December 13, 2007
LP3991
300mA Linear Voltage Regulator for Digital Applications
General Description
Operating from a minimum input voltage of 1.65V, the LP3991
regulator has been designed to provide fixed stable output
voltages for load currents up to 300mA. This device is suitable
where accurate, low voltages are required from low input volt-
age sources and is therefore suitable for post regulation of
switched mode regulators. In such applications, significant
improvements in performance and EMI can be realized, with
little reduction in overall efficiency. The LP3991 will provide
fixed outputs as low as 1.2V from a wide input range of 1.65V
to 4.0V Using the enable pin, the device may be controlled to
provide a shutdown state, in which negligible supply current
is drawn.
The LP3991 is designed to be stable with space saving ce-
ramic capacitors as small as 0402 case size.
Performance is specified for a -40°C to 125°C junction tem-
perature range.
For output voltage options please contact your local NSC
sales office.
Features
Operation from 1.65V to 4.0V Input
1% accuracy at room temperature
Output Voltage from 1.2V to 2.8V
125mV Dropout at 300mA load
50µA Quiescent Current at 1mA Load
Inrush Current controlled to 600mA
PSRR 65dB at 1kHz
100µs Start-Up time for 1.5V VOUT
Stable with Ceramic Capacitors as small as 0402
Thermal-Overload and Short-Circuit Protection
Package
4 pin micro SMD (0.963mm x 1.446mm)
For other package options contact your NSC sales office.
Applications
Post DC/DC Regulator
Battery Operated Devices
Hand-Held Information Appliances
Typical Application Circuit
20110002
© 2007 National Semiconductor Corporation 201100 www.national.com
LP3991 300mA Linear Voltage Regulator for Digital Applications
Pin Descriptions
Packages
Pin No. Symbol Name and Function
B1 VOUT Voltage output. A Low ESR Ceramic Capacitor should be
connected from this pin to GND. (See Application Information)
Connect this output to the load circuit.
A1 GND Common Ground. Connect to Pad.
A2 VEN Enable Input; Enables the Regulator when 0.95V.
Disables the Regulator when 0.4V.
Enable Input has an internal 1.2M pull-down resistor to GND.
B2 VIN Voltage Supply Input. A 1.0µF capacitor should be connected
from this pin to GND.
Connection Diagram
4 Bump Thin Micro SMD, Large Bump
20110006
See NS package number TLA04
Ordering Information (4-Bump Micro SMD)
Only available as Lead Free.
Output Voltage (V) Grade LP3991 Supplied as 1000 Units, Tape
and Reel
LP3991 Supplied as 3000 Units, Tape
and Reel
0.8 STD LP3991TL-0.8 LP3991TLX-0.8
1.2 STD LP3991TL-1.2 LP3991TLX-1.2
1.3 STD LP3991TL-1.3 LP3991TLX-1.3
1.5 STD LP3991TL-1.5 LP3991TLX-1.5
1.8 STD LP3991TL-1.8 LP3991TLX-1.8
2.0 STD LP3991TL-2.0 LP3991TLX-2.0
2.5 STD LP3991TL-2.5 LP3991TLX-2.5
2.8 STD LP3991TL-2.8 LP3991TLX-2.8
3.0 STD LP3991TL-3.0 LP3991TLX-3.0
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LP3991
Absolute Maximum Ratings
(Notes 1, 2)
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,
please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/
Distributors for availability and specifications.
VIN, VOUT, Pins: Voltage to GND -0.3 to 6.5V
VEN Pin: Voltage to GND -0.3 to (VIN + 0.3V) to 6.5V
(max)
Junction Temperature 150°C
Lead/Pad Temp. (Note 3)
Micro SMD 260°C
Storage Temperature -65 to 150°C
Continuous Power Dissipation
(Note 4)
Internally Limited
ESD (Note 5)
Human Body Model 2KV
Machine Model 200V
Operating Ratings (Note 1)
Input Voltage Range 1.65 to 4.0V
Recommended Load Current 300mA
Junction Temperature -40°C to 125°C
Ambient Temperature TARange
(Note 6)
-40°C to 85°C
Thermal Properties (Note 1)
Junction To Ambient Thermal
Resistance(Note 7)
θJA JEDEC Board
(Note 8)
88°C/W
θJA 4 Layer Board 160°C/W
Electrical Characteristics
Unless otherwise noted, VEN =950mV, VIN = VOUT + 0.5V, or 1.8V, whichever is higher. CIN = 1µF, IOUT = 1.0mA, COUT =4.7µF.
