FEATURES High efficiency: 94% @ 12Vin, 5V/40A out Size: 36.8mm x 32.2mm x 13.0mm (Vertical) (1.45"x1.27"x0.51") 36.8mm x 32.2mm x 14.0mm (Horizontal) (1.45"x1.27"x0.55") Resistor-based trim No minimum load required Output voltage programmable from 0.9-5.0V via external resistors Fixed frequency operation Input UVLO, output OVP (non-latch) and OCP (non-latch) Remote ON/OFF (default: positive) Remote sense Power good function ISO 9001, TL 9000, ISO 14001, QS9000, OHSAS18001 certified manufacturing facility UL/cUL 60950-1 (US & Canada) Recognized, and TUV (EN60950-1) Certified CE mark meets 73/23/EEC and 93/68/EEC directives Delphi ND Series Non-Isolated Point of Load DC/DC Modules: 8.0V~13.8Vin, 0.9V~5.0Vout, 40A The Delphi ND40 Series, 8.0V~13.8V input, single output, non-isolated point of load DC/DC converters are the latest offering from a world leader in power systems technology and manufacturing Delta Electronics, Inc. The ND40 series provides up to 40A of power in a vertical mounted through-hole package and the output can be resistor-trimmed from 0.9Vdc to 5.0Vdc. ND40 provides a very cost effective point of load solution. With creative design technology and optimization of component placement, these converters possess outstanding electrical and thermal performance, as well as extremely high reliability under highly stressful operating conditions. APPLICATIONS DATASHEET DS_ND40A_08072008 DataCom Distributed power architectures Servers and workstations LAN / WAN applications Data processing applications TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS (Ambient Temperature=25C, minimum airflow=300LFM, nominal Vin=12Vdc unless otherwise specified.) PARAMETER NOTES and CONDITIONS ND12S0A0V40 (standard) Min. ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Input Voltage (Continuous) Operating Temperature Storage Temperature INPUT CHARACTERISTICS Operating Input Voltage Input Under-Voltage Lockout Turn-On Voltage Threshold Turn-Off Voltage Threshold Lockout Hysteresis Voltage Maximum Input Current Inrush Current Peak Inrush Current Recovery Time External Input Capacitance Load Transient Effects on Input Current Vo Peak Deviation of Input Step Response OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS Output Voltage Adjustable Range Output Voltage Set Point Stability, Long Term Voltage Drift Output Voltage Regulation Over Line Over Load Over Temperature Total Output Voltage Range Output Voltage Ripple and Noise Peak-to-Peak Peak-to-Peak Peak-to-Peak Output Current Range External output capacitance Load Minimum Output capacitance Maximum Output capacitance Loop Stability Phase Margin Gain Margin Output Voltage Over-shoot at Start-up Output Current-Limit Inception Output Over Voltage Protection DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS Dynamic Load Response Positive Step Change in Output Current Negative Step Change in Output Current Setting Time Turn-On Transient Start-up Time, From On/Off Control Start-Up Time, From Input EFFICIENCY Vo,set=0.9V Vo,set=1.0V Vo,set=1.2V Vo,set=1.8V Vo,set=2.5V Vo,set=3.3V Vo,set=5.0V FEATURE CHARACTERISTICS Switching Frequency ON/OFF Control, (Logic High-Module ON) Logic High Voltage Logic Low Voltage Logic High Current Logic Low Current Power Good PG Delay Time from Vin PG Delay Time from Enable Remote Sense Range Compensation Voltage Vo,max When Remote Sense Line Open GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS MTBF Weight DS_ND40A_08072008 Max. Units 13.8 +120 +125 Vdc C C 13.8 Vdc Vin= 8V, Vo=5V, 100%Load 40 Vdc Vdc Vdc Adc Inrush Decay to Normal The dielectric of ceramic capacitance shell be X5R or X7R Refer to