5V ns _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5 MAX17007/MAX17008 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) MAX17007/MAX17008 Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (VIN = 12V, VDD = VCC = EN1 = EN2 = 5V, VREFIN1 = 2V, SKIP = GND, TA = -40C to +105C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 4) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS REFIN1 Dual-Mode Switchover Threshold MIN MAX UNITS 3.75 VCC 0.4 V SMPS1 Voltage Accuracy VCSL1 Measured at CSL1, REFIN1 = VCC; VIN = 2V to 26V, SKIP = VCC (Note 2) 1.039 1.061 V SMPS2 Voltage Accuracy VCSL2 Measured at CSL2, FB2 = REF; VIN = 2V to 26V, SKIP = VCC (Note 2) 1.485 1.515 V VREF VDD = 4.5V to 5.5V 1.985 2.015 V With respect to the internal target voltage (error comparator threshold); rising edge; hysteresis = 50mV 260 340 mV INTERNAL REFERENCE Reference Voltage FAULT DETECTION SMPS1 Overvoltage Trip Threshold and PGOOD1 Upper Threshold VOVP1, VPG1_H SMPS2 Overvoltage Trip Threshold and PGOOD2 Upper Threshold VOVP2, VPG2_H With respect to the internal target voltage 0.7V (error comparator threshold); hysteresis = 50mV 120 180 mV SMPS1 Undervoltage Protection Trip Threshold and Lower PGOOD1 Threshold VUVP1, VPG1_L With respect to the internal target voltage (error comparator threshold) falling edge; hysteresis = 50mV -240 -160 mV SMPS2 Undervoltage Protection Trip Threshold and Lower PGOOD2 Threshold VUVP2, VPG2_L With respect to the internal target voltage 0.7V (error comparator threshold) falling edge; hysteresis = 50mV -130 -70 mV 80 320 s 80 320 s 0.4 V 4.45 V Output Undervoltage Fault Propagation Delay PGOOD_ Propagation Delay tUVP t PGOOD PGOOD_ Output Low Voltage VCC Undervoltage Lockout Threshold REFIN1/FB2 forced 25mV below trip threshold Startup delay from regulation I SINK = 3mA Rising edge, PWM disabled below this level; VUVLO(VCC) hysteresis = 100mV 3.8 CURRENT LIMIT CSH1, CSH2 0 2.3 CSL1, CSL2 0 2.3 VCSH_ - VCSL_, ILIM1 = ILIM2 = REF 27 33 Ultrasonic Frequency SKIP = OPEN (3.3V); VCSL1 = VREFIN1 + 50mV; VCSL2 = VFB2 + 50mV 18 Ultrasonic Current-Limit Threshold SKIP = OPEN (3.3V) VCSL1 = VREF1 + 50mV 22 46 VCSL2 = VFB2 + 50mV 18 46 Current-Balance Amplifier (GMI) Offset [V(CSH1,CSL1) - V(CSH2,CSL2)] at ICCI = 0 -3 +3 Current-Sense Input Range Current-Limit Threshold (Fixed) 6 VCSLIMT _______________________________________________________________________________________ V mV kHz mV mV Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers (VIN = 12V, VDD = VCC = EN1 = EN2 = 5V, VREFIN1 = 2V, SKIP = GND, TA = -40C to +105C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 4) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN MAX UNITS GATE DRIVERS DH1, DH2 Gate Driver On-Resistance RON(DH) DL1, DL2 Gate Driver On-Resistance RON(DL) Driver Propagation Delay Internal BST_ Switch On-Resistance RBST_ BST_ - LX_ forced to 5V Low state (pulldown) 4.5 High state (pullup) 4.0 High state (pullup) 3 Low state (pulldown) 2 DH_ low to DL high 8 42 DL_ low to DH high 12 48 IBST_ = 10mA, VDD = 5V ns 11 2.20 V V INPUTS AND OUTPUTS EN1, EN2 Logic-Input Threshold EN1, EN2 rising edge; hysteresis = 300mV/600mV (min/max) High (5V) Quad-Level Input Logic Levels SKIP, ILIM1, ILIM2 1.20 VCC 0.4 Open (3.3V) 3.0 3.6 Ref (2.0V) 1.7 2.3 Low (GND) 0.4 Note 1: On-time and off-time specifications are measured from 50% point to 50% point at the DH pin with LX = GND, VBST = 5V, and a 250pF capacitor connected from DH to LX. Actual in-circuit times might differ due to MOSFET switching speeds. Note 2: The 0 to 0.5V range is guaranteed by design, not production tested. Note 3: Not production tested. Note 4: Specifications to TA = -40C to +105C are guaranteed by design, not production tested. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 7 MAX17007/MAX17008 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) Typical Operating Characteristics (Circuit of Figure 1, VIN = 12V, VDD = 5V, SKIP = GND, TA = +25C, unless otherwise noted.) 80 90 80 EFFICIENCY (%) 20V 12V 60 50 40 SKIP MODE 70 60 ULTRASONIC MODE 50 40 PWM MODE 30 SKIP MODE PWM MODE 1 100 10 0.01 0.1 1 10 0 100 5 15 10 COMBINED 1.2V EFFICIENCY vs. LOAD CURRENT COMBINED 1.2V OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs. LOAD CURRENT SMPS2 SWITCHING FREQUENCY vs. LOAD CURRENT 60 50 40 PWM 1.20 SKIP MODE 1.19 30 SKIP MODE PWM MODE 20 1 10 250 200 150 100 ULTRASONIC MODE 0 100 SKIP MODE 0 1.18 0.1 PWM MODE 50 10 0.01 300 4 8 12 16 20 24 MAX17007/8 toc06 1.21 350 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 12V VIN = 12V OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 20V MAX17007/8 toc05 1.22 MAX17007/8 toc04 70 0.01 28 0.1 VIN = 12V 1 10 100 LOAD CURRENT (A) LOAD CURRENT (A) LOAD CURRENT (A) SMPS2 SWITCHING FREQUENCY vs. INPUT VOLTAGE SMPS2 SWITCHING FREQUENCY vs. TEMPERATURE SMPS2 MAXIMUM OUTPUT CURRENT vs. INPUT VOLTAGE IOUT2 = 0A 250 VIN = 12V SKIP = 5V 4 290 IOUT2 = 0A 270 VIN = 12V SKIP = 5V 12 16 20 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 24 28 -40 -20 0 MAX17007/8 toc09 IOUT2 = 5A 250 8 MAX17007/8 toc08 310 14 MAXIMUM OUTPUT CURRENT (A) IOUT2 = 5A 300 330 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) MAX17007/8 toc07 350 0 VIN = 12V 1.46 LOAD CURRENT (A) 80 200 PWM LOAD CURRENT (A) 6V 90 1.50 LOAD CURRENT (A) 100 EFFICIENCY (%) VIN = 12V 10 0.1 SKIP MODE 20 10 0.01 1.52 1.48 30 20 8 ULTRASONIC MODE OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 90 1.54 MAX17007/8 toc02 6V EFFICIENCY (%) 100 MAX17007/8 toc01 100 70 SMPS2 1.5V OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs. LOAD CURRENT SMPS2 1.5V EFFICIENCY vs. LOAD CURRENT MAX17007/8 toc03 SMPS2 1.5V EFFICIENCY vs. LOAD CURRENT SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) MAX17007/MAX17008 Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers 13 12 11 10 20 40 60 TEMPERATURE (C) 80 100 120 0 4 8 12 16 20 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 24 28 Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers (Circuit of Figure 1, VIN = 12V, VDD = 5V, SKIP = GND, TA = +25C, unless otherwise noted.) VIN = 12V 10 -20 0 20 40 60 ULTRASONIC MODE 2 SKIP MODE 0.01 4 8 12 16 4 24 20 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 REFIN1 TO CSL1 OFFSET VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION SMPS1 PRESET 1.05V VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION 80 1.95 SAMPLE SIZE = 100 TA = +85C TA = +25C 70 60 50 40 30 20 40 60 80 80 60 50 40 30 20 10 10 100 -5.0 -3.0 -1.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 SAMPLE SIZE = 100 TA = +85C TA = +25C 70 20 0 0 90 SAMPLE PERCENTAGE (%) 1.99 90 MAX17007/8 toc14 REFERENCE VOLTAGE vs. REFERENCE LOAD CURRENT 2.01 0 1.045 1.047 1.049 1.051 1.053 REFERENCE LOAD CURRENT (A) OFFSET VOLTAGE (mV) SMPS1 VOLTAGE (mV) SMPS2 PRESET 1.5V VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION COMBINED-MODE CURRENT BALANCE vs. LOAD CURRENT SOFT-START WAVEFORM 40 VCSH - VCSL (mV) 20 15 10 5V A 0 2V B 0 1.05V 1.5V 0 30 20 C D 0 5V E 0 5V 0 10 5 1.055 MAX17007/8 toc18 MAX17007/8 toc17 SAMPLE SIZE = 100 TA = +85C TA = +25C 50 MAX17007/8 toc16 30 0 1.495 SKIP MODE 0.1 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 2.03 -20 1 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) MAX17007/8 toc13 REFERENCE VOLTAGE (V) 4 0 1.97 SAMPLE PERCENTAGE (%) 6 ULTRASONIC MODE TEMPERATURE (C) 2.05 25 8 100 120 80 SAMPLE PERCENTAGE (%) -40 10 10 MAX17007/8 toc15 11 PWM MODE 12 EN1 = HIGH EN2 = LOW PWM MODE INPUT CURRENT (mA) 12 EN1 = HIGH EN2 = LOW 14 100 MAX17007/8 toc11 13 16 SUPPLY CURRERT (IBIAS) (mA) MAX17007/8 toc10 MAXIMUM OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 14 NO-LOAD INPUT CURRENT vs. INPUT VOLTAGE NO-LOAD SUPPLY CURRENT vs. INPUT VOLTAGE MAX17007/8 toc12 SMPS2 MAXIMUM OUTPUT CURRENT vs. TEMPERATURE SMPS1 SMPS2 F 0 1.497 1.499 1.501 SMPS2 VOLTAGE (mV) 1.503 1.505 0 5 10 15 20 LOAD CURRENT (A) 25 30 400s/div A. EN1, EN2, 5V/div B. REF, 2V/div C. VOUT1, 1V/div D. VOUT2, 1V/div E. PGOOD1, 5V/div F. PGOOD2, 5V/div _______________________________________________________________________________________ 9 MAX17007/MAX17008 Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) MAX17007/MAX17008 Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (Circuit of Figure 1, VIN = 12V, VDD = 5V, SKIP = GND, TA = +25C, unless otherwise noted.) SMPS1 STARTUP WAVEFORM SMPS1 STARTUP WAVEFORM (HEAVY LOAD) (LIGHT LOAD) MAX17007/8 toc19 5V 0 2V 0 1.05V 0 8A 5V 0 12V SMPS1 SHUTDOWN WAVEFORM MAX17007/8 toc21 MAX17007/8 toc20 A B C 5V 0 2V 0 1.05V A B C 5V 0 2V 1.05V A B C IOUT1 = 2A IOUT1 = 8A D E F 0 5V 0 G 0 2A 0 5V 0 12V 0 5V 0 0 SKIP = 5V D 0 E 5V 0 12V 0 5V 0 F G D E IOUT1 = 0.5A SKIP = GND F G 200s/div A. EN1, 5V/div E. PGOOD1, 10V/div B. REF, 2V/div F. LX1, 10V/div C. VOUT1, 500mV/div G. DL1, 10V/div D. ILX1, 10A/div 200s/div A. EN1, 5V/div E. PGOOD1, 10V/div B. REF, 2V/div F. LX1, 10V/div C. VOUT1, 500mV/div G. DL1, 10V/div D. ILX1, 5A/div 200s/div A. EN1, 5V/div E. PGOOD1, 10V/div B. REF, 5V/div F. LX1, 10V/div C. VOUT1, 500mV/div G. DL1, 10V/div D. ILX1, 5A/div SMPS2 LOAD-TRANSIENT RESPONSE (PWM MODE) SMPS2 LOAD-TRANSIENT RESPONSE (SKIP MODE) SMPS1 OUTPUT OVERLOAD WAVEFORM MAX17007/8 toc22 MAX17007/8 toc24 MAX17007/8 toc23 1.05V A 1.5V IOUT2 = 2A TO 10A TO 2A SKIP = 5V 10A A 1.5V 8A IOUT2 = 0.5A TO 8.5A TO 0.5A SKIP = GND B 2A B 12V C 0 20s/div A. VOUT2, 50mV/div B. ILX2, 10A/div C IOUT1 = 2A TO 15A 0 5V 0 C. LX2, 10V/div SMPS1 OUTPUT OVERVOLTAGE WAVEFORM MAX17007/8 toc25 1.05V A 0 5V B 0 5V C 0 40s/div A. VOUT1, 1V/div B. PGOOD1, 5V/div 10 D E 200s/div A. VOUT1, 500mV/div D. PGOOD1, 5V/div B. ILX1, 10A/div E. DL1 5V/div C. LX1, 10V/div 20s/div A. VOUT2, 50mV/div B. ILX2, 10A/div C. LX2, 10V/div 12V 0 5V C 0 B 2A 0A 12V A 10A C. DL1, 5V/div ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers (Circuit of Figure 1, VIN = 12V, VDD = 5V, SKIP = GND, TA = +25C, unless otherwise noted.) DYNAMIC OUTPUT VOLTAGE TRANSITION (SKIP MODE) DYNAMIC OUTPUT VOLTAGE TRANSITION (PWM MODE) MAX17007/8 toc26 MAX17007/8 toc27 IOUT1 = 2A 1.2V DYNAMIC OUTPUT VOLTAGE TRANSITION (SKIP MODE-FORCED