ICS Integrated Circuit Systems, Inc. ICS1712 QuickSaver Charge Controller for Nickel-Cadmium and Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries General Description The ICS1712 is a CMOS device designed for the intelligent charge control of either nickel-cadmium (NiCd) or nickel-met- al hydride (NiMH) batteries. The controller uses a pulsed-cur- rent charging technique together with voltage slope and/or temperature slope termination. The ICS1712 employs a four stage charge sequence that provides a complete recharge with- out overcharging. The controller has four user-selectable charge rates available for customized charging systems. The 1CS1712 monitors for the presence of a battery and begins charging if a battery is installed within the first 10 seconds after a reset. Voltage and temperature are measured to ensure a battery is within fast charge conditions before charge is initi- ated. Applications Battery charging systems for: - Portable consumer electronics - Power tools - Audio/video equipment - Communications equipment Block Diagram Features Multiple charge termination methods include: - Voltage slope - Temperature slope - Maximum temperature - Charge timer e Four stage charge sequence: - Soft start charge - Fast charge - Topping charge - Maintenance charge e Reverse-pulse charging available in all charge stages e Four programmable charge rates between 15 minutes (4C) and two hours (C/2) e Out-of-temperature range detection - Hot battery: charger shutdown - Cold battery: low current charge e Ten second polling mode for battery detection e = Battery fault with shutdown protection CHARGE SELECT ov POLLING/ wT FAULT LED ov MICROCODE CONTROL CHARGE MODE LED VOLTAGE SENSE ADG OUTPUT TEMPERATURE TERMINATION PROCESSOR CONTROL [77 STATUS LED SELECT TEMPERATURE Pn con o> CHARGE SENSE CONTROL ial [paw | | | Rom | oIscHARGE RESET CONTROL RC | OSCILLATOR QuickSaver is a registered trademark of Integrated Circuit Systems, Inc. H-57ICS1712 Pin Configuration CHG 1 46> voo DCHG % 15 P- unused PFN ~<]3 14P vIN CMN ~J4 icsi712 "3 b- THERM OTN {5 12P- DTSEL SELO ~<|6 11P RC vss ~<[7 10P>- MRN AVSS ~<J8 9P- SEL 16-Pin DIP or SOIC J-4, J-7 Pin Definitions Pin [ | Pin : - _ oo _ Number | Name Type Definition _ ] CHG | OUT Active high TTL compatible signal used to turn on an external current s source to provide current to charge : | the battery. . 2 \ DCHG OUT Active high TTI. compatible signal available to tum o on a discharge circuit. - 3 PFN OUT Polling fault indicator. An active low turns on an external indicator to show the controller i is either polling | . for the presence of the battery or has determined the battery has been removed. 4 CMN . OUT Charge mode indicator. A continuous low shows the controller is in a soft start or fast charge. The indicator | / flashes during the topping and maintenance charges. _ | 5 OTN ! OUT Out-of-temperature range indicator. An active low turns on an external indicator showing the battery is s out : of the normal fast charge temperature range. 1 6 SELO IN Input used with the SEL pin to program the device for the desired charge rate. ' 7 VSS , Ground. : 7 8 | AVSS | Ground, : _ 9 SEL] ! IN | [Input used with the SELO pin to program the device for the desired charge rate. 10 : MRN IN Master reset signal. A logic | low pulse g greater than 700 ms initiates a a \ device reset. - nT RC , IN An external resistor and capacitor sets the frequency of the internal clock. : 12 | DTSEL IN ISe lects temperature slape and/or voltage slope termination. / : : 13 : THERM IN | Thermistor or thermal switch input for temperature sensing. a l4 VIN | IN Battery voltage normalized to one cell with an external resistor divider. i [5 unused | Ground. : _ , ae - , i I 6 | VDD | Device supply =4+5.0 VDC 7 __ i Note: Pins 6, 9, 10 and 13 have an internal pull-up. Pin 12 has an internal pull-down H-58ICS1712 Controller Operation Charging Stages The charging sequence consists of four stages. The applica- tion of current is shown graphically in Figure 1. The soft start stage gradually increases current levels up to the user selected fast charge rate during the first two minutes. The soft start stage is followed by the fast charge stage, which continues until termination. After termination, a two hour C/10 topping charge is applied. The topping charge is fol- lowed by a C/40 maintenance charge. Soft Start Charge Some batteries may exhibit an unusual high impedance condi- tion while accepting the initial charging current, as shown in Figure 2. Unless dealt with, this high impedance condition can cause a voltage peak at the beginning of the charge cycle that would be misinterpreted as a fully charged battery by the voltage termination methods. The soft start charge eases batteries into the fast charge stage by gradually increasing the current to the selected fast charge rate. The gradual increase in current alleviates the voltage peak. During this stage, only positive current pulses are applied to the battery. The duty cycle of the applied current is increased to the selected fast charge rate, as shown in Figure 3, by extending the current pulse on every cycle until the pulse is about one second in duration. The initial current pulse is approximately 200ms. The CMN indicator is activated continu- ously during this stage Average | Soft-Start Fast Charge Topping Charge Maintenance Charge urrent (not to scale) | Stage 1 | Stage 2 l Stage 3 | Stage 4 0 2 min termination termination + 2 hours Time (not to scale) _>> Figure 1: Graphical representation of average current levels during the four charging stages 155 1.54} 153 4.52 1.51 f- 1.50 | 1.49 + 1.48 1.47 1.46 | High impedance Voltage Spike Voltage (volts/cell) ZO 1.45 ve 1 1 Time (Samples) Figure 2: High impedance voltage spike at the beginning of charge H-59ICS1712 Initial Pulse Initial Pulse Initial Pulse Width Width Width ; increment 2 x increment time time Ty, Ty ip --- _ cycle time $< cycle time >| cycle time | Figure 3: Cycle-to-cycle increase of the soft-start current pulse widths Fast Charge In the second stage, the 1C$1712 applies the charging current in a series of charge and discharge pulses. The technique consists of a