dynamic step load Vin step change of 1.8V , dv/dt of Vin =0.2V/S 22 200 100 100 2 100 Apk mS F A/S mV 0.9 -1 -0.1 5.0 +1 +0.1 Vdc % Vo,set % Vo,set 0.2 0.5 0.75 % Vo,set % Vo,set % Vo,set -3.0 +3.0 % Vo,set 0 30 40 85 40 Refer to Figure 30 for the measuring point Typ. 0 0 -40 8.0 12 Io= 50% of Io,max 7.8 6.2 1.6 Selected by an external resistor Io=Io,max ,Rtrim:0.1% tolerance , Tc=25ppm Vin=12V,Io=Io,max, record over 24hours Vin=Vin,min to Vin,max Io=Io,min to Io,max Ta=-5 to 60 Over all operation input voltage, resistive load, and temperature conditions until end of life 5Hz to 20MHz bandwidth, 10F tantalum // 1F ceramic, Vin=min to max, Io=min to max 0.9Vo,set1.5V 1.5Vo,set3.5V 3.5Vo,set5.0V ESR2m ESR0.2m Cout from 300F to 2000F 300 2000 45 10 0 Hiccup mode Hiccup mode 110 110 5Hz to 20MHz bandwidth, 10F tantalum // 1F ceramic, dIo/dt=2.5A/Us, Step load Freq.=200Hz~ 2.5KHz 50% Io, max to 100% Io, max 100% Io, max to 50% Io, max Vout1% of final steady value Io=Io,max From Enable High to 90% of Vo From Vin to 90% of Vo Vin=12V, Io=Io,max, Ta=25 Vin=12V, Io=Io,max, Ta=25 Vin=12V, Io=Io,max, Ta=25 Vin=12V, Io=Io,max, Ta=25 Vin=12V, Io=Io,max, Ta=25 Vin=12V, Io=Io,max, Ta=25 Vin=12V, Io=Io,max, Ta=25 150 150 200 200 100 7 7 80 82 83 84 84 86 89 500kHz operation for 2.2VVo,set5.0V Module On Module Off 5 200 500/220 2.7 3.6 20.5 Degree dB % Vo,set %Io,max % Vo,set mVpk mVpk s ms ms kHz 0.44 125 250 Vdc Vdc A A 15 15 mS mS 105 mV %Vo,set 50 Io=80%Io, max, Ta=25 F F % % % % % % % 82 84 86 89 90 92 94 Vin=Vin,min, Vo is between 95% - 105% of Vo,set Enable=H, Vo is between 95% - 105% of Vo,set mVp-p mVp-p mVp-p Adc M hours grams 2 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS CURVES 91 91 89 89 Efficiency ( % ) Efficiency ( % ) 87 85 83 V i n:8V 81 87 85 Vin:8V 83 Vin:12V V i n:12V 79 81 V i n:13.8V 77 Vin:13.8V 79 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 4 8 12 16 24 28 32 36 40 Iout ( A ) Iout ( A ) Figure 1: Converter efficiency vs. output current (0.9V output voltage) Figure 2: Converter efficiency vs. output current (1.0V output voltage) 93 95 91 93 89 91 Efficiency ( % ) Efficiency ( % ) 20 87 Vin:8V 85 89 Vin:8V 87 Vin:12V Vin:12V Vin:13.8V 83 Vin:13.8V 85 83 81 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 4 40 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 Iout ( A ) Iout ( A ) Figure 3: Converter efficiency vs. output current (1.2V output voltage) Figure 4: Converter efficiency vs. output current (1.8V output voltage) 96 95 95 94 93 91 Efficiency ( % ) Efficiency ( % ) 93 89 Vin:8V 87 Vin:12V 91 90 Vin:8V 89 Vin:12V 88 Vin:13.8V 85 92 Vin:13.8V 87 86 83 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 Iout ( A ) Figure 5: Converter efficiency vs. output current (2.5V output voltage) DS_ND40A_08072008 36 40 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 Iout ( A ) Figure 6: Converter efficiency vs. output current (3.3V output voltage) 3 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS CURVES 97 24 28 32 36 40 Minute 2856 20 2652 16 2448 12 2244 8 2040 4 1836 0 89 1632 Vin:13.8V 90 1428 Vin:12V 1224 Vin:8V 91 816 92 1020 93 612 94 408 Output Voltage (V) Efficiency ( % ) 95 2.502100 2.502050 2.502000 2.501950 2.501900 2.501850 2.501800 2.501750 2.501700 2.501650 204 96 Iout ( A ) Figure 7: Converter efficiency vs. output current (5.0V output voltage) Figure 8: Long term voltage drift over 24hr at 2.5V/40A out Figure 9: Output ripple & noise at 12Vin, 1.2V/40A out Figure 10: Output ripple & noise at 12Vin, 5.0V/40A out Figure 11: Typical transient response to step load change at 2.5A/S between 50% and 100% of Io, max at 12Vin, 1.2V out (Cout = 