![](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
W3E32M72SR-XSBX
July 2006 © 2010 Microsemi Corporation. All rights reserved. 2 Microsemi Corporation • (602) 437-1520 • www.whiteedc.com
Rev. 3 www.microsemi.com
Microsemi Corporation reserves the right to change products or specifi cations without notice.
The 256MB DDR SDRAM operates from a differential clock (CK
and CK#); the crossing of CK going HIGH and CK# going LOW
will be referred to as the positive edge of CK. Com mands (ad dress
and control signals) are registered at every positive edge of CK.
Input data is registered on both edg es of DQS, and out put data is
ref er enced to both edges of DQS, as well as to both edges of CK.
Read and write accesses to the DDR SDRAM are burst ori ent ed;
accesses start at a selected location and continue for a pro grammed
number of locations in a programmed sequence. Accesses begin
with the registration of an AC TIVE command, which is then followed
by a READ or WRITE command. The address bits registered
coincident with the ACTIVE command are used to select the bank
and row to be accessed. The ad dress bits registered coincident
with the READ or WRITE com mand are used to select the bank
and the starting column location for the burst access.
The DDR SDRAM provides for programmable READ or WRITE
burst lengths of 2, 4, or 8 locations. An auto precharge func tion may
be enabled to provide a self-timed row precharge that is initiated
at the end of the burst access.
The pipelined, multibank architecture of DDR SDRAMs al lows for
concurrent operation, thereby providing high ef fec tive band width by
hiding row precharge and activation time.
An auto refresh mode is provided, along with a power-saving
power-down mode. All inputs are compatible with the Jedec
Standard for SSTL_2. All full drive options outputs are SSTL_2,
Class II compatible.
FUNCTIONAL DE SCRIP TION
Read and write accesses to the DDR SDRAM are burst
ori ent ed; accesses start at a selected location and continue for
a pro grammed number of locations in a pro grammed se quence.
Ac cess es begin with the registration of an AC TIVE com mand which
is then followed by a READ or WRITE com mand. The address
bits registered coincident with the AC TIVE command are used to
select the bank and row to be accessed (BA0 and BA1 select the
bank, A0-12 select the row). The address bits registered coincident
with the READ or WRITE com mand are used to select the start ing
column location for the burst access.
Prior to normal operation, the DDR SDRAM must be initialized.
The following sections provide detailed information cov er ing device
initialization, register defi nition, command de scrip tions and de vice
operation.
INITIALIZATION
DDR SDRAMs must be powered up and initialized in a pre defi ned
manner. Operational procedures other than those specifi ed may
result in undefi ned operation. Power must fi rst be applied to VCC
and VCCQ simultaneously, and then to VREF (and to the system
VTT). VTT must be applied after VCCQ to avoid device latch-up,
which may cause per ma nent dam age to the device. VREF can
be applied any time after VCCQ but is expected to be nominally
coincident with VTT. Except for CKE, inputs are not recognized
as valid until after VREF is applied. CKE is an SSTL_2 input but
will detect an LVCMOS LOW level after VCC is applied. After CKE
passes through VIH, it will transition to an SSTL_2 signal and
remain as such until power is cycled. Maintaining an LVCMOS
LOW level on CKE during power-up is required to ensure that the
DQ and DQS outputs will be in the High-Z state, where they will
remain until driven in normal operation (by a read ac cess). After all
power supply and reference voltages are stable, and the clock is
stable, the DDR SDRAM requires a 200μs delay prior to applying
an executable com mand.
Once the 200μs delay has been satisfi ed, a DESELECT or NOP
command should be applied, and CKE should be brought HIGH.
Following the NOP command, a PRECHARGE ALL command
should be applied. Next a LOAD MODE REG IS TER command
should be issued for the extended mode register (BA1 LOW and
BA0 HIGH) to enable the DLL, fol lowed by another LOAD MODE
REGISTER command to the mode register (BA0/BA1 both LOW)
to reset the DLL and to program the operating parameters. Two-
hundred clock cy cles are required between the DLL reset and any
READ command. A PRECHARGE ALL command should then be
applied, placing the device in the all banks idle state.
Once in the idle state, two AUTO REFRESH cycles must be
performed (tRFC must be satisfi ed.) Additionally, a LOAD MODE
REGISTER command for the mode register with the reset DLL
bit deactivated (i.e., to program operating pa ram e ters without
resetting the DLL) is required. Following these requirements, the
DDR SDRAM is ready for normal op er a tion.
REGISTER DEFINITION
MODE REGISTER
The Mode Register is used to defi ne the specifi c mode of op er a tion
of the DDR SDRAM. This defi nition includes the selection of a
burst length, a burst type, a CAS latency, and an op er at ing mode,
as shown in Figure 3. The Mode Reg is ter is programmed via the
MODE REG IS TER SET command (with BA0 = 0 and BA1 = 0)
and will retain the stored in for ma tion until it is pro grammed again
or the device loses power. (Ex cept for bit A8 which is self clearing).
Reprogramming the mode register will not alter the contents of
the memory, provided it is performed correctly. The Mode Reg is ter
must be load ed (reloaded) when all banks are idle and no bursts
are in progress, and the con trol ler must wait the spec i fi ed time
be fore ini ti at ing the sub se quent op er a tion. Vi o lat ing either of these
re quire ments will result in un spec i fi ed operation.
Mode register bits A0-A2 specify the burst length, A3 spec i fi es the
type of burst (sequential or in ter leaved), A4-A6 spec i fy the CAS
latency, and A7-A12 specify the op er at ing mode.
BURST LENGTH
Read and write ac cess es to the DDR SDRAM are burst ori ent ed,
with the burst length being programmable, as shown in Fig ure
3. The burst length determines the maximum num ber of column
lo ca tions that can be accessed for a given READ or WRITE
command. Burst lengths of 2, 4 or 8 lo ca tions are avail able for
both the sequential and the in ter leaved burst types.
Reserved states should not be used, as unknown op er a tion or
incompatibility with future versions may result.