Datasheet CMOS LDO Regulator for Portable Equipments High Ripple Rejection, Low Current Consumption, Versatile Package FULL CMOS LDO Regulator (500mA) BUXXTH5WNVX General Description Key Specifications BUXXTH5WNVX is high-performance FULL CMOS regulator with 500-mA output, which is mounted on versatile package SSON004X1010 (1.00mm x 1.00 mm x 0.60mm). It has excellent ripple rejection, noise characteristics and load responsiveness characteristics despite its low circuit current consumption of 10A. It is most appropriate for various applications such as power supplies for logic IC, RF, and camera modules. Load Current: Accuracy output voltage: Power Supply rejection Ratio: Low current consumption: Operating temperature range: 500mA 1.0% 80dB@1KHz 10A (TYP) -20C to +85C Applications Smartphone, Battery-powered portable equipment, etc. Features Package High accuracy detection High ripple rejection low current consumption Compatible with small ceramic capacitor (Cin=Co=1.0uF) With built-in output discharge circuit ON/OFF control of output voltage With built-in over current protection circuit SSON004X1010 : 1.00mm x 1.00mm x 0.60mm Typical Application Circuit CE CE VIN VIN 1.0F VOUT VOUT 1.0F GND GND GND Figure 1. Application Circuit Product structureSilicon monolithic integrated circuit www.rohm.com (c) 2014 ROHM Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. TSZ2211114001 This product is not designed for protection against radioactive rays 1/20 TSZ02201-0GBG0A600020-1-2 14.Dec.2015.Rev.004 Datasheet BUXXTH5WNVX Connection Diagram SSON004X1010 TOP VIEW 4 VIN BOTTOM VIEW 3 CE 1 VOUT 2 GND LOT Number reverse FIN Part Number Marking 3 CE 4 VIN 2 GND 1 VOUT 1PIN MARK Pin Descriptions SSON004X1010 Symbol Function VOUT Output Voltage GND Grounding ON/OFF control of output voltage CE (High: ON, Low: OFF) VIN Power Supply Voltage FIN Substrate (Connect to GND) PIN No. 1 2 3 4 reverse Ordering Information B U X Part Number X T Output Voltage 1A : 1.05V 35 : 3.50V H 5 High Ripple Rejection Maximum Output Current 500mA W N V X - 1 with Package output discharge NVX : SSON004X1010 None: Chip Rev.1 1: Chip Rev.2 (XX=1A,12) T L Packageing and forming specification Embossed tape and reel TL : The pin number 1 is the lower left SSON004X1010 1.00.1 Tape 1.00.1 1PIN MARK 0.6MAX 0.320.1 48 0. Direction of feed 05 0.650.05 0. 1 2 (0.12) +0.03 0.02 -0.02 S 0.05 Embossed carrier tape Quantity 5000pcs TL The direction is the 1pin of product is at the lower left when you hold ( reel on the left hand and you pull out the tape on the left hand ) 3-C0.18 R0.05 45 0 0. 5 0.250.05 0.070.1 48 3 0.250.1 0. 