TRANSITION) MAX17007/8 toc28 1.2V 1.2V A 1V A 1V REFIN1 = 1V TO 1.2V TO 1V 2A 12V IOUT1 = 1A B 0 C 12V D 0 5V 0 5V A 1V B SKIP = 5V IOUT1 = 3A B 0 REFIN1 = 1V TO 1.2V TO 1V C SKIP = REF C 0 5V SKIP = GND 0 REFIN1 = 1V TO 1.2V TO 1V 12V D 0 D 0 20s/div A. VOUT1, 100mV/div B. ILX1, 10A/div C. LX1, 10V/div D. DL1, 5V/div 40s/div A. VOUT1, 100mV/div B. ILX1, 10A/div 20s/div C. LX1, 10V/div D. DL1, 5V/div A. VOUT1, 100mV/div B. ILX1, 10A/div C. LX1, 10V/div D. DL1, 5V/div Pin Description PIN 1 2 3 NAME FUNCTION REF 2V Reference Voltage Output. Bypass REF to GND with a 2.2nF ceramic capacitor. The reference can source up to 100A. Loading REF degrades output-voltage accuracy according to the REF load regulation error (see theTypical Operating Characteristics). The reference shuts down when both EN1 and EN2 are low. ILIM1 ILIM2 (CCI) This four-level input determines the CSH1 to CSL1 current limit for SMPS1: VDD (5V) = 60mV current limit Open (3.3V) = 45mV current limit REF (2V) = 30mV current limit GND = 15mV current limit In combined mode, ILIM1 sets the current-limit threshold for both sides. This four-level input determines the CSH2 to CSL2 current limit for SMPS2: VCC (5V) = 60mV current limit Open (3.3V) = 45mV current limit REF (2V) = 30mV current limit GND = 15mV current limit In combined mode, ILIM2 is the current balance integrator (CCI) output pin. Connect a capacitor (CCCI) between CCI and the output. The CCI capacitor value depends on the ILIM1 setting based on the following table: ILIM1 VCC (5V) Open (3.3V) REF (2V) GND 4 VCC CCCI at ILIM2 (pF) 120 180 220 470 5V Analog Supply Input. Bypass VCC from VDD using a 10_ resistor, and to analog ground using a 1F ceramic capacitor. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 11 MAX17007/MAX17008 Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers MAX17007/MAX17008 Pin Description (continued) PIN FUNCTION SKIP Pulse-Skipping Control Input. This four-level input determines the mode of operation under normal steady-state conditions and dynamic output-voltage transitions: VDD (5V) = Forced-PWM operation Open (3.3V) = Ultrasonic mode (without forced-PWM during transitions) REF (2V) = Pulse-skipping mode (with forced-PWM during transitions) GND = Pulse-skipping mode (without forced-PWM during transitions) There are no dynamic transitions for SMPS2, so SKIP = 2V and SKIP = GND have the same pulseskipping behavior for SMPS2 without any forced-PWM transitions. In combined mode, the ultrasonic mode is disabled, and the SKIP = OPEN (3.3V) setting is identical to the SKIP = GND setting. TON1 Frequency-Setting Input for SMPS1. An external resistor between the input power source and TON1 sets the switching period (TSW1) of SMPS1: TSW1 = CTON (RTON1 + 6.5k) where CTON = 16.26pF. TON1 is high impedance in shutdown. In combined mode, TON1 sets the switching period for both SMPS1 and SMPS2. TON2 Frequency-Setting Input for SMPS2. An external resistor between the input power source and TON2 sets the switching period (TSW2) of SMPS2: TSW2 = CTON (RTON2 + 6.5k) where CTON = 16.26pF. Set TON2 to a switching frequency different from TON1. A 10% to 30% difference in switching frequency between SMPS1 and SMPS2 is recommended. TON2 is high impedance in shutdown. In combined mode, TON2 cannot be left open. REFIN1 External Reference Input for SMPS1. REFIN1 sets the feedback regulation voltage of CSL1. SMPS1 includes an internal window comparator to detect REFIN1 voltage changes that are greater than 50mV (typ), allowing the controller to blank PGOOD1 and the fault protection, and force the output transition, if enabled. When REFIN1 is tied to VCC, SMPS1 regulates the output to 1.05V. In combined mode, REFIN1 sets the feedback regulation voltage of the combined output. 9 CSL1 Output-Sense and Negative Current-Sense Input for SMPS1. When using the internal preset 1.05V feedback divider (REFIN1 = VCC), the controller uses CSL1 to sense the output voltage. Connect to the negative terminal of the current-sense element. Figure 14 describes two different current-sensing options--using accurate sense resistors or lossless inductor DCR sensing. 10 CSH1 Positive Current-Sense Input for SMPS1. Connect to the positive terminal of the current-sense element. Figure 14 describes two different current-sensing options--using accurate sense resistors or lossless inductor DCR sensing. EN1 Enable Control Input for SMPS1. Connect to VCC for normal operation. Pull EN1 low to disable SMPS1. The controller slowly ramps down the output voltage to ground and after the target voltage reaches 0.1V, the controller forces DL1 low. When both EN1 and EN2 are low, the device enters the low-power shutdown state. In combined mode, EN1 controls the combined SMPS output. EN2 is unused and must be grounded. 5 6 7 8 11 12 NAME 12 PGOOD1 13 DH1 Open-Drain Power-Good Output for SMPS1. PGOOD1 is low when the SMPS1 voltage is more than 200mV below or 300mV above the target voltage, during soft-start, and in shutdown. After the SMPS1 soft-start circuit has terminated, PGOOD1 becomes high impedance 200s after the output is in regulation. PGOOD1 is blanked (forced high-impedance state) when a dynamic REFIN1 transition is detected. High-Side Gate-Driver Output for SMPS1. DH1 swings from LX1 to BST1. DH1 is low in shutdown. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers PIN NAME 14 LX1 Inductor Connection for SMPS1. Connect LX1 to the switched side of the inductor. LX1 serves as the lower supply rail for the DH1 high-side gate driver. 15 BST1 Bootstrap Capacitor Connection for SMPS1. The MAX17007/MAX17008 include an internal boost switch/diode connected between VDD and BST1. Connect to an external capacitor as shown in Figure 1. 16 GND Ground. Analog and power ground connection for the low-side gate driver of SMPS1. 17 DL1 Low-Side Gate Driver Output for SMPS1. DL1 swings from GND to VDD. DL1 is forced low after the shutdown sequence has completed. DL1 is also forced high when an output overvoltage fault is detected, overriding any negative current-limit condition that may be present. DL1 is forced low in VCC UVLO. 18 VDD 5V Driver Supply Input. Connect VDD to VCC through a 10 resistor. Bypass to ground through a 1F or greater ceramic capacitor. VDD is internally connected to the BST diodes and the low-side gate drivers. 19 DL2 Low-Side Gate-Driver Output for SMPS2. DL2 swings from PGND to VDD. DL2 is forced low after the shutdown sequence has completed. DL2 is also forced high when an output overvoltage fault is detected, overriding any negative current-limit condition that may be present. DL2 is forced low in VCC UVLO. 20 PGND Power Ground for the Low-Side Gate Driver of SMPS2 21 BST2 Bootstrap Capacitor Connection for SMPS2. The MAX17007/MAX17008 include an internal boost switch/ diode connected between VDD and BST2. Connect to an external capacitor as shown in Figure 1. 22 LX2 Inductor Connection for SMPS2. Connect LX2 to the switched side of the inductor. LX2 serves as the lower supply rail for the DH2 high-side gate driver. 23 DH2 High-Side Gate-Driver Output for SMPS2. DH2 swings from LX2 to BST2. DH2 is low in shutdown. 24 PGOOD2 FUNCTION Open-Drain Power-Good Output for SMPS2. PGOOD2 is low when the FB2 voltage is more than 100mV below or 150mV above the target voltage, during soft-start, and in shutdown. After the SMPS2 soft-start circuit has terminated, PGOOD2 becomes high impedance 200s after the output is in regulation. In combined mode, PGOOD2 is not used and can be left open. SMPS2 Enable Input. Connect to VCC for normal operation. Pull EN2 low to disable SMPS2. The controller slowly ramps down the output voltage to ground, and after the target voltage reaches 0.1V, the controller forces DL2 low. When both EN1 and EN2 are low, the device enters the low-power shutdown state. In combined mode, EN2 is not used and should be connected to GND. 25 EN2 26 CSH2 Positive Current-Sense Input for SMPS2. Connect to the positive terminal of the current-sense element. Figure 14 describes two different current-sensing options--using accurate sense resistors or lossless inductor DCR sensing. 27 CSL2 Output-Sense and Negative Current-Sense Input for SMPS2. When using the internal preset 1.5V feedback divider (FB2 = REF), the controller uses CSL2 to sense the output voltage. Connect to the negative terminal of the current-sense element. Figure 14 describes two different current-sensing options--using accurate sense resistors or lossless inductor DCR sensing. 28 FB2 SMPS2 Feedback Input. Adjust the SMPS2 voltage with a resistive voltage-divider between SMPS2 output and GND. Connect FB2 to REF for preset 1.5V output. Tie FB2 to VCC to configure the MAX17007/MAX17008 for combined-mode operation. EP PAD Exposed Backside Pad. Connect to analog ground. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 13 MAX17007/MAX17008 Pin Description (continued) MAX17007/MAX17008 Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers +5V CVCC 1F 16 R9 10 4 VCC 18 VDD TON1 GND AGND ILIM1 ILIM2 CURRENT LIMIT VCC OPEN REF GND 60mV 45mV 30mV 15mV REF TON2 2 BST1 ILIM1 MAX17007 MAX17008 REF 3 DH1 LX1 ILIM2 (CCI) DL1 4-LEVEL SKIP PIN 5 11 25 CREF 2.2nF RREFIN1 = 80.6k RREFIN2 = 121k RREFIN3 = 249k 1 RREFIN1 RREFIN3 8 SKIP PGND EN1 CSH1 EN2 CSL1 REF BST2 DH2 REFIN1 LX2 H = 1.0V L = 1.2V RREFIN2 DL2 6 CVDD 2.2F PWR RTON1 220k POWER GROUND ANALOG GROUND 7 15 13 14 RTON2 180k 21 23 22 L1 1H, 16A, 3m PWR NL1 R4 3.01k PWR C1 0.22F C2 1nF CSH2 CIN2 NH2 PWR DL2 R1 100k R2 100k CSL2 12 TO SYSTEM POWER-GOOD 24 27 PGOOD2 FB2 C3 0.22F C4 1nF PGOOD1 28 L2 1H, 16A, 3m VOUT2 1.5V, 12A COUT2 2 x 330F 12m PWR R5 1.5k R6 3.01k PWR 26 RNTC1 10k VIN 7V TO 20V NL2 +3.3V COUT1-CER 5 x 10F CERAMIC PWR R7 10 AGND CBST2 0.1F 19 VOUT1 1.2V/1.0V, 12A COUT1 2 x 330F 12m PWR R3 1.5k DL1 10 9 CIN1 NH1 17 20 VIN 7V TO 20V CBST1 0.1F COUT2-CER 5 x 10F CERAMIC PWR RNTC2 10k R8 10 AGND CONNECT TO REF FOR REF FIXED 1.5V OUTPUT EP AGND PWR *LOWER INPUT VOLTAGES REQUIRE ADDITIONAL INPUT CAPACITANCE. Figure 1. MAX17007/MAX17008 Separate-Mode Standard Application Circuit 14 ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers MAX17007/MAX17008 Table 1. Component Selection for Standard Applications VOUT1 = 1.0V/1.2V AT 12A (FIGURE 1) COMPONENT VOUT = 1.5V AT 12A (FIGURE 1) VIN = 7V to 20V TON1 = 220k (270kHz) VIN = 7V to 20V TON2 = 180k (330kHz) Input Capacitor (per Phase) (2x) 10F, 25V Taiyo Yuden TMK432BJ106KM (2x) 10F, 25V Taiyo Yuden TMK432BJ106KM Output Capacitor (2x) 330F, 2.5V, 12m, C case SANYO 2R5TPE330MCC2 (2x) 330F, 2.5V, 12m, C case SANYO 2R5TPE330MCC2 Inductor 1H, 3.25m, 16A Wurth Electronics 7443552100 1H, 3.25m, 16A Wurth Electronics 7443552100 Schottky Diode 2A, 30V Schottky diode (SMA) Nihon EC21QS03L Central Semiconductor CMSH2-40M 2A, 30V Schottky diode (SMA) Nihon EC21QS03L Central Semiconductor CMSH2-40M Fairchild Semiconductor (1x) FDS8690 8.6m/11.4m (typ/max) Fairchild Semiconductor (1x) FDS8670 4.2m/5m (typ/max) Fairchild Semiconductor (1x) FDS8690 8.6m/11.4m (typ/max) Fairchild Semiconductor (1x) FDS8670 4.2m/5m (typ/max) High-Side MOSFET Low-Side MOSFET Table 2. Component Suppliers MANUFACTURER WEBSITE MANUFACTURER WEBSITE AVX Corp. www.avxcorp.com Pulse Engineering www.pulseeng.com BI Technologies www.bitechnologies.com Renesas Technology Corp. www.renesas.com Central Semiconductor Corp. www.centralsemi.com SANYO Electric Co., Ltd. www.sanyodevice.com Fairchild Semiconductor www.fairchildsemi.com Sumida Corp. www.sumida.com International Rectifier www.irf.com Taiyo Yuden www.t-yuden.com KEMET Corp. www.kemet.com TDK Corp. www.component.tdk.com NEC Tokin Corp. www.nec-tokin.com TOKO America, Inc. www.tokoam.com Panasonic Corp. www.panasonic.com Vishay/Siliconix www.vishay.com Detailed Description The MAX17007/MAX17008 standard application circuit (Figure 1) generates the 1V to 1.2V/12A and 1.5V/12A chipset voltages in a notebook computer. The input supply range is 7V to 20V for the specific application. Table 1 lists component selections, while Table 2 lists the component manufacturers. Figure 2 shows the combinedmode standard application circuit and Figure 3 is the MAX17007/MAX17008 functional diagram. The MAX17007/MAX17008 contain two constant ontime step-down controllers designed for low-voltage power supplies. The two SMPSs can also be combined to operate as a two-phase high-current single-output regulator. Constant on-time Quick-PWM operation provides fast response to load transients and handles wide I/O voltage ratios with ease, while maintaining a relatively constant switching frequency. The switching frequency can be adjusted between 200kHz and 600kHz with external resistors. Differential output current sensing allows output sense-resistor sensing for an accurate current-limit, lossless inductor DCR current sensing for lower power dissipation while maintaining 0.7% output accuracy. Overvoltage (MAX17007) and undervoltage protection and accurate user-selectable current limits (four different levels) ensure robust operations. The MAX17007/MAX17008 feature a special combinedmode configuration that allows higher current outputs to be supported. A current-balance integrator maintains equal currents in the two phases, improving efficiency and power distribution. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 15 MAX17007/MAX17008 Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers +5V CVCC 1F 16 R9 10 4 VCC 18 VDD TON1 GND AGND ILIM CURRENT CCCI PIN (pF) LIMIT VCC OPEN REF GND 60mV 45mV 30mV 15mV TON2 2 REF 120 180 220 470 MAX17007 MAX17008 CCCI 220pF ILIM2 FUNCTIONS AS V OUT CCI OUTPUT IN COMBINED MODE EN2 MUST BE GROUNDED CREF 2.2nF 5 25 1 RREFIN1 RREFIN3 DH1 LX1 3 11 RREFIN1 = 80.6k RREFIN2 = 121k RREFIN3 = 249k BST1 ILIM1 8 ILIM2 (CCI) DL1 PGND SKIP CSH1 EN1 CSL1 EN2 REF BST2 DH2 REFIN1 LX2 H = 1.0V L = 1.2V RREFIN2 DL2 6 CVDD 2.2F PWR RTON1 220k POWER GROUND ANALOG GROUND 7 15 13 14 RTON2 220k VIN 7V TO 20V CBST1 0.1F CIN1 NH1 PWR 17 20 DL1 NL1 9 21 23 22 C1 0.22F CSH2 C2 1nF R7 10 AGND R1 100k CSL2 CIN2 NH2 PWR 19 12 PGOOD2 NOT USED IIN COMBINED MODE 24 27 DL2 PGOOD2 FB2 28 COUT1-CER 10 x 10F CERAMIC PWR L2 1H, 16A, 3m R5 1.5k R6 3.01k PWR C3 0.22F C4 1nF PGOOD1 COUT1 4 x 330F 12m PWR VIN 7V TO 20V CBST2 0.1F 26 RNTC1 10k VOUT1 1.2V/1.0V, 24A NL2 +3.3V R3 1.5k R4 3.01k PWR 10 L1 1H, 16A, 3m RNTC2 10k R8 10 AGND +5V CONNECT TO 5V FOR COMBINED MODE OPERATION EP AGND PWR *LOWER INPUT VOLTAGES REQUIRE ADDITIONAL INPUT CAPACITANCE. Figure 2. MAX17007/MAX17008 Combined-Mode Standard Application Circuit 16 ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers MAX17007/MAX17008 CURRENT BALANCE Gm Gm TON2 TON1 COMBINE (FB2 = VCC) SKIP COMBINE (FB2 = VCC) ILIM1 ILIM2 CSH1 CURRENT LIMIT 1 (FIGURE 8) CSL1 CURRENTSENSE GAIN CSH2 CURRENT LIMIT 2 (FIGURE 8) VALLEY CURRENT LIMIT VALLEY COMBINE CURRENT (FB2 = VCC) LIMIT CSL2 CURRENTSENSE GAIN Gm Gm BST1 BST2 DH1 DH2 LX1 LX2 VDD PWM CONTROLLER 1 (FIGURE 4) MUX PWM CONTROLLER 2 (FIGURE 4) VDD DL2 GND PGND FAULT1 CSL1 EN1 TARGET1 REFIN1 VCC REF FAULT2 DL1 MUX CSL2 TARGET2 SMPS1 TARGET DECODE (FIGURE 9A) SMPS2 TARGET DECODE (FIGURE 9B) POWER-GOOD AND FAULT PROTECTION 1 (FIGURE 13) POWER-GOOD AND FAULT PROTECTION 2 (FIGURE 13) 2.0V REF PGOOD1 COMBINE (FB2 = VCC) EN2 FB2 MAX17007 MAX17008 PGOOD2 Figure 3. MAX17007/MAX17008 Functional Diagram ______________________________________________________________________________________ 17 MAX17007/MAX17008 Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers +5V Bias Supply (VCC, VDD) The MAX17007/MAX17008 require an external 5V bias supply in addition to the battery. Typically, this 5V bias supply is the notebook's 95%-efficient 5V system supply. Keeping the bias supply external to the IC improves efficiency and eliminates the cost associated with the 5V linear regulator that would otherwise be needed to supply the PWM circuit and gate drivers. If stand-alone capability is needed, the 5V supply can be generated with an external linear regulator such as the MAX1615. The 5V bias supply powers both the PWM controllers and internal gate-drive power, so the maximum current drawn depends on the external MOSFET's gate capacitance, and the selected switching frequency: IBIAS = IQ + fSW1QG(SMPS1) + fSW2QG(SMPS2) = 4mA to 40mA (typ) Bypass VCC with a 1F or greater ceramic capacitor to the analog ground. Bypass VDD with a 2.2F or greater ceramic capacitor to the power ground. VCC and VDD should be separated with a 10 resistor (Figure 1). 2V Reference The 2V reference is accurate to 1% over temperature and load, making REF useful as a precision system reference. Bypass REF to GND with a 2.2nF. The reference sources up to 100A and sinks 10A to support external loads. Combined-Mode Operation (FB2 = VCC) Combined-mode operation allows the MAX17007/ MAX17008 to support even higher output currents by sharing the load current between two phases, distributing the power dissipation over several power components to improve the efficiency. The MAX17007/ MAX17008 are configured in combined mode by connecting FB2 to VCC. See Figure 2 for the combinedmode standard application circuit. Table 3 lists the pin function differences between combined mode and separate mode. See the Pin Description table for additional details. Table 3. Pin Function in Combined and Separate Modes PIN FB2 REFIN1 Connect to VCC to configure MAX17007/MAX17008 for combined-mode operation SEPARATE MODE Connect to REF for preset 1.5V, or use a resistordivider to set the SMPS2 output voltage Sets the combined output voltage--dynamic, fixed, and Sets the SMPS1 output voltage--dynamic, fixed, preset voltages supported and preset voltages supported EN1 Enables/disables combined output Enables/disables SMPS1 EN2 Not used; connect to GND Enables/disables SMPS2 PGOOD1 Power-good indicator for combined output voltage Power-good indicator for SMPS1 PGOOD2 Not used; can be left open Power-good indicator for SMPS2 TON1 Sets the per-phase switching frequency for both SMPSs Sets the switching frequency for SMPS1 TON2 Use the same resistor as TON1 Sets the switching frequency for SMPS2 Sets the per-phase current limit for both SMPSs Sets SMPS1 current limit Current-balance integrator output; connect a capacitor from CCI to the output Sets SMPS2 current limit ILIM1 ILIM2 (CCI) SKIP 18 COMBINED MODE Only three distinct modes of operation; ultrasonic mode Supports all four modes of operation not supported ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers Free-Running Constant-On-Time PWM Controller with Input Feed-Forward The Quick-PWM control architecture is a pseudo-fixedfrequency, constant-on-time, current-mode regulator with voltage feed-forward. This architecture relies on the output filter capacitor's ESR to act as a currentsense resistor, so the output ripple voltage provides the PWM ramp signal. The control algorithm is simple: the high-side switch on-time is determined solely by a oneshot whose pulse width is inversely proportional to input voltage and directly proportional to output voltage. Another one-shot sets a minimum off-time (150ns typ). The on-time one-shot is triggered if the error comparator is low, the low-side switch current is below the valley current-limit threshold, and the minimum off-time one-shot has timed out. Figure 4 is the PWM controller block diagram. On-Time One-Shot The heart of the PWM core is the one-shot that sets the high-side switch on-time. This fast, low-jitter, adjustable one-shot includes circuitry that varies the on-time in response to battery and output voltage. In independent mode, the high-side switch on-time is inversely proportional to the battery voltage as sensed by the TON1 and TON2 inputs, and proportional to the voltages on CSL1 and CSL2 pins: SMPS1 On-Time tON1 = TSW1 (VCSL1/VIN) SMPS2 On-Time tON2 = TSW2 (VCSL2/VIN) where TSW1 (switching period of SMPS1) is set by the resistance between TON1 and VIN, TSW2 is set by the resistance between TON2 and V IN . This algorithm results in a nearly constant switching frequency despite the lack of a fixed-frequency clock generator. tOFF(MIN) TON ON-TIME COMPUTE CSL OR CCI Q S tON TRIG MAX17007 MAX17008 TRIG Q DH DRIVER Q DL DRIVER R Q ONE-SHOT ERROR AMPLIFIER INTEGRATOR (CCV) SLOPE COMP S R