positive current charging pulse followed by a high current, short duration discharge pulse. The cycle, shown with charge, discharge, rest and data acquisition periods in Figure 4, repeats every second until the batteries are fully charged. AL cf The amplitude of the current pulse is determined by system parameters such as the current capability of the charging system, the desired charge rate, the cell capacity and the ability of that cell to accept the charge current. The 1CS1712 can be set for four user-selectable fast charge rates from 15 minutes (4C) to two hours (C/2). Charge pulses occur approximately every second. The CMN indicator is activated continuously during this stage. rest r rest voltage time time acquisitiontime = __ <_ fast charge pulse width K cycle time Vv < discharge pulse width | a Figure 4: Charge cycle showing charge and discharge current pulses H-60ICS1712 The discharge current pulse amplitude is typically set to about 2.5 times the amplitude of the charging current based on 1.4V/cell. For example, if the charge current is 4 amps, then the discharge current is set at about 10 amps. The energy removed during the discharge pulse is a fixed ratio to the positive charge rate. The amplitude of the discharge pulse does not affect the operation of the part as described in this section. A voltage acquisition window immediately follows a brief rest time after the discharge pulse. No charge is applied during the rest time or during the acquisition window to allow the cell chemistry to settle. Since no current is flowing, the measured cell voltage is not obscured by any internal or external JR drops or distortions caused by excess plate surfuce charge. The 1CS1712 makes one continuous reading of the no-load battery voltage during the entire acquisition window. The voltage that is measured during this window contains less noise and is a more accurate representation of the true state of charge of the battery. cycle kK time a delay time Topping Charge The third stage is a topping charge that applies current at a rate low enough to prevent cell heating but high enough to ensure a full charge. The topping charge applies a C/10 charging current for two hours. The current consists of the same pulse technique used during the fast charge stage: however, the duty cycle of the pulse sequence has been extended as shown in Figure 5. Extending the time between charge pulses allows the same charging current used in the fast charge stage so that no changes to the current source are necessary. For example, the same charge pulse that occurs every second at a 2C fast charge rate will occur every 20 seconds for a topping charge rate of C/10. The CMN indicator flashes at a one second rate during this slage. Maintenance Charge The maintenance charge is intended to offset the natural self- discharge of NiCd or NiMH batteries by keeping the cells primed at peak charge. After the topping charge ends, the ICS1712 begins this charge stage by extending the duty cycle of the applied current pulses to a C/40 rate. The maintenance charge will last for as long as the battery voltage is greater than 0.5V at the VIN pin. The CMN indicator flashes at a one second rate during this stage. cycle time Figure 5: Representative timing diagram for topping and maintenance charge H-61 01CS1712 Charge Termination Methods Several charge termination schemes, including voltage slope, temperature slope, maximum temperature and two overall charge timers are available. The voltage slope and negative voltage slope methods may be used with or without the tem- perature slope and the maximum temperature method. Maxi- mum temperature and the fast charge timer are available as backup methods. Voltage Slope Termination The most distinctive point on the voltage curve of a charging battery in response to a constant current is the voltage peak that occurs as the cell approaches full charge. By mathematically calculating the first derivative of the voltage, a second curve can be generated showing the change in voltage with respect to time as shown in Figure 6. The slope will reach a maximum just before the actual peak in the cell voltage. Using the voltage slope data, the [CS1712 calculates the point of full charge and accurately terminates the applied current as the battery reaches that point. The actual termination point depends on the charging characteristics of the particular battery. 1.8 7- 1.75 ~ g 1.65 2 g 154 Voltage D & oO 145 Voltage Slope > 1.3 ral l L 1 L | 1 | Cells that are not thoroughly conditioned or possess an unusual cell construction may not have a normal voltage profile. The ICS1712 uses an alternate method of charge termination based on a slight decrease in the voltage slope to stop charge to cells whose voltage profile is very shallow. This method looks for a flattening of the voltage slope which may indicate a shallow peak in the voltage profile.The zero slope point occurs slightly beyond the peak voltage and is shown on the voltage curve graph. PS 1 Inflection Point Slope (volts/sample) Zero Slope 1 1 | L 1 1 1 J Figure 6: Voltage and slope curves Showing inflection and zero slope points H-62ICS1712 Temperature Slope Termination Temperature slope termination is based on the battery produc- ing an accelerated rate of heating as the amount of readily chargeable material dimishes at full charge. An increase in battery (cell) heating due to the charging reaction will occur at a much faster rate than a change due to a warming ambient temperature. Note the effect of 0.5C fluctuations in ambient temperatures resulting in slight variations in the temperature slope as shown in Figure 7, However, the increase in cell temperature near the end of charge causes a much larger change in the temperature slope that can be easily detected and used as a trigger for fast charge termination. 30 05 28 joa Cell Temperature E G 2 26 03 yg 2 a 2 S i : Bog 02 2 E cS 2 & : 5 . we, 2 22 ae Temperature Slope . O1 roe tenet me 20 00 Q 10 20 30 40 50 60 Time (min.