4 Direction of feed 1pin (Unit : mm) Reel Order quantity needs to be multiple of the minimum quantity. Lineup Marking Output Voltage Part Number Di Ci 6i Ai 1.05V 1.20V 2.85V 3.50V BU1ATH5WNVX-1 BU12TH5WNVX-1 BU2JTH5WNVX BU35TH5WNVX www.rohm.com (c) 2014 ROHM Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. TSZ2211115001 2/20 TSZ02201-0GBG0A600020-1-2 14.Dec.2015.Rev.004 Datasheet BUXXTH5WNVX Absolute Maximum Ratings (Ta=25C) PARAMETER Symbol Limit VMAX -0.3 to +6.5 Power Supply Voltage Power Dissipation Maximum junction temperature Operating Temperature Range Storage Temperature Range Pd 560 TjMAX Unit V (Note1) mW +125 C Topr -20 to +85 C Tstg -55 to +125 C (Note1) Pd deleted at 5.6mW/C at temperatures above Ta=25C, mounted on 70x70x1.6 mm glass-epoxy PCB. Caution: Operating the IC over the absolute maximum ratings may damage the IC. The damage can either be a short circuit between pins or an open circuit between pins and the internal circuitry. Therefore, it is important to consider circuit protection measures, such as adding a fuse, in case the IC is operated over the absolute maximum ratings. RECOMMENDED OPERATING RANGE (not to exceed Pd) PARAMETER Power Supply Voltage Maximum Output Current Symbol VIN Limit 1.7 to 6.0 Unit V IMAX 500 mA OPERATING CONDITIONS PARAMETER Input Capacitor Symbol Cin MIN. 1.0 (Note2) TYP. - MAX. - Unit F Co 1.0 (Note2) - - F Output Capacitor (Note2) Make sure that CONDITION Ceramic capacitor recommended the output capacitor value is not kept lower than this specified level across a variety of temperature, DC bias, changing as time progresses characteristic. Electrical Characteristics (Ta=25C, VIN= VOUT+1.0V, CIN=1.0F, Co=1.0F, unless otherwise noted.) Limits Parameter Symbol Unit Min. Typ. Max. Input Voltage VIN Output Voltage VOUT 1.7 VOUT -25mV VOUT 6.0 VOUT +25mV Conditions V V IOUT=10A, VOUT2.5V V IOUT=10A, VOUT2.5V Line Regulation VOUT-line VOUT x0.99 - - VOUT x1.01 20 mV From (VOUT+0.3V) to 5.0V, IOUT=10mA Load Regulation VOUT-load - 21 40 mV IOUT=5mA to 250mA - 520 700 mV VOUT=1.05V (IOUT=250mA) - 440 550 mV VOUT=1.20V (IOUT=250mA) - 160 250 mV VOUT=2.85V (IOUT=250mA) - 150 230 mV VOUT=3.50V (IOUT=250mA) Vdrop-out Voltage Dropout Load Current Iload 500 - - mA No Load Quiescent Current Icq - 10 20 A IOUT=0mA Power Supply Rejection Ratio RR1 - 82 - dB fRR=100Hz RR2 - 80 - dB fRR=1kHz Output Noise Voltage Noise - 40 - nVHz @10KHz Topr -20 - 85 C RDSC 20 50 80 Operating Temperature range Discharge Resistor CE Pin Pull-down Current CE Pin Control Voltage ISTB 0.1 0.9 8.0 uA ON VCEH 1.2 - 6.0 V OFF VCEL -0.3 - 0.3 V www.rohm.com (c) 2014 ROHM Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. TSZ2211115001 3/20 TSZ02201-0GBG0A600020-1-2 14.Dec.2015.Rev.004 Datasheet BUXXTH5WNVX Block Diagrams VIN VIN VREF VOUT CIN OCP GND CE VOUT Co CIN1.0F (Ceramic capacitor) Co 1.0F (Ceramic capacitor) CE Figure 2. Block Diagrams www.rohm.com (c) 2014 ROHM Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. TSZ2211115001 4/20 TSZ02201-0GBG0A600020-1-2 14.Dec.2015.Rev.004 Datasheet BUXXTH5WNVX Reference data BU1ATH5WNVX (Ta=25C unless otherwise specified.) LINEREGULATION 1.08 25 85 1.07 Load Regulation 1.150 -20 25 85 CE=VIN Iout=10mA -20 1.06 VIN=2.5V CE=VIN 1.100 VOUT [V] VOUT[V] 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.050 1.02 1.000 1.01 1.00 0.950 0.99 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.9 3.2 0 3.5 50 100 Figure 3. 