TARGET AMPLIFIED CURRENT SENSE INTERNAL FB VALLEY CURRENT LIMIT ZERO CROSSING OV FAULT Figure 4. PWM Controller Block Diagram ______________________________________________________________________________________ 19 MAX17007/MAX17008 SMPS Detailed Description MAX17007/MAX17008 Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers Switching Frequency The MAX17007/MAX17008 feature independent resistor-programmable switching frequencies for each SMPS, providing flexibility for applications where one SMPS operates at a lower switching frequency when connected to a high-voltage input rail while the other SMPS operates at a higher switching frequency when connected to a lower voltage rail as a second-stage regulator. Connect a resistor (RTON) between TON and VIN to set the switching period TSW = 1/fSW: TSW1 = CTON (RTON1 + 6.5k) TSW2 = CTON (RTON2 + 6.5k) where CTON = 16.26pF. A 97.5k to 302.5k corresponds to switching periods of 1.67s (600kHz) to 5s (200kHz) for SMPS1 and SMPS2. High-frequency (600kHz) operation optimizes the application for the smallest component size, trading off efficiency due to higher switching losses. This may be acceptable in ultra-portable devices where the load currents are lower and the controller is powered from a lower voltage supply. Low-frequency (200kHz) operation offers the best overall efficiency at the expense of component size and board space. For continuous conduction operation, the actual switching frequency can be estimated by: fSW = VOUT + VDIS t ON (VIN + VCHG ) where VDIS is the sum of the parasitic voltage drops in the inductor discharge path, including synchronous rectifier, inductor, and printed-circuit board (PCB) resistances; VCHG is the sum of the resistances in the charging path, including the high-side switch, inductor, and PCB resistances; and tON is the on-time calculated by the on-time block. When operating in separate mode, it is recommended that both SMPS switching frequencies be set apart by 10% to 30% to prevent the two sides from beating against each other. Combined-Mode On-Time One-Shot In combined mode (FB2 = VCC), TON1 sets the ontime, and hence the switching frequency, for both SMPS. The on-time is programmed using the TON1 equation, which sets the switching frequency per phase. The effective switching frequency as seen on the input and output capacitors is twice the per-phase frequency. 20 Combined-Mode Current Balance In combined mode, the one-shot for SMPS2 varies the on-time in response to the input voltage and the difference between the SMPS1 and SMPS2 inductor currents. The SMPS1 one-shot in combined mode behaves the same way as it does in separate mode. As such, SMPS2 regulates the current balance, while SMPS1 regulates the voltage. Two identical transconductance amplifiers integrate the difference between SMPS1 and SMPS2 current-sense signals. The summed output is internally connected to CCI, allowing adjustment of the integration time constant with a compensation network (usually a capacitor) connected between CCI and the output. The resulting compensation current and voltage are determined by the following equations: ICCI = Gm[(VCSH1 - VCSL1) - (VCSH2 - VCSL2)] VCCI = VOUT + ICCIZCCI where ZCCI is the impedance at the CCI output. The SMPS2 on-time one-shot uses this integrated signal (VCCI) to set the SMPS2 high-side MOSFETs on-time. When SMPS1 and SMPS2 current-sense signals (VCSH1 - VCSL1 and VCSH2 - VCSL2) become unbalanced, the transconductance amplifiers adjust the SMPS2 on-time, which increases or decreases the SMPS2 inductor current until the current-sense signals are properly balanced. In combined mode, the SMPS2 on-time is given by: SMPS2 On-Time tON2 = TSW2 (VCCI/VIN) SMPS Enable Controls (EN1, EN2) EN1 and EN2 provide independent control of output soft-start and soft-shutdown. This allows flexible control of startup and shutdown sequencing. The outputs can be started simultaneously, sequentially, or independently. To provide sequential startup, connect EN of one regulator to PGOOD of the other. For example, with EN1 connected to PGOOD2, OUT1 soft-starts after OUT2 is in regulation. When configured in separate mode, the two outputs are independent. A fault at one output does not trigger shutdown of the other. When configured in combined mode (FB2 = VCC), EN1 is the master control input that enables/disables the combined output, while EN2 has no function and must be connected to GND. The startup slew rate follows that of SMPS1. Toggle EN low to clear the overvoltage, undervoltage, and thermal-fault latches. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers V V tSTART1 = tSHDN1 = REFIN1 = REFIN1 1.3mV /s SRSS1 tSTART2 = tSHDN2 = VFB2 VFB2 = 0.65mV /s SRSS2 The soft-start circuitry does not use a variable current limit, so full output current is available immediately. The respective PGOOD becomes high impedance approximately 200s after the target voltage has been reached. The MAX17007/MAX17008 automatically use pulse-skipping mode during soft-start and use forcedPWM mode during soft-shutdown, regardless of the SKIP configuration. For automatic startup, the battery voltage should be present before VCC. If the controller attempts to bring the output into regulation without the battery voltage present, the fault latch trips. The controller remains shut down until the fault latch is cleared by toggling EN or cycling the VCC power supply below 0.5V. Soft-Shutdown Soft-shutdown begins when the system pulls EN low, an output undervoltage fault, or a thermal fault. During soft-shutdown, the respective PGOOD is pulled low immediately and the output voltage ramps down with the same startup slew rate for the respective outputs. After the controller reaches the 0V target, the drivers are disabled (DL_ and DH_ pulled low) and the internal 10 discharge on CSL_ activated. The MAX17007/ MAX17008 shut down completely when both EN are low--the reference turns off after both SMPSs have reached the 0V target, and the supply current drops to about 1A (max). Slowly discharging the output capacitors by slewing the output over a long period of time (typically 0.5ms to 2ms) keeps the average negative inductor current low (damped response), thereby preventing the negative output-voltage excursion that occurs when the controller discharges the output quickly by permanently turning on the low-side MOSFET (underdamped response). This eliminates the need for the Schottky diode normally connected between the output and ground to clamp the negative output-voltage excursion. Modes of Operation Forced-PWM Mode (SKIP = 5V) The low-noise forced-PWM mode (SKIP = 5V) disables the zero-crossing comparator, which controls the lowside switch on-time. This forces the low-side gate-drive waveform to constantly be the complement of the highside gate-drive waveform, so the inductor current reverses at light loads while DH maintains a duty factor of VOUT/VIN. The benefit of forced-PWM mode is to keep the switching frequency fairly constant. However, forced-PWM operation comes at a cost: the no-load 5V bias current remains between 2mA to 5mA, depending on the switching frequency. The MAX17007/MAX17008 automatically use forcedPWM operation during shutdown, regardless of the SKIP configuration. Automatic Pulse-Skipping Mode (SKIP = GND or 2V) In skip mode (SKIP = GND or 2V), an inherent automatic switchover to PFM takes place at light loads. This switchover is affected by a comparator that truncates the low-side switch on-time at the inductor current's zero crossing. The zero-crossing comparator threshold is set by the differential across CSL_ and CSH_. DC output-accuracy specifications refer to the threshold of the error comparator. When the inductor is in continuous conduction, the MAX17007/MAX17008 regulate the valley of the output ripple, so the actual DC output voltage is higher than the trip level by 50% of the output ripple voltage. In discontinuous conduction (SKIP = GND or 2V and IOUT < ILOAD(SKIP)), the output voltage has a DC regulation level higher than the error-comparator threshold by approximately 1.5% due to slope compensation. However, the internal integrator corrects for most of it, resulting in very little load regulation. When SKIP = 2V, the MAX17007/MAX17008 use forcedPWM operation during all dynamic output-voltage transitions until 100s after the transition has been completed--REFIN1 and the internal target are within 50mV (typ) and an error-amplifier transition is detected. Since SMPS2 does not support dynamic transitions, SKIP = 2V and SKIP = GND have the same pulse-skipping behavior without any forced-PWM transitions. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 21 MAX17007/MAX17008 Soft-Start Soft-start begins when EN is driven high and REF is in regulation. During soft-start, the output is ramped up from 0V to the final set voltage at 1.3mV/s slew rate for SMPS1, and 0.65mV/s for SMPS2, reducing the inrush current and providing a predictable ramp-up time for power sequencing: When SKIP is pulled to GND, the MAX17007/MAX17008 remain in pulse-skipping mode. Since the output is not able to sink current, the timing for negative dynamic output-voltage transitions depends on the load current and output capacitance. Letting the output voltage drift down is typically recommended in order to reduce the potential for audible noise since this eliminates the input current surge during negative output-voltage transitions. Figure 5 shows the pulse-skipping/discontinuous crossover point. The output voltage at the beginning of the ultrasonic pulse determines the negative ultrasonic current threshold, resulting in the following equations for SMPS1: Ultrasonic Mode (SKIP = Open = 3.3V) Leaving SKIP unconnected or connecting SKIP to 3.3V activates a unique pulse-skipping mode with a minimum switching frequency of 25kHz. This ultrasonic pulse-skipping mode eliminates audio-frequency modulation that would otherwise be present when a lightly loaded controller automatically skips pulses. In ultrasonic mode, the controller automatically transitions to fixed-frequency PWM operation when the load reaches the same critical conduction point (ILOAD(SKIP)) that occurs when normally pulse skipping. An ultrasonic pulse occurs when the controller detects that no switching has occurred within the last 30s. Once triggered, the ultrasonic controller pulls DL high, turning on the low-side MOSFET to induce a negative inductor current (Figure 6). After the inductor current reaches the negative ultrasonic current threshold, the controller turns off the low-side MOSFET (DL pulled low) and triggers a constant on-time (DH driven high). When the on-time has expired, the controller reenables the low-side MOSFET until the controller detects that the inductor current dropped below the zero-crossing threshold. Starting with a DL pulse greatly reduces the peak output voltage when compared to starting with a DH pulse. (SMPS1 preset mode) VISONIC1 = IL1RCS1 = ( VREFIN1 - VCSL1) x 0.65 (SMPS1 adjustable mode) VISONIC1 = IL1RCS1 = (1.05V - VCSL1) x 0.65 where VCSL1 > VREFIN1 in adjustable mode, VCSL1 > 1.05V in preset mode, and RCS1 is the current-sense resistance seen across CSH1 to CSL1. Similarly for SMPS2: VISONIC2 = IL2RCS2 = (0.7V - VFB2 ) x 0.65 (SMPS2 adjustable mode) VISONIC2 = IL2RCS2 = (1.5V - VCSL2 ) x 0.65 (SMPS2 preset mode) where VCSL2 > 0.7V in adjustable mode, VCSL2 > 1.5V in preset mode, and RCS2 is the current-sense resistance seen across CSH2 to CSL2. In combined mode, ultrasonic mode setting is disabled, and the SKIP = OPEN (3.3V) setting is identical to the SKIP = GND setting. 