} Figure 7: Cell temperature and temperature slope The rate of change in cell temperature can be determined by measuring the change in voltage across a negative temperature coefficient thermistor as shown in Figure 8. The resistance of an NTC thermistor changes in proportion in the change in temperature of the thermistor. The 1CS1712 measures the decreasing resistance as a drop in voltage and calculates the thermistor voltage slope, shown in Figure 8. The controller terminates fast charge based on the selected charge rate and the calculated slope. cd 185 coo heetustul uertagn Stops 180 28 115 Cell Tampermture E 5 3 wf S$ 110 001 S = ~ 26 g & 8 165 8 3 2 s B > $ 5 el 5 3 p24 z g e Tre mnate Wut . a 8 15s Qt a E 150 145 20 tau 003 0 10 20 30 40 50 a0 Tme {mir | Figure 8: Cell temperature and thermistor voltage slope Table 1 shows the decrease in thermistor voltage the last minute before full charge required by the FCS1712 at various charge rates. The thermistor voltage slope should exceed the listed value to ensure charge termination. Note that changes in thermistor location, cell size or large ambient temperature fluctuations can alfect the slope to some degree. Refer to the Applications Information section and Temperature Slope and Masimion Temperature section for more information on ther- mistor Mounting. Table 1: Slope vs. Charge Rate Thermistor Voltage Slope | Charge Rate (-V/min.) >C/2 0.040 C/2 0.028 H-63ICS1712 To determine the required thermistor characteristics for proper temperature slope termination, the battery temperature rise must be known or determined for the last minute prior to full charge. Maximum temperature termination is also enabled when tem- perature slope termination is used. Care must be taken to keep voltage levels atthe THERM pin within the fast charge range (between 2.4V and 0.93), as shown in Figure 9. Maximum Temperature Termination Maximum temperature can be sensed using either a NTC ther- mistor or a thermal switch. Maximum temperature termination can also be bypassed if desired, although it is strongly recom- mended that some form of temperature termination be used. If an NTC thermistor is used, an internal voltage threshold determines when the battery is too hot to charge. As tempera- ture increases, the voltage across the thermistor will drop. This voltage is continually compared to the internal voltage thresh- old. If the thermistor voltage drops below the internal thresh- old, the OTN indicator is activated and the controller shuts down, The controller must be reset once the hot battery fault condition has cleared to restart the charge sequence. If a thermal switch is used, a 45C open circuit switch is recommended, When the thermal switch opens, an internal pull-up at the THERM pin results in a logic high which shuts down the controller and activates the OTN indicator. The controller must be reset once the hot battery fault condition has cleared to restart the charge sequence. Maximum temperature termination can be disabled by ground- ing the THERM pin. Sec the section on Temperature Sensing for more information. Fast Charge Timer Termination The controller uses a timer to limit the fast charge duration. These times are pre-programmed, and are automatically ad- justed in time duration according to the charge rate selected. Fast charge timer termination is best suited as a safety backup feature to limit the duration of the fast charge stage. The fast charge timer is always enabled and cannot be disabled. See Yable 3 in the section Charge Rate Selection for more information. H-64ri it Ty i \/ a I roe ICS1712 Battery Polling Upon power-up or after a reset is issued, any excess charge from filter capacitors at the charging system terminals is re- moved with a series of discharge pulses. After the discharge pulse series is complete, the voltage at VIN must be greater than 0.5V when a battery is present. If the voltage at VIN is less than 0.5V, the [CS1712 assumes no battery is attached and initiates a polling sequence. The [CS1712 then applies a 100ms charge pulse. During the pulse, the 1C$1712 monitors the VIN pin to determine if the divided down terminal voltage is greater than the internal 2.0V reference. If the battery is present, the voltage is clamped below the 2.0V reference when the current pulse is applied and the fast charge stage begins immediately. If a battery is not present, the voltage at VIN rises above the 2.0V reference and the PFN fault indicator is activated. The charge pulses repeat for 10 seconds. If the battery is installed within 10 seconds, the 1CS1712 will turn off the PFN fault indicator and enter the soft start stage. If the battery is not installed within 10 seconds, the PFN fault indicator remains active and the 1CS1712 shuts down. A reset must be issued to restart the controller after installing the battery. Battery Fault Detection The ICS1712 will turn on the PFN fault indicator and shut down if the battery is removed or if an open circuit occurs in the current path anytime after fast charge has been initiated. When in the topping charge or maintenance charge stages, a charge pulse may not occur for several seconds. During the period between charge pulses, the voltage at VIN should be greater than 0.5V if a battery is attached. If the voltage at VIN is less than 0.5V, the 1CS1712 assumes the battery has been removed, a fault condition is indicated by the PFN fault indi- cator, and the controller shuts down. Cold Battery Charging Cold battery charging is activated if a voltage at the THERM pin is in the cold battery voltage range, as shown in Figure 7. The [CS1712 checks for a cold battery before initiating fast charge. If a cold battery is present hefore fast charging begins, the 1CS1712 begins a two hour C/10 topping charge (the pulsed duty cycle is based on the selected charge rate). If the battery is still cold after the two hour topping charge is com- plete, the ICS1712 begins a C/40 maintenance charge. The maintenance charge will continue for as long as the battery remains cold. The thermistor voltage at the THERM pin is checked every second to see if the battery has warmed up. If so, the ICS$1712 stops the topping charge or maintenance charge and begins a fast charge at a rate selected by the SELO and SEL] inputs. See the section on Temperature Sensing tor more information. The CMN