200 250 300 Figure 4. OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs TEMPERATURE GROUND PIN CURRENT vs INPUT VOLTAGE 20 1.15 VIN=2.5V CE=VIN IOUT=10uA -20 25 CE=VIN IOUT=0mA 85 15 IGND[uA] 1.10 VOUT[V] 150 IOUT[mA] VIN[V] 1.05 10 1.00 5 0.95 -20 0 20 40 Temperature[] 60 0 80 1.7 2.3 2.6 VIN[V] 2.9 3.2 3.5 Figure 6. Figure 5. www.rohm.com (c) 2014 ROHM Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. TSZ2211115001 2.0 5/20 TSZ02201-0GBG0A600020-1-2 14.Dec.2015.Rev.004 Datasheet BUXXTH5WNVX Reference data BU1ATH5WNVX (Ta=25C unless otherwise specified.) GROUND PIN CURRENT vs TEMPERATURE 20 GROUND PIN CURRENT vs LOAD 300 VIN=2.5V CE=VIN IOUT=0mA 18 16 VIN=2.5V CE=VIN Ta=25 200 12 IGND [uA] IGND[uA] 14 10 8 6 100 4 2 0 -20 0 20 40 Temperature[] 60 0 80 0 100 200 Figure 7. VIN=2.5V CE=VIN Ta=25 90 80 70 0.8 PSRR[dB] VOUT[V] 500 PSRR vs FREQUENCY 100 VIN=2.5V CE=VIN Ta=25 1.0 400 Figure 8. OCP 1.2 300 IOUT [mA] 0.6 0.4 60 50 40 30 20 0.2 10 0.0 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 IOUT[mA] 100 1,000 100mV/div 1.05V 500mV/div 100mV/div 500mV/div VOUT CE=VIN VOUT Ta=25 Iout=10mA 2.5V VOUT 1.05V 3.5V VIN CE=VIN Ta=25 Iout=150mA 2.5V 200us/div 200us/div Figure 11. www.rohm.com (c) 2014 ROHM Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. TSZ2211115001 1,000,000 LINE TRANSIENT RESPONSE LINE TRANSIENT RESPONSE VIN 100,000 Figure 10. Figure 9. 3.5V 10,000 Frequency[Hz] Figure 12. 6/20 TSZ02201-0GBG0A600020-1-2 14.Dec.2015.Rev.004 Datasheet BUXXTH5WNVX Reference data BU1ATH5WNVX (Ta=25C unless otherwise specified.) DISCHARGE TIME START UP TIME 1.5V 1V/div 1V/div 1.5V CE CE 1V/div 1V/div 0V VIN=2.5V Ta=25 Iout=0mA Cout=1.0uF VOUT VIN=2.5V Ta=25 Iout=0mA Cout=1.0uF VOUT 20s/div 40s/div Figure 13. Figure 14. LOAD TRANSIENT RESPONSE SHUTDOWN CURRENT vs INPUT VOLTAGE 10.00 Trise=12us VIN=5.5V CE=0V 250mA IOUT 1mA ISTBY[uA] 200mA/div 0V 1.00 200mV/div 0.10 VOUT VIN=2.5V CE=VIN Ta=25 0.01 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Temperature[] 20s/div Figure 16. Figure 15. www.rohm.com (c) 2014 ROHM Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. TSZ2211115001 7/20 TSZ02201-0GBG0A600020-1-2 14.Dec.2015.Rev.004 Datasheet BUXXTH5WNVX Reference data BU12TH5WNVX-1 (Ta=25C unless otherwise specified.) LINE REGULATION 1.23 -20 25 85 1.22 1.21 Load Regulation 1.300 CE=VIN Iout=10mA -20 25 85 VIN=2.5V CE=VIN 1.250 VOUT[V] VOUT [V] 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.200 1.17 1.150 1.16 1.15 1.100 1.14 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.9 3.2 0 3.5 150 Figure 17. Figure 18. VIN=2.5V CE=VIN IOUT=10uA 200 250 300 GROUND PIN CURRENT vs INPUT VOLTAGE 20 -20 25 CE=VIN IOUT=0mA 85 15 IGND[uA] 1.25 VOUT[V] 100 