40s (MAX) INDUCTOR CURRENT I t = VIN - VOUT L IPEAK ZERO-CROSSING DETECTION INDUCTOR CURRENT MAX17007/MAX17008 Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers ILOAD = IPEAK/2 ISONIC 0 ON-TIME ON-TIME (tON) TIME Figure 5. Pulse-Skipping/Discontinuous Crossover Point 22 0 Figure 6. Ultrasonic Waveform ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers In forced-PWM mode, the MAX17007/MAX17008 also implement a negative current limit to prevent excessive reverse inductor currents when VOUT is sinking current. The negative current-limit threshold is set to approximately 120% of the positive current limit. In combined mode, ILIM1 sets the per-phase current limit for both phases. MOSFET Gate Drivers (DH, DL) The DH and DL drivers are optimized for driving moderate-sized high-side, and larger low-side power MOSFETs. This is consistent with the low duty factor seen in notebook applications, where a large V IN VOUT differential exists. The high-side gate driver (DH) sources and sinks 1.2A, and the low-side gate driver (DL) sources 1.0A and sinks 2.4A. This ensures robust gate drive for high-current applications. The DH floating high-side MOSFET driver is powered by internal boost switch charge pumps at BST, while the DL synchronous-rectifier driver is powered directly by the 5V bias supply (VDD). CURRENTSENSE GAIN IPEAK ILIM QUAD-LEVEL DECODE INDUCTOR CURRENT ILOAD ILIMIT VALLEY CURRENT LIMIT CSH ZERO CROSSING ( LIR2 ) ILIM(VAL) = ILOAD(MAX) 1- CSL 0 TIME SKIP Figure 7. "Valley" Current-Limit Threshold Point Figure 8. Current-Limit Block Diagram ______________________________________________________________________________________ 23 MAX17007/MAX17008 Valley Current-Limit Protection The current-limit circuit employs a unique "valley" current-sensing algorithm that senses the inductor current across the output current-sense element--inductor DCR or current-sense resistor, which generates a voltage between CSH_ and CSL_. If the current exceeds the valley current-limit threshold during the low-side MOSFET conduction time, the PWM controller is not allowed to initiate a new cycle. The valley current-limit threshold is set by the four-level ILIM_ pin, with selectable limits of 15mV, 30mV, 45mV, and 60mV. The actual peak current is greater than the valley current-limit threshold by an amount equal to the inductor ripple current (Figure 7). Therefore, the exact currentlimit characteristic and maximum load capability are a function of the inductor value and battery voltage. When combined with the undervoltage protection circuit, this current-limit method is effective in almost every circumstance. See Figure 8. MAX17007/MAX17008 Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers Output Voltage The MAX17007/MAX17008 feature preset and adjustable output voltages for both SMPSs, and dynamic output voltages for SMPS1. In combined mode, the output voltage is set by REFIN1, and all features for SMPS1 output-voltage configuration and dynamic voltage changes apply to the combined output. Figure 9 is the SMPS target decode block diagram. Preset/Adjustable Output Voltages (Dual-Mode Feedback) Connect REFIN1 to VCC to set the SMPS1 voltage to preset 1.05V. Connect FB2 to REF to set the SMPS2 PRESET (FB1 = VCC) VCC - 1V REFIN1 TARGET1 REF (2.0V) 9.5R V RFB2HI = RFB2LO CSL2 - 1 0.7V The MAX17007/MAX17008 regulate the valley of the output ripple, so the actual DC output voltage is higher than the slope compensated target by 50% of the output ripple voltage. Under steady-state conditions, the MAX17007/MAX17008s' internal integrator corrects for this 50% output ripple voltage error, resulting in an output-voltage accuracy that is dependent only on the offset voltage of the integrator amplifier provided in the Electrical Characteristics table. Dynamic Output Voltages (REFIN1) The MAX17007/MAX17008 regulate the output to the voltage set at REFIN1. By changing the voltage at REFIN1 (Figure 1), the MAX17007/MAX17008 can be used in applications that require dynamic output voltage changes between two set points. For a step-voltage change at REFIN, the rate of change of the output voltage is limited either by the internal 9.5mV/s slewrate circuit or by the component selection--inductor current ramp, the total output capacitance, the current limit, and the load during the transition--whichever is slower. The total output capacitance determines how much current is needed to change the output voltage, while the inductor limits the current ramp rate. 1.05V 10.5R (A) SMPS1 TARGET DECODE VCC - 1V voltage to preset 1.5V. The SMPS1 output voltage can be adjusted up to 2V by changing REFIN1 voltage without using an external resistive voltage-divider. The output voltage of SMPS2 can be adjusted with an external resistive voltage-divider between CSL2 and GND with the center tap connected to FB2 (Figure 10). Choose RFB2LO (resistance from FB2 to GND) to be approximately 10k and solve for RFBHI (resistance from CSL2 to FB2) using the equation: COMBINE (FB2 = VCC) FB2 PRESET (FB2 = REF) RSENSE2 L2 REF - 0.3V TARGET2 LX2 TARGET1 MAX17007 DL2 MAX17008 REF (2.0V) COUT2 NL2 GND 5R 1.5V CSH2 8R CSL2 0.7V FB2 RFB2HI RFB2LO 7R (B) SMPS2 TARGET DECODE Figure 9. SMPS Target Decode Block Diagram 24 Figure 10. Setting VOUT2 with a Resistive Voltage-Divider ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers Automatic Fault Blanking (SMPS1) When the MAX17007/MAX17008 detect that the internal target and REFIN1 are more than 50mV (typ) apart, the controller automatically blanks PGOOD1, blanks the UVP protection, and sets the OVP threshold to max REF + 300mV. The blanking remains until 1) the internal target and REFIN1 are within 30mV of each other, and 2) an edge is detected on the error amplifier signifying that the output is in regulation. This prevents the system or internal fault protection from shutting down the controller during transitions. Figure 11 shows the dynamic REFIN transition (SKIP = GND) and Figure 12 shows the dynamic REFIN1 transition (SKIP = REF). DYNAMIC REFIN WINDOW REFIN1 ACTUAL VOUT1 VOUT1 INTERNAL TARGET1 INTERNAL PWM CONTROL SKIP NO PULSES: VOUT > VTARGET LX1 PGOOD1 BLANK HIGH-Z OVP1 BLANK HIGH-Z TARGET1 + 300mV SET TO REF + 300mV Figure 11. Dynamic REFIN1 Transition (SKIP = GND) DYNAMIC REFIN WINDOW REFIN1 VOUT1 ACTUAL VOUT1 50mV INTERNAL TARGET1 INTERNAL PWM CONTROL PWM SKIP PWM SKIP LX1 PGOOD1 BLANK HIGH-Z OVP1 SET TO REF + 300mV BLANK HIGH-Z TARGET1 + 300mV TARGET1 + 300mV Figure 12. Dynamic REFIN1 Transition (SKIP = REF) ______________________________________________________________________________________ 25 MAX17007/MAX17008 Additional load current can slow down the output voltage change during a positive REFIN1 voltage change, and can speed up the output voltage change during a negative REFIN1 voltage change. MAX17007/MAX17008 Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers Internal Integration An integrator amplifier forces the DC average of the FB voltage to equal the target voltage. This internal amplifier integrates the feedback voltage and provides a fine adjustment to the regulation voltage (Figure 4), allowing accurate DC output-voltage regulation regardless of the compensated feedback ripple voltage and internal slopecompensation variation. The integrator amplifier has the ability to shift the output voltage by 140mV (typ). The MAX17007/MAX17008 disable the integrator by connecting the amplifier inputs together at the beginning of all dynamic REFIN1 transitions done in pulseskipping mode. The integrator remains disabled until 20s after the transition is completed (the internal target settles) and the output is in regulation (edge detected on the error comparator). Power-Good Outputs (PGOOD) and Fault Protection PGOOD_ is the open-drain output that continuously monitors the respective output voltage for undervoltage and overvoltage conditions. The respective PGOOD_ is actively held low in shutdown (EN_ = GND) during softstart and soft-shutdown. Approximately 200s (typ) after the soft-start terminates, PGOOD_ becomes high impedance as long as the respective output voltage is in regulation. PGOOD1 goes low if the output voltage drops 200mV below the target voltage (REFIN1 or fixed 1.05V), or rises 300mV above the target voltage (REFIN1 or fixed 1.05V), or the SMPS1 controller is shut down. In adjustable mode, PGOOD2 goes low if the feedback voltage drops 100mV below the target voltage (0.7V), or rises 150mV above the target voltage (0.7V), or the SMPS2 controller is shut down. In preset mode (fixed 1.5V), the PGOOD2 thresholds are -200mV and +300mV. For a logic-level PGOOD