300uF ceramic, 1uF ceramic, 10F tantalum) Figure 12: Typical transient response to step load change at 2.5A/S between 50% and 100% of Io, max at 12Vin, 5.0V out (Cout = 300uF ceramic, 1uF ceramic, 10F tantalum) DS_ND40A_08072008 4 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS CURVES Figure 13: Typical transient response to step load change at 2.5A/S between 50% and 100% of Io, max at 12Vin, 1.2V out (Cout = 2000uF ceramic, 1uF ceramic, 10F tantalum) Figure 14: Typical transient response to step load change at 2.5A/S between 50% and 100% of Io, max at 12Vin, 5.0V out (Cout = 2000uF ceramic, 1uF ceramic, 10F tantalum) Figure 15: Typical transient response to step input voltage change at 0.2V/S between 12Vin and 13.8Vin at 1.2V/0A out (Cout = 300uF ceramic, 1uF ceramic, 10F tantalum) Ch1: Vin, Ch2: Vo Figure 16: Typical transient response to step input voltage change at 0.2V/S between 12Vin and 13.8Vin at 5.0V/0A out (Cout = 300uF ceramic, 1uF ceramic, 10F tantalum) Ch1: Vin, Ch2: Vo Figure 17: Turn on delay time at 12vin, 0.9V/40A out Ch1: Vin, Ch2: Vo Figure 18: Turn on delay time at 12vin, 5.0V/40A out Ch1: Vin, Ch2: Vo DS_ND40A_08072008 5 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS CURVES Figure 19: Turn on delay time at Remote On/Off, 0.9V/40A out Ch1: Enable pin, Ch2: Vo Figure 20: Turn on delay time at Remote On/Off, 5.0V/40A out Ch1: Enable pin, Ch2: Vo Figure 21: Turn on with Prebias 12Vin,1.2V/0A out, Vbias =0.84Vdc Figure 22: Turn on with Prebias 12Vin, 5V/0A out, Vbias =3.5Vdc Figure 23: Output short circuit current at 12Vin, 1.2Vout Ch1: Vo, Ch2: PG, C3: Io Figure 24: Output short circuit current at 12Vin, 5.0Vout Ch1: Vo, Ch2: PG, C3: Io DS_ND40A_08072008 6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FEATURES DESCRIPTIONS The ND 40A uses two phase and peak current mode controlled buck topology. The output can be trimmed in the range of 0.9Vdc to 5.0Vdc by a resistor between Trim+ pin and Trim pin. Enable On/Off The module can be turned ON/OFF by remote control with positive on/off logic to ENABLE pin. The converter DC output is disabled when the signal is driven low (below 0.44V). For positive logic module, the On/Off pin is pulled high with an external pull-up resistor, Rpull-up, (see figure 25) Positive logic On/Off signal turns the module ON during logic high and turns the module OFF during logic low. If the positive On/Off function is not used, connect ENABLE pin to Vin with Rpull-up. (The module will be On) Rpull-up of 100kohm is recommended. The module can protect itself by entering hiccup mode against over current, short circuit, over voltage condition. Safety Considerations The module can be turned ON/OFF by remote control with positive on/off logic to ENABLE pin. Vo Vin Rpull-up ION/OFF For safety-agency approval the power module must be installed in compliance with the spacing and separation requirements of the end-use safety agency standards. For the converter output to be considered meeting the requirements of safety extra-low voltage (SELV), the input must meet SELV requirements. The power module has extra-low voltage (ELV) outputs when all inputs are ELV. The input to these units is to be provided with a maximum 40A or two paralleled 20A of fast-acting fuses in the ungrounded lead. On/Off RL GND Fig. 25. Positive remote On/Off implementation Over-Current Protection To provide protection in an output over load fault condition, the unit is equipped with internal over-current protection. When the over-current protection is triggered, the unit enters hiccup mode. The units operate normally once the fault condition is removed. Over-Temperature