will flash at a one second rate, and the OTN indicator will be active. indicating that a low current charge is being applied to a battery that is outside the specified temperature range for fast charging. H-65ICS1712 Pin Descriptions The [CS1712 requires some external components to control the clock rate, sense temperature and provide an indicator display. The controller must be interfaced to an external power source that will provide the current required to charge a batlery pack and. if desired. a circuit that will sink discharge current. Output Logic Signals: CHG, DCHG Pins The CHG and DCHG pins are active high, TTL compuatible outputs. In addition to being TTL compatible, the CMOS outputs are capable of sourcing current which adds flexibility when interfacing to other circuitry. A logic high on the CHG pin indicates that the charging current supply should be acti- vated. H applicable, a logic high on the DCHG pin indicates that the discharge circuit should be activated. Care must be taken to control wiring resistance and inductance. Phe load resistor must be capable of handling this short dura- tion high-amplitude pulse. Indicators: CMN, PFN, OTN Pins The controller has three outputs for driving external indicators. These pins are active low. The three indicator outputs have open drains and are designed to be used with LEDs. Each output can sink over 20mA which requires the use of an external current limiting resistor. The three indicator signals denote fast charge stage. topping and maintenance stages, and the polling detect or battery fault and out-of-temperature range modes as shown in Table 2. The charge mode (CMN) indicator ts activated continuously during the soft start and fast charge stages. The CMN indicator flashes ata one second rate when the 1CS1712 is applying a topping or maintenance charge. The polling fault (PFN) indicator is on when the ICS1712 polls for a battery for the first 10 seconds. The controller applies pertodic charge pulses to detect the presence of a battery, The indicator is a warning thal these charge pulses are appearing at the charging system terminals at regular intervals. When a battery is detected. the indicator is turned off. The indicator is also active if the battery is removed fram the system, warning that a fault has occured. The out-of-temperature range (OTN) indicator is active when- ever the vollage at the temperature sense (THERM) input enters a range that indicates that the attached battery is too hot lo charge. The OTN indicator is also activated with the CMN indicator if the controller is initialized with the batlery in the cold battery charge region. Table 2: Indicator Description List PEN CMN OTN Description on Polling mode or battery fault flash Maintenance and topping charge on Fast charge on Hot battery shutdown flash on Cold battery charge on on see Applications Information on one flash see Applications Information H-66ICS1712 Charge Rate Selection: SELO, SELI Pins The SELO and SEL! inputs must be programmed by the user to inform the ICS1712 of the desired charge rate. When a low level is required, the pin must be grounded. When a high level is required, no connection is required since each pin has an internal 75kQQ pull-up to Vpp. The voltage ranges for low (L) and high (H) are listed in Table 8, DC Characteristics. To program the SELO and SELI inputs, refer to the Charge Rate List in Table 3. . | Charge Rate | Table 3: Charge Rate List Topping Charge The ICS1712 does not control the current flowing into the battery in any way other than turning it on and off. The required current for the selected charge rate must be provided by the users power source. The external charging circuitry should provide current at the selected charge rate. For example, to charge a 1.2 ampere hour battery in 30 minutes (2C), approxi- mately 2.4 amperes of current is required. OO Fast Charge | Timer Duration | | Maintenance Charge SELO j SEL1 Pulse Rate Pulse Rate | (after reset) | L | L 4C (15 min) _ one every 40 sec one every 160 sec | 30 min : L H | 2C (30 min) | one every 20 sec | one every 80 sec 60 min . H L. _ 1 (60 min) one every 10 sec | one every 40 sec 90 min | | H | H j C/2.(120 min) one every 5 sec | one every 20 sec 210 min See the section on Controfler Operation for additional information on the topping charge and maintenance charge. See the section on Charge Termination Methods for additional information on the charge timer. H-67ICS1712 Master Reset: MRN Pin The MRN pin is provided to re-program the controller for a new mode or charging sequence. This pin has an internal pull-up of about 75kQ. A logic low on the MRN pin must be present for more than 700ms for a reset to occur. As long as the pin is low, the controller is held in a reset condition. A master reset is required to clear a temperature fault condition, clear the charging system test, reset the ten hour timer or change charge rates or auxiliary modes. Upon power-up, the controller automatically resets itself. Clock Input: RC Pin The RC pin is used to set the frequency of the internal clock when an external 1 MHz clock is not available. An external resistor must be connected between this pin and Vpp. An external capacitor must be connected between this pin and ground, The frequency of the internal clock will be about 1 MHz with a 16kQ resistor anda 100pF capacitor. All time durations noted in this document are based on a ] MHz clock. Operating the clock at a lower frequency will proportionally change all time durations. Operating the clock at a frequency significantly lower than 1 MHz, without adjusting the charge current ac- cordingly, will lessen the effectiveness of the fast charge timer and lower the accuracy of the controller. Operating the clock at a frequency greater than | MHz will also change ail time durations and, without adjusting the charge current accord- ingly, may cause termination to occur due to the fast charge timer expiring rather than by the battery reaching full charge. The clock may be driven by a | MHz external 0 to 5V pulse provided the duty cycle is between 10% and 60%. The clock input impedance is about 1kQ. Temperature Sensing: THERM Pin The THERM