IOUT[mA] OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs TEMPERATURE 1.30 50 VIN[V] 1.20 10 1.15 5 1.10 -20 0 20 40 Temperature[] 60 0 80 1.7 2.3 2.6 VIN[V] 2.9 3.2 3.5 Figure 20. Figure 19. www.rohm.com (c) 2014 ROHM Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. TSZ2211115001 2.0 8/20 TSZ02201-0GBG0A600020-1-2 14.Dec.2015.Rev.004 Datasheet BUXXTH5WNVX Reference data BU12TH5WNVX-1 (Ta=25C unless otherwise specified.) GROUND PIN CURRENT vs TEMPERATURE 20 GROUND PIN CURRENT vs LOAD 300 VIN=2.5V CE=VIN IOUT=0mA 18 16 VIN=2.5V CE=VIN Ta=25 200 12 IGND [uA] IGND[uA] 14 10 8 6 100 4 2 0 -20 0 20 40 Temperature[] 60 0 80 0 100 200 Figure 21. VIN=2.5V CE=VIN 90 80 70 1.0 60 0.8 PSRR[dB] VOUT[V] 500 PSRR vs FREQUENCY 100 VIN=2.5V CE=VIN Ta=25 1.2 400 Figure 22. OCP 1.4 300 IOUT [mA] 0.6 0.4 50 40 30 20 0.2 10 0 0.0 0 100 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1,000 100mV/div VOUT 1.2V CE=VIN VOUT Ta=25 Iout=10mA 2.5V 200us/div VOUT 1.2V 3.5V VIN CE=VIN Ta=25 Iout=150mA 2.5V 200us/div Figure 25. www.rohm.com (c) 2014 ROHM Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. TSZ2211115001 1,000,000 LINE TRANSIENT RESPONSE 500mV/div 500mV/div 100mV/div LINE TRANSIENT RESPONSE VIN 100,000 Figure 24. Figure 23. 3.5V 10,000 Frequency[Hz] IOUT[mA] Figure 26. 9/20 TSZ02201-0GBG0A600020-1-2 14.Dec.2015.Rev.004 Datasheet BUXXTH5WNVX Reference data BU12TH5WNVX-1 (Ta=25C unless otherwise specified.) DISCHARGE TIME START UP TIME 1.5V 1V/div 1V/div 1.5V CE CE 1V/div 1V/div 0V VIN=2.5V Ta=25 Iout=0mA Cout=1.0uF VOUT 0V VIN=2.5V Ta=25 Iout=0mA Cout=1.0uF VOUT 20s/div 40s/div Figure 27. Figure 28. LOAD TRANSIENT RESPONSE SHUTDOWN CURRENT vs INPUT VOLTAGE Trise=12us VIN=5.5V CE=0V 250mA IOUT 1mA ISTBY[uA] 200mA/div 10.00 1.00 200mV/div 0.10 VOUT VIN=2.5V CE=VIN 0.01 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Temperature[] 20s/div Figure 30. Figure 29. www.rohm.com (c) 2014 ROHM Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. TSZ2211115001 10/20 TSZ02201-0GBG0A600020-1-2 14.Dec.2015.Rev.004 Datasheet BUXXTH5WNVX Reference data BU2JTH5WNVX (Ta=25C unless otherwise specified.) LINEREGULATION 2.88 2.87 -20 25 85 CE=VIN Iout=10mA 2.86 VIN=3.85V CE=VIN 2.900 VOUT [V] 2.85 VOUT[V] Load Regulation 2.950 -20 25 85 2.84 2.83 2.850 2.82 2.800 2.81 2.80 2.750 2.79 3.3 3.8 4.3 0 4.8 VIN[V] 50 100 Figure 31. 250 300 GROUND PIN CURRENT vs INPUT VOLTAGE 20 VIN=3.85V CE=VIN IOUT=10uA 2.90 -20 25 85 CE=VIN IOUT=0mA 15 IGND[uA] VOUT[V] 200 Figure 32. OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs TEMPERATURE 2.95 150 IOUT[mA] 2.85 2.80 10 5 2.75 -20 0 20 40 Temperature[] 60 0 80 3.9 VIN[V] 4.9 5.4 Figure 34. Figure 33. www.rohm.com (c) 2014 ROHM Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. TSZ2211115001 4.4 11/20 TSZ02201-0GBG0A600020-1-2 14.Dec.2015.Rev.004 Datasheet BUXXTH5WNVX Reference data BU2JTH5WNVX (Ta=25C unless otherwise specified.) GROUND PIN CURRENT vs TEMPERATURE 20 18 16 GROUND PIN CURRENT vs LOAD 300 VIN=3.85V CE=VIN IOUT=0mA VIN=3.85V CE=VIN Ta=25 200 12 IGND [uA] IGND[uA] 14 10 8 6 100 4 2 0 -20 0 20 40 60 Temperature[] 0 80 0 100 200 Figure 35. 