Protection ND40 converter does not have built-in over-temperature protection. Hence, to ensure proper, reliable operation, sufficient cooling of the power module is needed over the entire temperature range of the module. Please refer page.9 for detail information. DS_ND40A_08072008 7 FEATURES DESCRIPTIONS (CON.) Output Voltage Programming Voltage Margining The output voltage of the ND40 converter can be programmed to any voltage between 0.9Vdc and 5.0Vdc by connecting one resistor (shown as Rtrim in Figure 26) between the TRIM+ and Trim pins of the module. Without this external resistor, the output voltage of the module is 0.6 Vdc. To calculate the value of the resistor Rtrim for a particular output voltage Vout, please use the following equation: Output voltage margining can be implemented in the ND40 converter by connecting a resistor, R margin-up, between Trim+ pin and Trim pin for margining-up the output voltage, and by connecting a resistor, Rmargin-down, between the Trim+ pin and the output pin for margining-down. Figure 27 shows the circuit configuration for output voltage margining. If unused, leave the trim pin unconnected. A calculation tool is available from the evaluation procedure which computes the values of Rmargin-up and Rmargin-down for a specific output voltage and margin percentage. Rs () = 1200 Vout - 0.6 Rtrim is the external resistor in Vout is the desired output voltage Vin Vin Vo Rmargin-down Vo Q1 On/Off On/Off Trim+ Rtrim RL Rmargin-up Q2 Rtrim GND Trim+ GND Trim- Figure 27: Circuit configuration for output voltage margining Trim- Figure 26: Circuit configuration for programming output voltage using an external resistor Test Setup of Output Ripple and Noise, and Start-up Transient Table 1 provides Rtrim values required for some common output voltages. By using a trim resistor with 0.1% tolerance and TCR of 25ppm, set point tolerance of 1% can be achieved as specified in the electrical specification. The measurement set-up outlined in Figure 28 has been used for output voltage ripple and noise measurement on NE40 series converters. Table 1 Vout (V) 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.5 3.3 5.0 Rtrim () 4K 3K 2K 1.333K 1K 631.579 444.444 272.727 Note: Use a 10F tantalum and 1F capacitor. Scope measurement should be taken by using a BNC connector. Co,min=300F ceramic capacitors Figure 28: output ripple and noise, start-up transient test setup DS_ND40A_08072008 8 THERMAL CONSIDERATION THERMAL CURVES (ND12S0A0V40) Thermal management is an important part of the system design. To ensure proper, reliable operation, sufficient cooling of the power module is needed over the entire temperature range of the module. Convection cooling is usually the dominant mode of heat transfer. Hence, the choice of equipment to characterize the thermal performance of the power module is a wind tunnel. Thermal Testing Setup Delta's DC/DC power modules are characterized in heated vertical wind tunnels that simulate the thermal environments encountered in most electronics equipment. This type of equipment commonly uses vertically mounted circuit cards in cabinet racks in which the power modules are mounted. Figure 30: Temperature measurement location* The allowed maximum hot spot temperature is defined at 120 NE12S0A0V40PNFC Output Current vs. Ambient Temperature and Air Velocity @ Vin =12V, Vout =5V (worse orientation) Output Current (A) 45 The following figure shows the wind tunnel characterization setup. The power module is mounted on a test PWB and is vertically positioned within the wind tunnel. The space between the neighboring PWB and the top of the power module is constantly kept at 6.35mm (0.25''). Thermal Derating 40 35 30 25 20 15 100LFM 400LFM 200LFM 500LFM 300LFM 600LFM 10 Heat can be removed by increasing airflow over the module. To enhance system reliability, the power module should always be operated below the maximum operating temperature. If the temperature exceeds the maximum module temperature, reliability of the unit may be affected. 