pin is provided for hot and cold battery detection and for temperature slope termination of fast charge when used in conjunction with an NTC thermistor. The THERM pin also provides for hot battery and maximum temperature termina- tion when used in conjunction with a normally closed thermal switch. Several internal voltage thresholds are used by the controller depending on whether a thermistor or a thermal switch is used. Figure 9 shows the internal thresholds over laid on a typical thermistor curve. e Using an NTC thermistor for hot and cold bat- tery detection: Thermal Swich Temperature (C) Temperature > 45C Temperature < 45C $0 Na charging permitied 45 due lo a hot opened thermal ewitch 40 % & a2 N & 36 \ Cold battery charge E40 ~ due to a "Cold" thermistor z * ay E24 fC 20 sw Fast charge allowed i 16 S Using & thermistor Foro G83 V No charging permitted os [ due to a "hot" thermistor os Fast charge allowed 00 dus to a cloned thermal awitch Qo 10 20 30 40 50 Tnemmustor Temperature (C) Figure 9: Voltage levels for temperature sensing with a thermistor or thermal switch The THERM pin requires some thought if a thermistor is going to be used for hot and cold battery detection. The example below works for a typical 1OkKQ @ 25C NTC thermistor. Consider using the controller to prevent charging above 45C and reducing the current below 10C. At 10C the resistance of the thermistor is 18kQ. At 45C, the resistance drops to 4.7kQ. The 1CS1712 has an internal voltage threshold at 10C at 2.4V, and an intemal voltage at 45C at 0.93V as shown in Figure 9. At 25C the voltage at the THERM pin is set at the midpoint of the thresholds: 2.40V - 0.93V 0.93V + = 1.67V. 2 The THERM pin has a 75kQ internal pull-up (Rpu). Using a resistor divider with JOkQ for the thermistor (Rin) and a external fixed resistor (Riix), the divider looks like Figure 10 at 25C: Vpp +5V Rue 75k Rix 1.67V THERM pin R,,=10k @ 25C Vv Figure 10: Voltage divider at the THERM pin at 25C H-68ICS1712 To set the voltage at the THERM pin for 1.67V at 25C, the equivalent divider looks like Figure [1. +9V 1.67V THERM pin Rin= 10k Vv Figure 11: Equivalent voltage divider The parallel resistance Ry is calculated: 5V _- L67V 1.67V/10kQ Ry = = 20kQ The internal pull-up resistance Rpu and the parallel resistance Ry are known so the external fixed resistor can be calculated from: Rou Ri - pu Rou - Rij Substituting in known values: Rix = 27.27kQ. A 27kQ stand- ard value is used for Rix. Since the thermistor resistance Rih is specified by manufactur- ers at a particular temperature, the voltage across the thermistor Vih at that temperature can be calculated from: Rh Vih = (SV), Ri + Rib with the drop across the resistor divider equal to 5V. For this example, the calculated voltage with Rin=18kQ at 10C is 2.37V and with Rin=4.7kQ at 45C the voltage is 0.95V. Table 6 lists the internal thresholds for hot and cold battery detection. If the voltage across the thermistor (at the THERM pin) drops below 0.93, the 1CS1712 will shut down due to a hot battery fault condition and will not restart unless reset. If the voltage dropped across the thermistor is above 2.4V before fast charge is initiated, the ICS1712 will begin a reduced current charge. See the Cold Battery Charging section for more information. Table 4: Thermistor Voltage Thresholds | | Voltage / Battery | Parameter Voltage | Temperature Cold Battery Thermistor >2.4 <10C | Voltage | A ;Hot Battery Thermistor | <0.93 >45C | e Using an NTC thermistor for temperature slope termination: As a battery approaches full charge, its accelerated rate of heating can be used to terminate fast charge by detecting the large change in the temperature slope. The large change in temperature slope is proportional to the thermistor voltage change per unit of time. If the DTSEL pin is programmed for temperature slope termination, the controller will calculate the thermistor voltage slope and terminate based on internally set thresholds as listed in Table 1. The threshold is 40mV per minute for selected charge rates greater than C/2 and 28mV per minute for selected charge rate C/2. The voltage across the thermistor must change at these rates or greater to terminate the selected charge rate. These thresholds correspond to a set change in thermistor resistance when an external pull-up to 5V is used as shown in Figure If. Using the values calculated from the hot and cold battery detection example, the percent change in the thermistor resistance per minute for selected charge rates are provided. For selected charge rates greater than C/2, the thermistor resistance must decrease 4%/min. to terminate charge. For selected charge rate C/2, the thermistor resistance must de- crease 3%/min., to terminate charge. H-691CS1712 For example, a battery was monitored as it charged ata IC rale in 25C ambient. In the final minute of charge, the battery temperature rose from 29.8C to 31C where full charge was detected. With this data, the typical 1OkQ) @ 25C thermistor used in the example above is checked to determine if its characteristics satisfy the 4% decrease in resistance required for the last minute of charge. The thermistor measures 8.37kQ @ 29.8C and 8.01kQ at 31C. For a 1C charge rate, the resistance must decrease at feast 4%/min. or more between 29.8C and 31C, The percent decrease in resistance for the thermistor is calculated as: 8.37kQ - 8.O1KQ (100) = 4.30%. 