Typical values and limits appearing in normal type apply for TA = 25°C. Limits appearing in boldface type apply over the full junction
temperature range for operation, −40 to +125°C. (Note 9)
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typ Limit Units
Min Max
VIN
Input Voltage (Note 10) 1.65 3.6 V
(Note 16) 4.0
ΔVOUT Output Voltage Tolerance VIN = VIN(NOM) to 3.6V
ILOAD = 1 to 300mA
-1.0
-3.0
1.0
3.0
%
Temperature
(TJ)=
-25°C to +85°C
-2.5 2.5
Line Regulation Error VIN = VOUT(NOM) +0.5V to 3.6V,
IOUT = 1mA
0.8V VOUT 2.8V
0.05 1%/V
Load Regulation Error IOUT = 1mA to 300mA 10 60 µV/mA
VDO Dropout Voltage(Note 11) 1.8 VOUT 2.5V IOUT = 150mA 55 90
mV
IOUT = 300mA 110 180
VOUT > 2.5V IOUT = 150mA 40 80
IOUT = 300mA 75 160
ILOAD Minimum Load Current (Note 12) 0 mA
IQQuiescent Current VEN = 950mV, IOUT = 0mA 50 100
µA
VEN = 950mV, IOUT = 300mA 120 225
VEN = 0.4V 0.001 1.0
ISC Short Circuit Current Limit VIN = 3.6V (Note 13) 550 900 mA
IOUT Maximum Output Current 300 mA
PSRR Power Supply Rejection Ratio
(Note 14)
f = 1kHz, IOUT = 1mA to 300mA 65 dB
enOutput noise Voltage (Note 14) BW = 10Hz to 100kHz,
VIN = 4.2V, COUT = 4.7µF 280 µVRMS
TSHUTDOWN Thermal Shutdown Temperature 160 °C
Hysteresis 20
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LP3991
Electrical Characteristics con't.
Unless otherwise noted, VEN =950mV, VIN = VOUT + 0.5V, or 1.8V, whichever is higher. CIN = 1µF, IOUT = 1.0mA, COUT =4.7µF.
Typical values and limits appearing in normal type apply for TA = 25°C. Limits appearing in boldface type apply over the full junction
temperature range for operation, −40 to +125°C. (Note 9)
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typ Limit Units
Min Max
Enable Control Characteristics
IEN
(Note 15)
Maximum Input Current at
VEN Input
VEN = 0V, VIN = 3.6V 0.001 µA
VEN = VIN = 3.6V 3 5.5
VIL Low Input Threshold VIN = 1.65V to 3.6V 0.4 V
VIH High Input Threshold VIN = 1.65V to 3.6V 0.95 V
Timing Characteristics
TON Turn On Time (Note 14) To 95% Level
VIN(MIN) to 3.6V
VOUT 2.0V 100
µs
VOUT > 2.0V 140
Line Transient Response |δVOUT|Trise = Tfall = 30µs (Note 14)
δVIN = 600mV 6 mV
(pk - pk)
Transient
Response
Load Transient Response |δVOUT|Trise = Tfall = 1µs
(Note 14)
IOUT = 0 mA to 300mA 140
mV
IOUT = 1mA to 300mA 110
IOUT = 300mA to 1mA 80
IOUT = 0mA to 200mA 110
IOUT = 1mA to 200mA 80
IOUT = 200mA to 1mA 60
IOUT = 0mA to 150mA 100
IOUT = 1mA to 150mA 70
IOUT = 150mA to 1mA 50
Overshoot on Start-up 0 2%
IIR In-Rush Current (Note 14) 600 1000 mA
Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings are limits beyond which damage can occur. Operating Ratings are conditions under which operation of the device is
guaranteed. Operating Ratings do not imply guaranteed performance limits. For guaranteed performance limits and associated test conditions, see the Electrical
Characteristics tables.
Note 2: All Voltages are with respect to the potential at the GND pin.
Note 3: For further information on these packages please refer to the following application notes,AN-1112 Micro SMD Wafer Level Chip Scale Package.
Note 4: Internal thermal shutdown circuitry protects the device from permanent damage.
Note 5: The human body model is 100pF discharged through a 1.5k resistor into each pin. The machine model is a 200pF capacitor discharged directly into
each pin.