500 PSRR vs FREQUENCY 100 VIN=3.85V CE=VIN Ta=25 3.0 VIN=4.3V CE=VIN Ta=25 90 80 70 PSRR[dB] 2.5 VOUT [V] 400 Figure 36. OCP 3.5 300 IOUT [mA] 2.0 1.5 60 50 40 30 1.0 20 0.5 10 0 0.0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 100 1000 1100 1,000 100mV/div VOUT 2.85V CE=VIN Ta=25 Iout=10mA 3.2V VOUT 2.85V 4.2V VIN CE=VIN Ta=25 Iout=150mA 3.2V 200us/div 200us/div Figure 39. Figure 40. www.rohm.com (c) 2014 ROHM Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. TSZ2211115001 1,000,000 LINE TRANSIENT RESPONSE 500mV/div 500mV/div 100mV/div LINE TRANSIENT RESPONSE VIN 100,000 Figure 38. Figure 37. 4.2V 10,000 Frequency[Hz] IOUT [mA] 12/20 TSZ02201-0GBG0A600020-1-2 14.Dec.2015.Rev.004 Datasheet BUXXTH5WNVX Reference data BU2JTH5WNVX (Ta=25C unless otherwise specified.) START UP TIME DISCHARGE TIME 1.5V 1V/div 1V/div 1.5V CE CE VOUT VIN=3.85V Ta=25 Iout=0mA Cout=1.0uF 0V VIN=3.85V Ta=25 Iout=0mA Cout=1.0uF VOUT 1V/div 1V/div 0V 40s/div 20s/div Figure 42. Figure 41. LOAD TRANSIENT RESPONSE VIN=5.5V CE=0V 250mA IOUT 1mA ISTBY[uA] 200mA/div SHUTDOWN CURRENT vs INPUT VOLTAGE 10.00 Trise=12us 1.00 200mV/div 0.10 VOUT VIN=3.85V CE=VIN Ta=25 0.01 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Temperature[] 20s/div Figure 44. Figure 43. www.rohm.com (c) 2014 ROHM Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. TSZ2211115001 13/20 TSZ02201-0GBG0A600020-1-2 14.Dec.2015.Rev.004 Datasheet BUXXTH5WNVX Reference data BU35TH5WNVX (Ta=25C unless otherwise specified.) LINEREGULATION 3.55 3.54 25 85 3.53 Load Regulation 3.600 -20 -20 25 85 CE=VIN Iout=10mA VIN=4.5V CE=VIN 3.550 VOUT [V] 3.52 VOUT[V] 3.51 3.50 3.49 3.48 3.500 3.450 3.47 3.46 3.400 3.45 4.0 4.5 5.0 0 5.5 50 100 Figure 45. 250 300 GROUND PIN CURRENT vs INPUT VOLTAGE 20 VIN=4.5V CE=VIN IOUT=10uA -20 25 CE=VIN IOUT=0mA 85 3.55 15 IGND[uA] VOUT[V] 200 Figure 46. OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs TEMPERATURE 3.60 150 IOUT[mA] VIN[V] 3.50 10 3.45 5 3.40 -20 0 20 40 Temperature[] 60 0 80 4.0 VIN[V] 5.0 5.5 Figure 48. Figure 47. www.rohm.com (c) 2014 ROHM Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. TSZ2211115001 4.5 14/20 TSZ02201-0GBG0A600020-1-2 14.Dec.2015.Rev.004 Datasheet BUXXTH5WNVX Reference data BU35TH5WNVX (Ta=25C unless otherwise specified.) GROUND PIN CURRENT vs TEMPERATURE 20 GROUND PIN CURRENT vs LOAD 400 VIN=4.5V CE=VIN IOUT=0mA 18 16 300 12 IGND [uA] IGND[uA] 14 10 8 6 200 VIN=4.5V CE=VIN Ta=25 100 4 2 0 -20 0 20 40 Temperature[] 60 0 80 0 100 200 Figure 49. 