5 0 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 Ambient Temperature () Figure 31: Output current vs. ambient temperature and air velocity @Vin=12V, Vout=5.0V (Worse Orientation) NE12S0A0V40PNFC Output Current vs. Ambient Temperature and Air Velocity @ Vin =12V, Vout =3.3V (worse orientation) 45 Output Current (A) 40 35 30 25 20 100LFM 400LFM 200LFM 500LFM 300LFM 600LFM 15 10 5 0 25 Note: Wind tunnel test setup figure dimensions are in millimeters and (Inches) 35 45 55 65 75 85 Ambient Temperature () Figure 32: Output current vs. ambient temperature and air velocity@ Vin=12V, Vout=3.3V (Worse Orientation) Figure 29: Wind tunnel test setup DS_ND40A_08072008 9 THERMAL CURVES (NE12S0A0V40) NE12S0A0V40PNFC Output Current vs. Ambient Temperature and Air Velocity @ Vin =12V, Vout =2.5V (worse orientation) NE12S0A0V40PNFC Output Current vs. Ambient Temperature and Air Velocity @ Vin =12V, Vout =1.2V (worse orientation) Output Current (A) 45 45 40 40 35 35 30 30 25 25 20 100LFM 20 400LFM 15 200LFM Output Current (A) 100LFM 400LFM 200LFM 500LFM 300LFM 600LFM 15 500LFM 10 10 300LFM 600LFM 5 5 0 0 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 Ambient Temperature () Figure 33: Output current vs. ambient temperature and air velocity@ Vin=12V, Vout=2.5V (Worse Orientation) 25 NE12S0A0V40PNFC Output Current vs. Ambient Temperature and Air Velocity @ Vin =12V, Vout =1.8V (worse orientation) 40 40 35 35 30 30 25 25 400LFM 100LFM 15 65 75 85 Ambient Temperature () Output Current (A) 100LFM 20 200LFM 400LFM 300LFM 500LFM 15 500LFM 200LFM 55 NE12S0A0V40PNFC Output Current vs. Ambient Temperature and Air Velocity @ Vin =12V, Vout =0.9V (worse orientation) 45 20 45 Figure 36: Output current vs. ambient temperature and air velocity@ Vin=12V, Vout=1.2V (Worse Orientation) Output Current (A) 45 35 10 10 600LFM 300LFM 5 5 0 0 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 Ambient Temperature () Figure 34: Output current vs. ambient temperature and air velocity @Vin=12V, Vout=1.8V (Worse Orientation) 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 Ambient Temperature () Figure 37: Output current vs. ambient temperature and air velocity @Vin=12V, Vout=0.9V (Worse Orientation) NE12S0A0V40PNFC Output Current vs. Ambient Temperature and Air Velocity @ Vin =12V, Vout =1.5V (worse orientation) 45 Output Current (A) 40 35 30 100LFM 25 20 400LFM 200LFM 15 500LFM 300LFM 10 600LFM 5 0 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 Ambient Temperature () Figure 35: Output current vs. ambient temperature and air velocity@ Vin=12V, Vout=1.5V (Worse Orientation) DS_ND40A_08072008 10 THERMAL CURVES (ND12S0A0H40) ND12S0A0H40PKFA Output Current vs. Ambient Temperature and Air Velocity @ Vin =12V, Vout =2.5V (worse orientation) Output Current (A) 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 100LFM 400LFM 200LFM 500LFM 300LFM 600LFM 10 5 0 25 Figure 38: Temperature measurement location* The allowed maximum hot spot temperature is defined at 110 ND12S0A0H40PKFA Output Current vs. Ambient Temperature and Air Velocity @ Vin =12V, Vout =5V (worse orientation) 65 75 85 Ambient Temperature () ND12S0A0H40PKFA Output Current vs. Ambient Temperature and Air Velocity @ Vin =12V, Vout =1.8V (worse orientation) 40 35 35 30 