Note 6: The maximum ambient temperature (TA(max)) is dependant on the maximum operating junction temperature (TJ(max-op) = 125°C), the maximum power
dissipation of the device in the application (PD(max)), and the junction to ambient thermal resistance of the part / package in the application (θJA), as given by the
following equation: TA(max) = TJ(max-op) - (θJA × PD(max)).
Note 7: Junction to ambient thermal resistance is dependant on the application and board layout. In applications where high maximum power dissipation is
possible, special care must be paid to thermal dissipation issues in board design.
Note 8: Full details can be found in JESD61-7
Note 9: All limits are guaranteed. All electrical characteristics having room-temperature limits are tested during production at TJ = 25°C or correlated using
Statistical Quality Control methods. Operation over the temperature specification is guaranteed by correlating the electrical characteristics to process and
temperature variations and applying statistical process control.
Note 10: VIN(MIN) = VOUT(NOM) + 0.5V or 1.65V, whichever is greater. (See post DC/DC convertor example in application information section).
Note 11: Dropout voltage is voltage difference between input and output at which the output voltage drops to 100mV below its nominal value. This parameter is
only specified for output voltages above 1.8V.
Note 12: The device maintains the regulated output voltage without a load.
Note 13: Short circuit current is measured with VOUT pulled to 0V.
Note 14: This electrical specification is guaranteed by design.
Note 15: Enable Pin has an internal 1.2M typical, resistor connected to GND.
Note 16: The device will operate with input voltages up to 4.0V. However special care should be taken in relation to thermal dissipation and the need to derate
the maximum allowable ambient temperature. See (Notes 6, 7)
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LP3991
Output Capacitor, Recommended Specifications
Parameter Conditions Typ Limit Units
Min Max
COUT Output Capacitor Capacitance
(Note 17)
VOUT 1.5V 4.7 2
µF
VOUT < 1.5V
(Note 18) 2.2 1.6
ESR 5 500 m
Note 17: The capacitor tolerance should be 30% or better over temperature. The full operating conditions for the application should be considered when selecting
a suitable capacitor to ensure that the minimum value of capacitance is always met. Recommended capacitor type is X7R or X5R. (See capacitor section in
Applications Hints)
Note 18: On lower voltage options, 2.2µF output capacitor may be used but some degradation in load transient (10 -15%) can be expected, compared to a 4.7µF.
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LP3991
Typical Performance Characteristics. Unless otherwise specified, CIN = 1.0µF Ceramic, COUT = 4.7µF
Ceramic, VIN = VOUT(NOM) + 0.5V or 1.8V whichever is greater, TA = 25°C, VOUT(NOM) = 1.5V , Shutdown pin is tied to VIN.
Output Voltage Change vs Temperature
20110010
Output Voltage vs Minimum Input Voltage
20110009
Ground Current vs Load Current
20110012
Ground Current vs VIN. ILOAD = 1mA
20110011
Dropout Voltage
20110014
Dropout Voltage vs Output Voltage
20110015
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LP3991
Typical Performance Characteristics con't. Unless otherwise specified, CIN = 1.0µF Ceramic,
COUT = 4.7µF Ceramic, VIN = VOUT(NOM) + 0.5V or 1.8V whichever is greater, TA = 25°C, VOUT(NOM) = 1.5V , Shutdown pin is tied
to VIN.
Load Transient, VOUT = 1.5V
20110018
Load Transient, VOUT = 1.2V
20110021
Line Transient, ILOAD = 1mA
20110019
Line Transient, ILOAD = 300mA
20110020
Enable Characteristics
20110023
Short Circuit Current
20110022
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LP3991
Typical Performance Characteristics con't. Unless otherwise specified, CIN = 1.0µF Ceramic,
COUT = 4.7µF Ceramic, VIN = VOUT(NOM) + 0.5V or 1.8V whichever is greater, TA = 25°C, VOUT(NOM) = 1.5V , Shutdown pin is tied
to VIN.
Power Supply Rejection Ratio
20110025
Power Supply Rejection Ratio
20110026
Noise Density
20110028
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LP3991
Application Information
EXTERNAL CAPACITORS
In common with most regulators, the LP3991 requires exter-
nal capacitors for regulator stability. The LP3991 is specifi-
cally designed for portable applications requiring minimum
board space and smallest components. These capacitors
must be correctly selected for good performance.