500 PSRR vs FREQUENCY 100 VIN=4.5V CE=VIN Ta=25 90 3.5 80 3.0 70 2.5 VIN=4.5V CE=VIN Ta=25 2.0 PSRR[dB] VOUT[V] 400 Figure 50. OCP 4.0 300 IOUT [mA] 1.5 60 50 40 30 1.0 20 0.5 10 0 0.0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 100 900 1000 1100 1200 1,000 IOUT[mA] 100mV/div VOUT 3.50V CE=VIN VOUT Ta=25 Iout=10mA 4.0V VOUT 3.50V 5.0V VIN CE=VIN Ta=25 Iout=150mA 4.0V 200us/div 200us/div Figure 53. www.rohm.com (c) 2014 ROHM Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. TSZ2211115001 1,000,000 LINE TRANSIENT RESPONSE 500mV/div 500mV/div 100mV/div LINE TRANSIENT RESPONSE VIN 100,000 Figure 52. Figure 51. 5.0V 10,000 Frequency[Hz] Figure 54. 15/20 TSZ02201-0GBG0A600020-1-2 14.Dec.2015.Rev.004 Datasheet BUXXTH5WNVX Reference data BU35TH5WNVX (Ta=25C unless otherwise specified.) START UP TIME DISCHARGE TIME 1.5V 1V/div 1V/div 1.5V CE CE 1V/div 1V/div 0V VIN=4.5V Ta=25 Iout=0mA Cout=1.0uF VOUT 0V VIN=4.5V Ta=25 Iout=0mA Cout=1.0uF VOUT 40s/div 20s/div Figure 56. Figure 55. LOAD TRANSIENT RESPONSE VIN=5.5V CE=0V 250mA IOUT 1mA ISTBY[uA] 200mA/div SHUTDOWN CURRENT vs INPUT VOLTAGE 10.00 Trise=12us 1.00 200mV/div 0.10 VOUT VIN=4.5V CE=VIN Ta=25 0.01 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Temperature[] 20s/div Figure 58. Figure 57. www.rohm.com (c) 2014 ROHM Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. TSZ2211115001 16/20 TSZ02201-0GBG0A600020-1-2 14.Dec.2015.Rev.004 Datasheet BUXXTH5WNVX About power dissipation (Pd) As for power dissipation, an approximate estimate of the heat reduction characteristics and internal power consumption of IC are shown, so please use these for reference. Since power dissipation changes substantially depending on the implementation conditions (board size, board thickness, metal wiring rate, number of layers and through holes, etc.), it is recommended to measure Pd on a set board. Exceeding the power dissipation of IC may lead to deterioration of the original IC performance, such as reduction in current capability. Therefore, be sure to prepare sufficient margin within power dissipation for usage. Calculation of the maximum internal power consumption of IC (PMAX) PMAX=(VIN-VOUT)xIOUT(MAX.) (VIN: Input voltage VOUT: Output voltage IOUT(MAX): Maximum output current) Measurement conditions Standard ROHM Board Evaluation Board 1 Top Layer (Top View) Top Layer (Top View) Bottom Layer (Top View) Bottom Layer (Top View) Measurement State With board implemented (Wind speed 0 m/s) With board implemented (Wind speed 0 m/s) Board Material Glass epoxy resin (Double-side board) Glass epoxy resin (Double-side board) Layout of Board for Measurement IC Implementation Position Board Size 70 mm x 70 mm x 1.6 mm 40 mm x 40 mm x 1.6 mm Top layer Wiring Bottom Rate layer Through Hole Metal (GND) wiring rate: Approx. 0% Metal (GND) wiring rate: Approx. 50% Metal (GND) wiring rate: Approx. 50% Metal (GND) wiring rate: Approx. 50% Diameter 0.5mm x 6 holes Diameter 0.5mm x 25 holes Power Dissipation 0.56W 0.39W Thermal Resistance ja=178.6C/W ja=256.4C/W 0.6 0.56W 0.5 Pd [W] 0.4 0.39W 0.3 * Please design the margin so that PMAX becomes is than Pd (PMAX