8.37kQ2 This thermistor meets the 4%/min. requirement and will result in termination at full charge at 31C. The thermistor must be checked for a4%/min. decrease in resistance for the last minute of charge near the hot and cold battery thresholds. The battery in the example above was charged in a 25C ambient with its temperature rising 31C - 25C or 6C. The temperature rise was 31C - 29.8C or 1.2C in the last minute before full charge occurred. This information is used to check the thermistor characteristics at the ambient extremes. If the selected 1C charge rate is initiated at 12C, the thermistor resistance change must decrease 4%/min. between 16.8C and 18C. The thermistor resistance at 16.8C is 13.68k92 and at 18C the thermistor resistance is 13.06kQ. 13.68kQ - 13.06kQ (100) = 4.53% 13.68kQ The thermistor meets the 4%/min. requirement and will result in termination of fast charge at 18C. If the selected 1C charge rate 1s initiated at 37C, the thermistor resistance change must decrease 4%/min. between 41.8C and 43C. The thermistor resistance al 41.8C is 5.48kQ and at 43C the thermistor resistance is 5.25kQ. S.48k82 - 5.25kQ (100) = 4.19% S.48k22 The thermistor meets the 4%/min, requirement and will result in termination of fast charge at 43C. The 4%/min. and 3%/min. decrease in thermistor resistance tor the last minute of charge for the selected charge rate are applicable for NTC thermistors other than 10kQ) @ 25C provided that the following requirements are met: e An external pull-up resistor to 5V is used to provide a thermistor voltage of 1.67V @ 25C. e = The thermistor resistance at 25C does not exceed 20kQ so that accuracy and adequate noise immunity are main- tained. e =6The thermistor resistance increases by a factor of about 1.8 from 25C to 10C and the thermistor resistance decreases by a factor of about 2.1 from 25C to 45C. e Using a thermal switch for hot battery detection: A thermal switch that opens at about 45C is recommended. The thermal switch must be connected between the THERM pin and ground. When the thermal switch is closed, the voltage at the THERM pin must be below 0.5V for normal operation. When the thermal switch opens (see Figure 12), the internal pull-up at the THERM pin will raise the voltage above 4.2V and the [CS1712 will shut down and will not restart uniess reseL Table 5 contains the internal voltage thresholds used with a thermal switch. DD THERM pin normally closed thermal switch opens at 45C Figure 12: Thermal switch to connection to ground at the THERM pin Table 5: Thermal Switch Voltage Thresholds Battery Parameter Voltage Temperature Opened Thermal Switch >4.2 >45C _ Voltage Closed Thermal Switch <0.5 <45C Vollage H-701CS1712 e Using no temperature sensor: If a temperature sensor is not used, the THERM pin must be grounded. Termination Selection: DTSEL Pin The ICS1712 has the capability of either temperature slope termination, voltage slope termination or both methods simul- taneously. The DTSEL pin has an internal 75kQ pull-down resistor that enables voltage slope termination as the primary method and is the default condition. Tying the pin high enables both temperature slope and voltage slope termination methods. Temperature slope termination as the primary method is en- abled by tying the DTSEL pin to the CMN output (pin 4). CMN must have an external [5kQ or lower value pull-up resistor to Vpp for proper activation of temperature slope termination. The 1CS1712 must be reset if a new termination method is desired. Table 6 summarizes the DTSEL pin settings. NOTE: Maximum temperature and fast charge timer termination methods are always enabled when using temperature slope termination. Refer to the sections on Fast Charge Timer Termination and Maximum Temperature Termination for more information. Table 6: Termination Select List Tie DTSEL | i Pin to ... Result Low Voltage slope termination only _ (No Connect) | High Voltage slope and temperature slope | termination CMN : Temperature slope termination only |(CMN with external pull-up to Vpp) | Voltage Input: VIN Pin The battery voltage must be normalized by an external resistor divider network to one cell. The electrochemical potential of one cell is about 1.2V. For example, if the battery consists of six cells in series, the voltage at the VIN pin must be equal to the total battery voltage divided by six. This can be accom- plished with two resistors, as shown in Figure [3. To determine the correct resistor values, count the number of cells to be charged in series. Then choose either R] or R2 and solve for the other resistor using: Ri = R2x (# of cells -1) or R2 = Rl (# of cells - 1) VIN pin # of cells = R2 b Figure 13: Resistor divider network at the VIN pin Power: VDD Pin The power supply for the device must be connected to the WDD pin. The voltage should be +5 VDC and should be supplied to the part through a regulator that has good noise rejection and an adequate current rating. The controller requires up to a maximum of 11mA with Vpp=5.00V. Grounding: VSS, AVSS Pins There are two ground pins. Both pins must be connected together at the device. This point must have a direct connection to a solid ground plane. H-711CS1712 Data Tables Table 7: Absolute Maximum Ratings | Supply Voltage 6.5 _ ; Vv _ _ | ; Logic Input Levels -0.5 to Vpp + 0.5 _v : , Ambient Operating Temperature _ Oto 70 C en | storage Temperature 5510150 Ee J Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only. Functional operation of the device at the Absolute Maximum Ratings or other conditions not consistent with the characteristics shown in this document is not recommended. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect product reliability. Table 8: DC Characteristics | PARAMETER | SYMBOL | TEST CONDITIONS, | MIN. | TYP | MAX | UNITS. | Supply Voltage Vpp |! , 45 | 5.0 5.5 v : Supply Current Ipp - : 7.3 ; mA High Level Input Voltage Vin | 36 6| #641 45 Vv _SELO, SELI | ! ! | | Low Level Input Voltage | Vit 0.73 0.75 0.8 v SELO, SELI : | | | ; Low Level Input Current, pull-up In |V=0.4V . 4 [ BA |THERM, MRN | | : _t - | High Level Input Current, pull-down hy |V=Vpp-04v | - | 75 | - HA | DTSEL : | - : | High Level Source Current | foH , V=Vpp-0.4V - 28 1 - mA | (CHG, DCHG | a . Low Level Sink Current lo. '=0.4V - 25 - mA CHG, DCHG . foe, | , Low Level Sink Current, indicator | IoL V=0.4V - 40 - mA Low Level Sink Current, indicator lo. V=0.4V / - | 28 | - mA OTN . . . Input Impedance. . of oe - 10 | : MQ Analog/Digital Converter Range ee ce te nbene 22.2] 0-2-7 | ORT WV TAMB=25C | PARAMETER | TYP UNITS ' | Minimum Battery Voltage . 