INPUT CAPACITOR
An input capacitor is required for stability. It is recommended
that a 1.0µF capacitor be connected between the LP3991 in-
put pin and ground (this capacitance value may be increased
without limit).
This capacitor must be located a distance of not more than
1cm from the input pin and returned to a clean analogue
ground. Any good quality ceramic, tantalum, or film capacitor
may be used at the input.
Important: Tantalum capacitors can suffer catastrophic fail-
ures due to surge current when connected to a low-
impedance source of power (like a battery or a very large
capacitor). If a tantalum capacitor is used at the input, it must
be guaranteed by the manufacturer to have a surge current
rating sufficient for the application.
There are no requirements for the ESR (Equivalent Series
Resistance) on the input capacitor, but tolerance, tempera-
ture, and voltage coefficients must be considered when se-
lecting the capacitor to ensure the capacitance will remain
1.0µF over the entire operating temperature range.
OUTPUT CAPACITOR
Correct selection of the output capacitor is critical to ensure
stable operation in the intended application.
The output capacitor must meet all the requirements specified
in the recommended capacitor table over all conditions in the
application. these conditions include DC bias, frequency and
temperature. Unstable operation will result if the capacitance
drops below the minimum specified value.
The LP3991 is designed specifically to work with very small
ceramic output capacitors. For voltage options of 1.5V and
higher, A 4.7µF ceramic capacitor (dielectric type X7R or
X5R) with an ESR between 5m to 500m, is suitable in the
LP3991 application circuit. However, on lower VOUT options a
2.2µF may be employed with only a small increase in load
transient.
Other ceramic types such as Y5V and Z5U are less suitable
owing to their inferior temperature characteristics. (See sec-
tion on Capacitor Characteristics).
It is also recommended that the output capacitor is placed
within 1cm of the output pin and returned to a clean, low
impedance, ground connection.
It is possible to use tantalum or film capacitors at the device
output, VOUT, but these are not as attractive for reasons of
size and cost (see the section Capacitor Characteristics).
NO-LOAD STABILITY
The LP3991 will remain stable and in regulation with no ex-
ternal load. This is an important consideration in some cir-
cuits, for example CMOS RAM keep-alive applications.
CAPACITOR CHARACTERISTICS
The LP3991 is designed to work with ceramic capacitors on
the input and output to take advantage of the benefits they
offer. For capacitance values around 4.7µF, ceramic capaci-
tors give the circuit designer the best design options in terms
of low cost and minimal area.
For both input and output capacitors, careful interpretation of
the capacitor specification is required to ensure correct device
operation. The capacitor value can change greatly dependant
on the conditions of operation and capacitor type.
In particular, to ensure stability, the output capacitor selection
should take account of all the capacitor parameters, to ensure
that the specification is met within the application. Capaci-
tance value can vary with DC bias conditions as well as
temperature and frequency of operation. Capacitor values will
also show some decrease over time due to aging. The ca-
pacitor parameters are also dependant on the particular case
size with smaller sizes giving poorer performance figures in
general.
20110040
FIGURE 1. Effect of DC bias on Capacitance Value.
As an example Figure 1 shows a typical graph showing a
comparison of capacitor case sizes in a Capacitance vs. DC
Bias plot. As shown in the graph, as a result of the DC Bias
condition, the capacitance value may drop below the mini-
mum capacitance value given in the recommended capacitor
table. Note that the graph shows the capacitance out of spec
for the 0402 case size capacitor at higher bias voltages. It is
therefore recommended that the capacitor manufacturers'
specifications for the nominal value capacitor are consulted
for all conditions as some capacitor sizes (e.g. 0402) may not
be suitable in the actual application. Ceramic capacitors have
the lowest ESR values, thus making them best for eliminating
high frequency noise. The ESR of a typical 4.7µF ceramic
capacitor is in the range of 20m to 40m, which easily
meets the ESR requirement for stability for the LP3991. The
temperature performance of ceramic capacitors varies by
type. Capacitor type X7R is specified with a tolerance of ±15%
over the temperature range -55°C to +125°C. The X5R has a
similar tolerance over the reduced temperature range of -55°
C to +85°C. Some large value ceramic capacitors (4.7µF) are
manufactured with Z5U or Y5V temperature characteristics,
which can result in the capacitance dropping by more than
50% as the temperature varies from 25°C to 85°C. Therefore
X7R or X5R types are recommended in applications where
the temperature will change significantly above or below 25°
C.