output voltage, connect an external pullup resistor between PGOOD and VDD. A 100k pullup resistor works well in most applications. See Figure 13. Overvoltage Protection (OVP, MAX17007 Only) When the internal feedback voltage rises above the overvoltage threshold, the OVP comparator immediately pulls DH low and forces DL high, pulls PGOOD low, sets the fault latch, and disables the faulted SMPS controller. Toggle EN or cycle VCC power below the VCC POR to clear the fault latch and restart the controller. The overvoltage thresholds are +300mV for SMPS1 (fixed 1.05V and adjustable REFIN1), +300mV for SMPS2 in preset mode (fixed 1.5V output), and +150mV for SMPS2 in adjustable mode (0.7V feedback). An OV fault on one side does not affect the other side. TARGET - VUVP NOTE: ONLY THE MAX17007 HAS OVP FUNCTION ENABLED. TARGET + VOVP CSL OR FB EN SOFT-START COMPLETE OVP OVP ENABLED (MAX17007 ONLY) UVP ONE SHOT 200s FAULT LATCH FAULT POWER-GOOD IN OUT CLK Figure 13. Power-Good and Fault Protection 26 ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers The undervoltage thresholds are -200mV for SMPS1 (fixed 1.05V and adjustable REFIN1), -200mV for SMPS2 in preset mode (fixed 1.5V output), and -100mV for SMPS2 in adjustable mode (0.7V feedback). A UV fault on one side does not affect the other side. Thermal-Fault Protection (TSHDN) The MAX17007/MAX17008 feature a thermal-fault protection circuit. When the junction temperature rises above +160C, a thermal sensor activates the fault latch, pulls PGOOD low, and shuts down the controller. Both DL and DH are pulled low. Toggle EN or cycle VCC power below VCC POR to reactivate the controller after the junction temperature cools by 15C. VCC POR and UVLO Each SMPS of the MAX17007/MAX17008 is enabled when its respective EN is driven high. On the first rising EN, the reference powers up first. Once the reference exceeds its undervoltage lockout (UVLO) threshold (~ 60s), the internal analog blocks are turned on and masked by a 140s one-shot delay in order to allow the bias circuitry and analog blocks enough time to settle to their proper states. With the control circuitry reliably powered up, the PWM controller begins switching. The second rising EN, if controlled separately, also has the 140s one-shot delay before its first DH pulse. Power-on reset (POR) occurs when VCC rises above approximately 3V, resetting the fault latch and preparing the controller for operation. The VCC UVLO circuitry inhibits switching until VCC rises above 4.25V. The controller powers up the reference once the system enables the controller, VCC exceeds 4.25V, and either EN is driven high. With the reference in regulation, the controller ramps the output voltage to the target voltage with a 1.3mV/s slew rate for SMPS1 and 0.65mV/s for SMPS2. If the VCC voltage drops below 4.25V, the controller assumes that there is not enough supply voltage to make valid decisions. To protect the output from overvoltage faults, the controller shuts down immediately and forces a high-impedance output (DL and DH pulled low). Table 4. Fault Protection and Shutdown Operation MODE CONTROLLER STATE DRIVER STATE DL_ low and DH_ low after soft-shutdown completed, internal 10 discharge on CSL_ activated. (T 0 1V ) DL_ immediately forced high, DH_ pulled low (high-side MOSFET disabled). Shutdown (EN_ = High to Low) Output UVP (Latched) Thermal Fault (Latched) Voltage soft-shutdown initiated. Error amplifier target slowly ramped down to GND. Output OVP (Latched) Controller shuts down and internal target slews down. Controller remains off until EN_ toggled or VCC power cycled. VCC UVLO Falling Edge Controller shuts down and the internal target slews down. Controller remains off until VCC rises back above UVLO threshold. DL_ low, DH_ low, internal 10 discharge on CSL_ activated. VCC UVLO Rising Edge SMPS controller enabled (assuming EN_ pulled high). DL_, DH_ switching. VCC POR SMPS inactive. DL_ low. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 27 MAX17007/MAX17008 Undervoltage Protection (UVP) When the feedback voltage drops below the undervoltage threshold, the controller immediately pulls PGOOD low and triggers a 200s one-shot timer. If the feedback voltage remains below the undervoltage fault threshold for the entire 200s, then the undervoltage fault latch of the faulted SMPS is set and that SMPS begins its shutdown sequence. When the internal target voltage drops below 0.1V, the MAX17007/MAX17008 force DL low for the faulted SMPS. Toggle EN or cycle VCC power below VCC POR to clear the fault latch and restart the controller. MAX17007/MAX17008 Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers Quick-PWM Design Procedure Firmly establish the input voltage range and maximum load current before choosing a switching frequency and inductor operating point (ripple-current ratio). The primary design trade-off lies in choosing a good switching frequency and inductor operating point, and the following four factors dictate the rest of the design: * Input voltage range: The maximum value (VIN(MAX)) must accommodate the worst-case input supply voltage allowed by the notebook's AC adapter voltage. The minimum value (V IN(MIN) ) must account for the lowest input voltage after drops due to connectors, fuses, and battery selector switches. If there is a choice at all, lower input voltages result in better efficiency. * * * Maximum load current: There are two values to consider. The peak load current (ILOAD(MAX)) determines the instantaneous component stresses and filtering requirements, and thus drives output capacitor selection, inductor saturation rating, and the design of the current-limit circuit. The continuous load current (ILOAD) determines the thermal stresses and thus drives the selection of input capacitors, MOSFETs, and other critical heat-contributing components. Most notebook loads generally exhibit ILOAD = ILOAD(MAX) x 80%. Switching frequency: This choice determines the basic trade-off between size and efficiency. The optimal frequency is largely a function of maximum input voltage due to MOSFET switching losses that are proportional to frequency and VIN2. The optimum frequency is also a moving target due to rapid improvements in MOSFET technology that are making higher frequencies more practical. Inductor operating point: This choice provides trade-offs between size vs. efficiency and transient response vs. output noise. Low inductor values provide better transient response and smaller physical size, but also result in lower efficiency and higher output noise due to increased ripple current. The minimum practical inductor value is one that causes the circuit to operate at the edge of critical conduction (where the inductor current just touches zero with every cycle at maximum load). Inductor values lower than this grant no further size-reduction benefit. The optimum operating point is usually found between 20% and 50% ripple current. Inductor Selection The per-phase switching frequency and operating point (% ripple current or LIR) determine the inductor value as follows: 28 V VIN - VOUT OUT L= f I LIR V SW LOAD(MAX) IN For example: ILOAD(MAX) = 15A, VIN = 12V, VOUT = 1.5V, fSW = 300kHz, 30% ripple current or LIR = 0.3: 1.5V 12V - 1.5V L= = 0.97H 300kHz x 15A x 0.3 12V Find a low-loss inductor having the lowest possible DC resistance that fits in the allotted dimensions. Ferrite cores are often the best choice, although powdered iron is inexpensive and can work well at 200kHz. The core must be large enough not to saturate at the peak inductor current (IPEAK): LIR IPEAK = ILOAD(MAX) 1+ 2 In combined mode, ILOAD(MAX) is the per-phase maximum current, which is half the actual maximum load current for the combined output. Transient Response The inductor ripple current impacts transient-response performance, especially at low VIN - VOUT differentials. Low inductor values allow the inductor current to slew faster, replenishing charge removed from the output filter capacitors by a sudden load step. The amount of output sag is also a function of the maximum duty factor, which can be calculated from the on-time and minimum off-time. The worst-case output sag voltage can be determined by: ( L ILOAD(MAX) VSAG = )2 VOUTVINTSW + tOFF(MIN) VIN - VOUT 2COUT VOUT TSW - tOFF(MIN) V IN where t OFF(MIN) is the minimum off-time (see the Electrical Characteristics table). The amount of overshoot due to stored inductor energy can be calculated as: VSOAR 2 ILOAD(MAX) ) L ( NPH 2COUT VOUT where NPH is the number of active phases per output. NPH is 1 for separate mode, and NPH is 2 for combined-mode operation. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers ILIMIT(LOW) > ILOAD(MAX) LIR 1 - NPH 2 where I LIMIT(LOW) equals the minimum current-limit threshold voltage divided by the output sense element (inductor DCR or sense resistor). The four-level ILIM setting sets a valley current limit of 15mV, 30mV, 45mV, or 60mV across the CSH_ to CSL_ differential input. Special attention must be made to the tolerance and thermal variation of the on-resistance in the case of DCR sensing. Use the worst-case maximum value for RDCR from the inductor data sheet, and add some margin for the rise in RDCR with temperature. A good general rule is to allow 0.5% additional resistance for each C of temperature rise, which must be included in the design margin unless the design includes an NTC thermistor in the DCR network to thermally compensate the current-limit threshold. The current-sense method (Figure 14) and magnitude determine the achievable current-limit accuracy and power loss. The sense resistor can be determined by: RSENSE_ = VLIM_/ILIMIT_ For the best current-sense accuracy and overcurrent protection, use a 1% tolerance current-sense resistor between the inductor and output as shown in Figure 14a. This configuration constantly monitors the inductor current, allowing accurate current-limit protection. However, the parasitic inductance of the current-sense resistor can cause current-limit inaccuracies, especially when using low-value inductors and current-sense resistors. This parasitic inductance (LESL) can be cancelled by adding an RC circuit across the sense resistor with an equivalent time constant: CEQREQ = LESL RSENSE Alternatively, low-cost applications that do not require highly accurate current-limit protection can reduce the overall power dissipation by connecting a series RC circuit across the inductor (Figure 14b) with an equivalent time constant: RCS = R2 RDCR R1+ R2 and: RDCR = L 1 1 x + CEQ R1 R2 where RCS is the required current-sense resistance and RDCR is the inductor's series DC resistance. Use the worst-case inductance and RDCR values provided by the inductor manufacturer, adding some margin for the inductance drop over temperature and load. INPUT (VIN) DH_ NH CIN SENSE RESISTOR L LESL RSENSE CEQREQ = LX_ MAX17007 DL_ MAX17008 NL DL REQ CEQ LESL RSENSE COUT PGND CSH_ CSL_ a) OUTPUT SERIES RESISTOR SENSING Figure 14. Current-Sense Configurations (Sheet 1 of 2) ______________________________________________________________________________________ 29 MAX17007/MAX17008 Setting the Valley Current Limit The minimum current-limit threshold must be high enough to support the maximum load current when the current limit is at the minimum tolerance value. The valley of the inductor current occurs at ILOAD(MAX) minus half the ripple current; therefore: MAX17007/MAX17008 Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers INPUT (VIN) DH_ NH CIN INDUCTOR L RDCR RCS = LX_ MAX17007 DL_ MAX17008 NL DL R1 PGND R2 CEQ R2 = RDCR R1 + R2 COUT L RDCR = C EQ [ R11 + R21 ] CSH_ CSL_ b) LOSSLESS INDUCTOR SENSING FOR THERMAL COMPENSATION: R2 SHOULD CONSIST OF AN NTC RESISTOR IN SERIES WITH A STANDARD THIN-FILM RESISTOR. Figure 14. Current-Sense Configurations (Sheet 2 of 2) Output Capacitor Selection The output filter capacitor must have low enough effective series resistance (ESR) to meet output ripple and load-transient requirements, yet have high enough ESR to satisfy stability requirements. In core and chipset converters and other applications where the output is subject to large-load transients, the output capacitor's size typically depends on how much ESR is needed to prevent the output from dipping too low under a load transient. Ignoring the sag due to finite capacitance: (RESR + RPCB ) I VSTEP LOAD(MAX) In low-power applications, the output capacitor's size often depends on how much ESR is needed to maintain an acceptable level of output ripple voltage. The output ripple voltage of a step-down controller equals the total inductor ripple current multiplied by the output capacitor's ESR. The maximum ESR to meet ripple requirements is: VINfSWL RESR VRIPPLE (VIN - VOUT )VOUT where fSW is the switching frequency. With most chemistries (polymer, tantalum, aluminum, electrolytic), the actual capacitance value required relates to the physical size needed to achieve low ESR and the chemistry limits of the selected capacitor technology. Ceramic capacitors provide low ESR, but the capacitance and voltage rating (after derating) are determined by the capacity needed to prevent VSAG and VSOAR from causing problems during load transients. Generally, once enough capacitance is added to meet the overshoot requirement, undershoot at the 30 rising load edge is no longer a problem (see the VSAG and VSOAR equations in the Transient Response section). Thus, the output capacitor selection requires carefully balancing capacitor chemistry limitations (capacitance vs. ESR vs. voltage rating) and cost. Output Capacitor Stability Considerations For Quick-PWM controllers, stability is determined by the in-phase feedback ripple relative to the switching frequency, which is typically dominated by the output ESR. The boundary of instability is given by the following equation: fSW 1 2REFFCOUT REFF 1 2fSWCOUT REFF = RESR + A CSRCS where COUT is the total output capacitance, RESR is the total ESR of the output capacitors, RCS is the currentsense resistance, and ACS is the current-sense gain as determined by the ILIM setting. ACS equals 2, 2.67, 4, and 8 for ILIM settings of 5V, 3.3V, 2V, and GND, respectively. For a 300kHz application, the effective zero frequency must be well below 95kHz, preferably below 50kHz. For the standard application circuit with ceramic output capacitors, the output ripple cannot be relied upon to be in phase with the inductor current due to the low ESR of the ceramic capacitors. Stability is mainly dependent on the current-sense gain. With ILIM = 2V, ACS = 4, and an effective current-sense resistance of approximately 3.5m, then the ESR zero works out to: 1/[2 x (2x330F + 5 x 10F) x 4 x 3.5m] = 16kHz This is well within the stability requirements. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers The easiest method for checking stability is to apply a very fast zero-to-max load transient and carefully observe the output voltage ripple envelope for overshoot and ringing. It can help to simultaneously monitor the inductor current with an AC current probe. Do not allow more than one cycle of ringing after the initial step-response under/overshoot. Input Capacitor Selection The input capacitor must meet the ripple current requirement (IRMS) imposed by the switching currents. The IRMS requirements can be determined by the following equation for a single-phase application: IRMS = ILOAD12VOUT1(VIN - VOUT1) + ILOAD22VOUT2 (VIN - VOUT2 ) VIN In combined mode, the input RMS current simplifies to: I IRMS = LOAD 2VOUT (VIN - VOUT ) 2VIN where ILOAD is the combined output current of both phases. For most applications, nontantalum chemistries (ceramic, aluminum, or OS-CON) are preferred due to their resistance to inrush surge currents typical of systems with a mechanical switch or connector in series with the input. If the Quick-PWM controller is operated as the second stage of a two-stage power-conversion system, tantalum input capacitors are acceptable. In either configuration, choose an input capacitor that exhibits less than +10C temperature rise at the RMS input current for optimal circuit longevity. Power-MOSFET Selection Most of the following MOSFET guidelines focus on the challenge of obtaining high load-current capability when using high-voltage (> 20V) AC adapters. Lowcurrent applications usually require less attention. The high-side MOSFET (NH) must be able to dissipate the resistive losses plus the switching losses at both VIN(MIN) and VIN(MAX). Calculate both of these sums. Ideally, the losses at VIN(MIN) should be roughly equal to losses at VIN(MAX), with lower losses in between. If the losses at VIN(MIN) are significantly higher than the losses at VIN(MAX), consider increasing the size of NH (reducing RDS(ON) but with higher CGATE). Conversely, if the losses at VIN(MAX) are significantly higher than the losses at VIN(MIN), consider reducing the size of NH (increasing RDS(ON) to lower CGATE). If VIN does not vary over a wide range, the minimum power dissipation occurs where the resistive losses equal the switching losses. Choose a low-side MOSFET that has the lowest possible on-resistance (RDS(ON)), comes in a moderate-sized package (i.e., one or two 8-pin SOs, DPAK, or D2PAK), and is reasonably priced. Make sure that the DL gate driver can supply sufficient current to support the gate charge and the current injected into the parasitic gateto-drain capacitor caused by the high-side MOSFET turning on; otherwise, cross-conduction problems might occur (see the MOSFET Gate Drivers (DH, DL) section). MOSFET Power Dissipation Worst-case conduction losses occur at the duty factor extremes. For the high-side MOSFET (NH), the worstcase power dissipation due to resistance occurs at the minimum input voltage: V 2 PD(NHRe sistive) = OUT (ILOAD ) RDS(ON) V IN(MIN) Generally, a small high-side MOSFET is desired to reduce switching losses at high input voltages. However, the RDS(ON) required to stay within package power dissipation often limits how small the MOSFET can be. Again, the optimum occurs when the switching losses equal the conduction (RDS(ON)) losses. Highside switching losses do not usually become an issue until the input is greater than approximately 15V. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 31 MAX17007/MAX17008 When only using ceramic output capacitors, output overshoot (VSOAR) typically determines the minimum output capacitance requirement. Their relatively low capacitance value can allow significant output overshoot when stepping from full-load to no-load conditions, unless designed with a small inductance value and high switching frequency to minimize the energy transferred from the inductor to the capacitor during load-step recovery. Unstable operation manifests itself in two related but distinctly different ways: double pulsing and feedback loop instability. Double pulsing occurs due to noise on the output or because the ESR is so low that there is not enough voltage ramp in the output voltage signal. This "fools" the error comparator into triggering a new cycle immediately after the minimum off-time period has expired. Double pulsing is more annoying than harmful, resulting in nothing worse than increased output ripple. However, it can indicate the possible presence of loop instability due to insufficient ESR. Loop instability can result in oscillations at the output after line or load steps. Such perturbations are usually damped, but can cause the output voltage to rise above or fall below the tolerance limits. MAX17007/MAX17008 Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers Calculating the power dissipation in high-side MOSFET (NH) due to switching losses is difficult since it must allow for difficult quantifying factors that influence the turn-on and turn-off times. These factors include the internal gate resistance, gate charge, threshold voltage, source inductance, and PCB layout characteristics. The following switching-loss calculation provides only a very rough estimate and is no substitute for breadboard evaluation, preferably including verification using a thermocouple mounted on NH: QG(SW) PD(NHSwitching) = VIN(MAX)ILOADfSW IGATE + COSS VIN(MAX)2 fSW 2 where COSS is the NH MOSFET's output capacitance, QG(SW) is the charge needed to turn on the NH MOSFET, and IGATE is the peak gate-drive source/sink current (2.4A typ). Switching losses in the high-side MOSFET can become an insidious heat problem when maximum AC adapter voltages are applied due to the squared term in the C x V IN2 x f SW switching-loss equation. If the high-side MOSFET chosen for adequate RDS(ON) at low battery voltages becomes extraordinarily hot when biased from V IN(MAX) , consider choosing another MOSFET with lower parasitic capacitance. For the low-side MOSFET (NL), the worst-case power dissipation always occurs at maximum input voltage: V 2 PD(NL Re sistive) = 1- OUT (ILOAD ) RDS(ON) VIN(MAX) The worst case for MOSFET power dissipation occurs under heavy overloads that are greater than ILOAD(MAX), but are not quite high enough to exceed the current limit and cause the fault latch to trip. To protect against this possibility, you can "over design" the circuit to tolerate: I ILOAD = IVALLEY(MAX) + INDUCTOR 2 ILOAD(MAX)LIR = IVALLEY(MAX) + 2 where I VALLEY(MAX) is the maximum valley current allowed by the current-limit circuit, including threshold tolerance and on-resistance variation. The MOSFETs must have a good size heatsink to handle the overload power dissipation. 