0.5 v | Maximum Battery Voltage . | 2.0 coe Vv | Thermistor - Cold Temperature 24 . v ' | Thermistor - Hot Temperature | 0.93 : Vv Thermal Switch - Open : 42 Vv | Thermal Switch - Closed __ | _ 2 O85 i v.. _ | H-72ICS1712 Table 10: Timing Characteristics R=16kQ, C=100pF i ~ PARAMETER "SYMBOL | REFERENCE | TYP | UNITS | Clock Frequency | 1.0 | MHz | Reset Pulse Duration | {RESET . see Figure B __ 100 toms Charge Pulse Width _. : tCHG - _seeFigueA =! s-:1048 MS [Pischare Pulse Width _ | tDCHG see Figure A 50 | ms [Rest Time ; _ tR see Figure A 40 _ms Data Acquisition Time / (DA _. seeFigueA | 164. | ems |Cycle Time a _ | CYCLE see Figure A | 1077, ms Capacitor Discharge Pulse Width : 4 50 | ms Capacitor Discharge Pulse Period a ; ; 100 ms Polling Detect Pulse Width Po | 100 ms Polling Detect Pulse Period _ : | . : : 624 _ms son Start Initial Pulse Width 200 __.ms ' Soft Start Incremental Pulse Width : ; 70 ! ms , RESET to SEL Dynamic Reprogram Period 7 (RSA _, seeFigueB | 60 ms | Timing Diagrams Figure A: tens te CHG | DCHG \ __ voltage sle sle om am t tocne tk toa CYCLE Figure B: treset > RESET SELO SEL1 tesa H-731CS1712 Applications Information To ensure proper operation of the ICS1712, external compo- nents must be properly selected. The external current source used must meet several important criteria to ensure optimal performance of the charging system. The charging current should be constant when using voltage slope termination. The current may vary when using temperature slope termination. VIN Divider Resistors Figure 14 shows a typical application using the ICS1712. R1 and R2 must be carefully selected to ensure that battery detec- tion and voltage termination methods operate properly. R1 and R2 are selected to scale the battery voltage down to the voltage of one cell. The following table shows some typical values. Additional information is available in the Voltage Input section. | Cells | RI R2 : ! Short Open | 2 2.0k ! 2.0k : | 3 2.0k 1.0k | 4 : 3.0k 1.0k | , 5 12k 3.0k 6 10k ' 2.0k i | 7 12k 2.0k | | 8 9.1k 13k If using voltage slope termination, the current source should prevent ripple voltage from appearing on the battery. The effects of ripple on the battery voltage may interfere with proper operation when using the voltage slope method. PC Board Design Considerations It is very important that care be taken to minimize noise coupling and ground bounce. In addition, wires and connectors can add significant resistance and inductance to the charge and discharge circuits. When designing the printed circuit board, make sure ground and power traces are wide and bypass capacitors are used right at the controller. Use separate grounds for the signal, charge and discharge circuits, Separate ground planes on the compo- nent side of the PC board are recommended. Be sure to connect these grounds together at the negative lead of the battery only. For the discharge circuit, keep the physical separation between power and return (ground) to a minimum to minimize field radiation effects. This precaution is also applicable to the constant current source, particularly if it is a switch mode type. Keep the ICS1712 and the constant current source control circuits outside the power and return loop described above. These precautions will prevent high circulating currents and coupled noise from disturbing normal operation. Selecting the Appropriate Termination Method In general, the voltage slope termination method works best for equipment where the battery is fast charged with the equipment off or the battery is removed from the equipment for fast charge. The temperature slope and maximum tempera- ture termination methods are for equipment that must remain operative while the battery is fast charged. H-74ICS1712 e Voltage Slope Termination The voltage slope termination method used by the ICS1712 requires a nearly constant current flow into the battery during fast charge. Equipment that draws a known constant current while the battery is charging may use the voltage slope termi- nation method. This constant current draw must be added to the fast charge current. Using the voltage slope termination method for equipment that randomly or periodically requires moderate current from the battery during fast charge needs evaluation. Equipment that randomly or periodically requires high current from the battery during fast charge may cause a voltage inflection that results in termination before full charge. A voltage inflection can occur due to the charge current de- creasing or fluctuating as the load changes rather than by the battery reaching full charge. The voltage slope method will terminate charge based on voltage inflections that are charac- teristic of a fully charged battery. Charging sources that produce decreasing current as fast charge progresses may also cause a voltage inflection that may result in termination before full charge. For example, if the charge current is supplied through a resistor or if the charging source is a constant current type that has insufficient input voltage, the current will decrease and may cause a termination before full charge. Other current source abnormalities that may cause a voltage inflection that is characteristic of a fully charged battery are inadequate ripple and noise attentuation capability or charge current decreasing due to thermal drift. Charging sources that have any of the above characteristics need evaluation to access their suitability for the application if the use of the voltage slope termination is desired. When using voltage slope termination, the controller soft start stage, built-in noise filtering, and fast charge timer operate optimally when the constant current source charges the battery at the rate selected. If the actual charge current is significantly less than the rate selected, the conditioning effect of the soft start stage and the controller noise immunity are lessened. Also, the fast charge timer may cause termination based on time duration rather than by the battery reaching full charge due to inadequate charge current. e Temperature Slope and Maximum Temperature Temperature slope and/or maximum temperature termination may have to be used for equipment that has high dynamic current demands while operating from the battery during fast charge. Also, users who do not have a well regulated constant current source available may have to use temperature termina- tion. In general, utilizing temperature slope as the primary termination method with maximum temperature termination