Tantalum capacitors are less desirable than ceramic for use
as output capacitors because they are more expensive when
comparing equivalent capacitance and voltage ratings in the
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LP3991
1µF to 4.7µF range. Another important consideration is that
tantalum capacitors have higher ESR values than equivalent
size ceramics. This means that while it may be possible to find
a tantalum capacitor with an ESR value within the stable
range, it would have to be larger in capacitance (which means
bigger and more costly) than a ceramic capacitor with the
same ESR value. It should also be noted that the ESR of a
typical tantalum will increase about 2:1 as the temperature
goes from 25°C down to -40°C, so some guard band must be
allowed.
ENABLE CONTROL
The LP3991 features an active high Enable pin, VEN, which
turns the device on when pulled high. When not enabled the
regulator output is off and the device typically consumes 2nA.
If the application does not require the Enable switching fea-
ture, the VEN pin should be tied to VIN to keep the regulator
output permanently on.
To ensure proper operation, the signal source used to drive
the VEN input must be able to swing above and below the
specified turn-on/off voltage thresholds listed in the Electrical
Characteristics section under VIL and VIH.
micro SMD MOUNTING
The micro SMD package requires specific mounting tech-
niques which are detailed in the National Semiconductor
Application Note (AN-1112). Referring to the section Surface
Mount Technology (SMT) Assenbly Considerations, it should
be noted that the pad style which must be used with the 4 pin
package is NSMD (non-solder mask defined) type.
For best results during assembly, alignment ordinals on the
PCB may be used to facilitate placement of the micro SMD
device.
micro SMD LIGHT SENSITIVITY
Exposing the micro SMD device to direct sunlight may cause
mis-operation of the device. Light sources such as halogen
lamps can affect the electrical performance if brought near to
the device.
The wavelengths which have most detrimental effect are reds
and infra-reds, which means that fluorescent lighting, used
inside most buildings will have little effect on performance.
20110036
FIGURE 2. LP3991 Used as a Post DC/DC regulator
POST-BUCK REGULATOR
Linear Post-Regulation can be an effective way to reduce rip-
ple and switching noise from DC/DC convertors while still
maintaining a reasonably high overall efficiency.
The LP3991 is particularly suitable for this role due to its low
input voltage requirements. In addition, there is often no need
for a separate input capacitor for the LP3991 as it can share
the output cap of the DC/DC convertor.
Care of PCB layouts involving switching regulators is
paramount. In particular, the ground paths for the LDO should
be routed separately from the switcher ground and star con-
nected close to the battery. Routing of the switch pin of the
DC/DC convertor must be kept short to minimize radiated
EMI. A low pass filter such as a ferrite bead or common mode
choke on the battery input leads can further reduce radiated
EMI.
Figure 2 shows a typical example using an LM3673, 350mA
DC/DC buck regulator with a nominal output of 1.8V and a
1.5V LP3991. The overall efficiency will be greater than 70%
over the full Li-Ion battery voltage range. Maximum efficiency
is achieved by minimizing the difference between VIN and
VOUT of the LP3991. The LP3991-1.5 will remain in regulation
down to an input voltage of 1.65V, so, in this case, a 1.8V
buck with 5% tolerance is adequate for all conditions of tem-
perature and load.
MAXIMUM SUPPLY VOLTAGE AND THERMAL
CONSIDERATIONS
Maximum recommended input voltage is 3.6V. The device
may be operated at 4.0V VIN if proper care is given to the
board design in regard to thermal dissipation. As a guide
please refer to the following table for ambient temperature at
2 input voltages and 2 load currents for the example board
types.
θJA VIN VOUT IOUT PDAmbient
Temp.
88ºC/W 3.6V 2.8V 160mA 0.130W 113ºC
250mA 0.200W 107ºC
4.0V 2.8V 160mA 0.190W 108ºC
250mA 0.300W 98ºC
160ºC/W 3.6V 2.8V 160mA 0.130W 104ºC
250mA 0.200W 93ºC
4.0V 2.8V 160mA 0.190W 94ºC
250mA 0.300W 77ºC
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LP3991
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted
4 Bump Thin micro SMD, Large Bump
NS Package Number TLA04ZTA
The Dimensions for X1, X2 and X3 as given as:
X1 = 0.963mm ± 0.030mm
X2 = 1.446mm ± 0.03mm
X3 = 0.60mm ± 0.075mm
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LP3991
Notes
LP3991 300mA Linear Voltage Regulator for Digital Applications
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