32 Choose a Schottky diode (DL) with a forward voltage low enough to prevent the low-side MOSFET body diode from turning on during the dead time. Select a diode that can handle the load current during the dead times. This diode is optional and can be removed if efficiency is not critical. Boost Capacitors The boost capacitors (CBST) must be selected large enough to handle the gate-charging requirements of the high-side MOSFETs. Typically, 0.1F ceramic capacitors work well for low-power applications driving medium-sized MOSFETs. However, high-current applications driving large, high-side MOSFETs require boost capacitors larger than 0.1F. For these applications, select the boost capacitors to avoid discharging the capacitor more than 200mV while charging the highside MOSFETs' gates: CBST = N x QGATE 200mV where N is the number of high-side MOSFETs used for one regulator, and QGATE is the gate charge specified in the MOSFET's data sheet. For example, assume (2) IRF7811W n-channel MOSFETs are used on the high side. According to the manufacturer's data sheet, a single IRF7811W has a maximum gate charge of 24nC (VGS = 5V). Using the above equation, the required boost capacitance would be: CBST = 2 x 24nC = 0.24F 200mV Selecting the closest standard value, this example requires a 0.22F ceramic capacitor. Applications Information Minimum Input Voltage Requirements and Dropout Performance The output-voltage adjustable range for continuousconduction operation is restricted by the nonadjustable minimum off-time one-shot. For best dropout performance, use the slower (200kHz) on-time settings. When working with low input voltages, the duty-factor limit must be calculated using worst-case values for on- and off-times. Manufacturing tolerances and internal propagation delays introduce an error to the on-times. This error is greater at higher frequencies. Also, keep in mind that transient response performance of buck regulators operated too close to dropout is poor, and bulk output capacitance must often be added (see the Transient Response section (the VSAG equation) in the Quick-PWM Design Procedure section). ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers VOUT - VCHG VIN(MIN) = 1 - h x t OFF(MIN)fSW ( ) where VCHG is the parasitic voltage drop in the charge path (see the On-Time One-Shot section), and tOFF(MIN) is from the Electrical Characteristics table. The absolute minimum input voltage is calculated with h = 1. If the calculated VIN(MIN) is greater than the required minimum input voltage, then reduce the operating frequency or add output capacitance to obtain an acceptable VSAG. If operation near dropout is anticipated, calculate VSAG to be sure of adequate transient response. Dropout Design Example: VOUT = 1.5V fSW = 300kHz PCB Layout Guidelines Careful PCB layout is critical to achieve low switching losses and clean, stable operation. The switching power stage requires particular attention. If possible, mount all the power components on the top side of the board with their ground terminals flush against one another. Follow these guidelines for good PCB layout: * Keep the high-current paths short, especially at the ground terminals. This is essential for stable, jitterfree operation. * Connect all analog grounds to a separate solid copper plane, which connects to the GND pin of the Quick-PWM controller. This includes the VCC bypass capacitor, REF bypass capacitors, REFIN1 components, and feedback compensation/dividers. * Keep the power traces and load connections short. This is essential for high efficiency. The use of thick copper PCBs (2oz vs. 1oz) can enhance full-load efficiency by 1% or more. Correctly routing PCB traces is a difficult task that must be approached in terms of fractions of centimeters, where a single m of excess trace resistance causes a measurable efficiency penalty. * Keep the high current, gate-driver traces (DL, DH, LX, and BST) short and wide to minimize trace resistance and inductance. This is essential for high-power MOSFETs that require low-impedance gate drivers to avoid shoot-through currents. * When trade-offs in trace lengths must be made, it is preferable to allow the inductor charging path to be made longer than the discharge path. For example, it is better to allow some extra distance between the input capacitors and the high-side MOSFET than to allow distance between the inductor and the lowside MOSFET or between the inductor and the output filter capacitor. * Route high-speed switching nodes away from sensitive analog areas (REF, REFIN1, FB2, CSH, and CSL). tOFF(MIN) = 250ns VCHG = 150mV (10A load) h = 1.5 1.5V + 150mV VIN(MIN) = = 1.86V 1- (0.25s x 1.5 x 300kHz) Calculating again with h = 1 gives the absolute limit of dropout: 1.5V + 150mV VIN(MIN) = = 1.78V 1- (0.25s x 1.0 x 300kHz) Therefore, VIN must be greater than 1.78V, even with very large output capacitance, and a practical input voltage with reasonable output capacitance would be 2.0V. Layout Procedure 1) Place the power components first, with ground terminals adjacent (low-side MOSFET source, C IN, COUT, and anode of the low-side Schottky). If possible, make all these connections on the top layer with wide, copper-filled areas. 2) Mount the controller IC adjacent to the low-side MOSFET. The DL gate traces must be short and wide (50 mils to 100 mils wide if the MOSFET is 1in from the controller IC). ______________________________________________________________________________________ 33 MAX17007/MAX17008 In a single-phase configuration, the absolute point of dropout is when the inductor current ramps down during the minimum off-time (IDOWN) as much as it ramps up during the on-time (I UP ). The ratio h = I UP / IDOWN is an indicator of the ability to slew the inductor current higher in response to increased load and must always be greater than 1. As h approaches 1--the absolute minimum dropout point--the inductor current cannot increase as much during each switching cycle, and VSAG greatly increases unless additional output capacitance is used. A reasonable minimum value for h is 1.5, but adjusting this up or down allows trade-offs between V SAG , output capacitance, and minimum operating voltage. For a given value of h, the minimum operating voltage can be calculated as: 3) Group the gate-drive components (BST capacitors, VDD bypass capacitor) together near the controller IC. 4) Make the DC-DC controller ground connections as shown in Figures 1 and 2. This diagram can be viewed as having four separate ground planes: I/O ground, where all the high-power components go; the power ground plane, where the PGND pin and V DD bypass capacitor go; the master's analog ground plane where sensitive analog components, the master's GND pin, and VCC bypass capacitor go; and the slave's analog ground plane where the slave's GND pin and VCC bypass capacitor go. The master's GND plane must meet the PGND plane only at a single point directly beneath the IC. Similarly, the slave's GND plane must meet the PGND plane only at a single point directly beneath the IC. The respective master and slave ground planes should connect to the high-power output ground with a short metal trace from PGND to the source of the low-side MOSFET (the middle of the star ground). This point must also be very close to the output capacitor ground terminal. 5) Connect the output power planes (VOUT and system ground planes) directly to the output filter capacitor positive and negative terminals with multiple vias. Place the entire DC-DC converter circuit as close to the load as is practical. See Figure 15. POWER STAGE LAYOUT (TOP SIDE OF PCB) OUTPUT 1 KELVIN SENSE VIAS UNDER THE INDUCTOR (SEE MAX17007 EVALUATION KIT) OUTPUT 2 INDUCTOR L2 COUT1 COUT1 COUT2 INDUCTOR L1 COUT2 CSL CSH POWER GROUND CIN1 CIN2 MAX17007/MAX17008 Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers KELVIN SENSE VIAS TO INDUCTOR PAD INDUCTOR DCR SENSING INPUT SMPS1 SMPS2 CONNECT GND AND PGND THE CONTROLLER AT ONE POINT ONLY AS SHOWN VIA TO POWER GROUND X-RAY VIEW. IC MOUNTED ON BOTTOM SIDE OF PCB. CONNECT THE EXPOSED PAD TO ANALOG GND + VCC BYPASS CAPACITOR REF BYPASS CAPACITOR VIA TO ANALOG GROUND IC LAYOUT Figure 15. PCB Layout Example 34 ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual and Combinable QPWM Graphics Core Controllers for Notebook Computers TRANSISTOR COUNT: 13,103 PROCESS: BiCMOS For the latest package outline information, go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages. PACKAGE TYPE PACKAGE CODE DOCUMENT NO. 28 TQFN T2844-1 21-0139 Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. 35 ____________________Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600 (c) 2008 Maxim Integrated Products is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. MAX17007/MAX17008 Package Information Chip Information