as a safety back-up feature is the best approach. When using temperature slope termination, the actual current should not be appreciably lower than the selected rate in order that termina- tion of fast charge occurs due to the battery reaching full charge rather than by the timer expiring. Temperature termination methods require that the thermal sensor be in intimate contact with the battery. A low thermal impedance contact area is required for accurate temperature sensing. The area and quality of the contact surface between the sensor and the battery directly affects the accuracy of temperature sensing. Thermally conductive adhesives may have to be considered in some applications to ensure good thermal transfer from the battery case to the sensor. The thermal sensor should be placed on the largest surface of the battery for the best accuracy. The size of the battery is also a consideration when using temperature termination. The larger the battery the lower the surface area to volume ratio. Because of this, larger batteries are less capable in dissipating internal heat. Additional considerations beyond the basics mentioned above may be involved when using temperature slope termination where sudden changes in ambient temperature occur or where forced air cooling is used. For these applications, the surface area of the thermal sensor in contact with the battery compared to the surface area of the thermal sensor in contact with the ambient air may be significant. For example, bead type thermis- tors are relatively small devices which have far less thermal capacity compared to most batteries. Insulating the surface of the thermistor that is in contact with the ambient air should help minimize heat loss by the thermistor and maintain accuracy. H-75ICS1712 Maximum Temperature Termination Maximum temperature termination is best suited as a safety back-up feature. Maximum temperature termination requires that the thermal sensor be in intimate contact with the battery. A low thermal impedance contact area is required for accurate temperature sensing. The area and quality of the contact sur- face between the sensor and the battery directly affects the accuracy of temperature sensing. Thermally conductive adhe- sives may have to be considered in some applications to ensure good thermal transfer from the battery case to the sensor. The thermal sensor should be placed on the largest surface of the battery for the best accuracy. The size of the battery is also a consideration when using temperature termination. The larger the battery, lower the surface area to volume ratio. Because of this, larger batteries are less capable in dissipating internal heat. Additional considerations beyond the basics mentioned above may be involved when using maximum temperature termina- tion where sudden changes in ambient temperature occur or where forced air cooling is used. For these applications, the surface area of the thermal sensor in contact with the battery compared to the surface area of the thermal sensor in contact with the ambient air may be significant. For example, bead type thermistors are relatively small devices which have far less thermal capacity compared to most batteries. Insulating the surface of the thermistor that is in contact with the ambient air should help minimize heat loss by the thermistor and maintain accuracy. Charging System Status by Indicator The Indicator Description List in Table 2 contains displays that are caused by charging system abnormalities. At power-up or after a reset is issued, one flash of the CMN indicator followed by a continuous PFN indication results from a voltage present at the battery terminals with the current source off and no battery. Check the current source and ensure that it produces no more than the equivalent of 350mV/cell when turned off with no battery. If the VIN divider resistors were not properly selected, an open circuit voltage that is actually less than the equivalent of 350mV/cell with the charger off and no battery will not divide down this open circuit voltage properly and produce a PFN fault indication. Check the VIN divider and ensure that it properly normalizes the battery voltage to the electrochemical potential of about 1.2V cell. If the PFN fault indicator is active immediately after power-up or after a reset is issued with the battery installed, then the constant current source is producing more than the equivalent of 350m V/cell when off and there is an open connection between the charger terminals and the battery. Check wires, connections, battery terminals, and the battery itself for an open circuit condition. If the CMN and OTN indicators are active together, this is an indication that the battery temperature has dropped to below 10C after a fast charge was initiated with the battery tempera- ture normal. If this condition is observed and the battery temperature did not drop after fast charge was initiated, check the thermistor circuit mechanically for poor contact and elec- trically for excessive noise. H-76IC$1712 CONSTANT Vv, " >>_ current SOURCE R3 (note 1) +5V 45V A/S / Q1 (note 2) +5 V (note 5) ICS1712 Tr +5V 390 > 390 cto 4.7uF 047pF cue von [16 | Te en a an 3) | DCHG unused | 15 J 27k (note 4) ALLS 3 | PFN vin [14 a CHG 4 | CMN THERM | 13 p22 TEMP.5 | OTN ODTSEL [14 +5V ~~ 6 | SELO RC Li OF temperature | 7_| VSS MAN | 10_~ R2 sense 8 | AVSS SEL1 [9 _~ 16k = options 047 UF Vv " Z 100pF 7 10kQ lopen JG @ 5 Cc @ 45C (note 6) | Notes: 1) Value of R3 determined by discharge current and capacity of battery pack. 2) Discharge FET is logic-leval compatible in this application. 3) DC return of discharge FET must be connected close to negative battery terminal. 4) Resistor is needed only if a thermistor is used. Value may change depending on thermistor. 5) Regulated supply 6) Power ground; others are signal ground. Connect signal ground to power ground at negative battery terminal only. Figure 14: Functional Diagram Ordering Information ICS1712N, ICS1712M, or ICS1712MT Example: ICS XXXX M Package Type N=DIP (Plastic) M=SOIC MT=SOIC Tape and Reel Device Type (consists of 3-5 digit numbers) Prefix ICS=Standard Device 9452 H-77