30 25 25 300LFM 400LFM 100LFM 20 20 15 200LFM 500LFM 300LFM 600LFM 100LFM 400LFM 200LFM 500LFM 15 10 10 5 5 0 25 35 45 55 65 0 75 85 Ambient Temperature () Figure 39: Output current vs. ambient temperature and air velocity @Vin=12V, Vout=5.0V (Worse Orientation) 25 45 55 65 75 85 Ambient Temperature () ND12S0A0H40PKFA Output Current vs. Ambient Temperature and Air Velocity @ Vin =12V, Vout =1.5V (worse orientation) Output Current (A) 45 40 35 Figure 42: Output current vs. ambient temperature and air velocity @Vin=12V, Vout=1.8V (Worse Orientation) ND12S0A0H40PKFA Output Current vs. Ambient Temperature and Air Velocity @ Vin =12V, Vout =3.3V (worse orientation) 45 55 Output Current (A) 45 40 45 Figure 41: Output current vs. ambient temperature and air velocity@ Vin=12V, Vout=2.5V (Worse Orientation) Output Current (A) 45 35 Output Current (A) 40 35 35 30 30 25 25 400LFM 100LFM 20 100LFM 300LFM 200LFM 400LFM 20 15 200LFM 500LFM 300LFM 600LFM 15 10 10 5 5 0 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 Ambient Temperature () Figure 40: Output current vs. ambient temperature and air velocity@ Vin=12V, Vout=3.3V (Worse Orientation) DS_ND40A_08072008 0 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 Ambient Temperature () Figure 43: Output current vs. ambient temperature and air velocity@ Vin=12V, Vout=1.5V (Worse Orientation) 11 THERMAL CURVES (ND12S0A0H40) ND12S0A0H40PKFA Output Current vs. Ambient Temperature and Air Velocity @ Vin =12V, Vout =1.2V (worse orientation) 45 Output Current (A) 40 35 30 25 100LFM 300LFM 200LFM 400LFM 20 15 10 5 0 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 Ambient Temperature () Figure 44: Output current vs. ambient temperature and air velocity@ Vin=12V, Vout=1.2V (Worse Orientation) ND12S0A0H40PKFA Output Current vs. Ambient Temperature and Air Velocity @ Vin =12V, Vout =0.9V (worse orientation) 45 Output Current (A) 40 35 30 25 100LFM 300LFM 200LFM 400LFM 20 15 10 5 0 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 Ambient Temperature () Figure 45: Output current vs. ambient temperature and air velocity @Vin=12V, Vout=0.9V (Worse Orientation) DS_ND40A_08072008 12 MECHANICAL DRAWING (VERTICAL) DS_ND40A_08072008 13 MECHANICAL DRAWING (HORIZONTAL) DS_ND40A_08072008 14 PART NUMBERING SYSTEM ND 12 S 0A0 V 40 P N Product Series Input Voltage Number of outputs Output Voltage Mounting Output Current ON/OFF Logic Pin Length 40 - 40A P- Positive ND - 12 - 8.0~13.8V S - Single Non-isolated Output 0A0 - V - Vertical F A Option Code N - 0.145" F- RoHS 6/6 Programmable H - Horizontal (Lead Free) A- Standard Function Series MODEL LIST Model Name Packaging Input Voltage Output Voltage Output Current Efficiency 12Vin @ 5Vo Full load ND12S0A0V40PNFA Horizontal 8.0V ~ 13.8Vdc 0.9V ~ 5.0V 40A 94% ND12S0A0H40PNFA Horizontal 8.0V ~ 13.8Vdc 0.9V ~ 5.0V 40A 94% CONTACT: www.delta.com.tw/dcdc USA: Telephone: East Coast: (888) 335 8201 West Coast: (888) 335 8208 Fax: (978) 656 3964 Email: DCDC@delta-corp.com Europe: Telephone: +41 31 998 53 11 Fax: +41 31 998 53 53 Email: DCDC@delta-es.tw Asia & the rest of world: Telephone: +886 3 4526107 ext. 6220 Fax: +886 3 4513485 Email: DCDC@delta.com.tw WARRANTY Delta offers a two (2) year limited warranty. Complete warranty information is listed on our web site or is available upon request from Delta. Information furnished by Delta is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Delta for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties, which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Delta. Delta reserves the right to revise these specifications at any time, without notice. DS_ND40A_08072008 15