General Description
The MAX9938 high-side current-sense amplifier offers
precision accuracy specifications of VOS less than 500μV
(max) and gain error less than 0.5% (max). Quiescent
supply current is an ultra-low 1μA. The MAX9938 fits
in a tiny, 1mm x 1mm UCSP™ package size or a 5-pin
SOT23 package, making the part ideal for applications in
notebook computers, cell phones, PDAs, and all battery-
operated portable devices where accuracy, low quiescent
current, and small size are critical.
The MAX9938 features an input common-mode voltage
range from 1.6V to 28V. These current-sense ampli-
fiers have a voltage output and are offered in four gain
versions: 25V/V (MAX9938T), 50V/V (MAX9938F),
100V/V (MAX9938H), and 200V/V (MAX9938W).
The four gain selections offer flexibility in the choice of
the external current-sense resistor. The very low 500μV
(max) input offset voltage allows small 25mV to 50mV
full-scale VSENSE voltage for very low voltage drop at
full-current measurement.
The MAX9938 is offered in tiny 4-bump, UCSP (1mm x
1mm x 0.6mm footprint), 5-pin SOT23, and 6-pin μDFN
(2mm x 2mm x 0.8mm) packages specified for operation
over the -40°C to +85°C extended temperature range.
Applications
Cell Phones
PDAs
Power Management Systems
Portable/Battery-Powered Systems
Notebook Computers
Features
Ultra-Low Supply Current of 1μA (max)
Low 500μV (max) Input Offset Voltage
Low < 0.5% (max) Gain Error
Input Common Mode: +1.6V to +28V
Voltage Output
Four Gain Versions Available
+25V/V (MAX9938T)
50V/V (MAX9938F)
100V/V (MAX9938H)
200V/V (MAX9938W)
Tiny 1mm x 1mm x 0.6mm, 4-Bump UCSP, 5-Pin
SOT23, or 2mm x 2mm x 0.8mm, 6-Pin μDFN
Packages
19-4110; Rev 7; 4/17
UCSP is a trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.
+Denotes a lead(Pb)-free/RoHS-compliant package.
G45 indicates protective die coating.
Note: All devices are specified over the -40°C to +85°C
extended temperature range.
MAX9938 nanoPower, 4-Bump UCSP/SOT23,
Precision Current-Sense Amplifier
Pin Congurations
Ordering Information
PART PIN-
PACKAGE
GAIN
(V/V)
TOP
MARK
MAX9938TEBS+G45 4 UCSP 25 +AGD
MAX9938FEBS+G45 4 UCSP 50 +AGE
MAX9938HEBS+G45 4 UCSP 100 +AGF
MAX9938WEBS+G45 4 UCSP 200 +AGI
MAX9938TEUK+ 5 SOT23 25 +AFFB
MAX9938FEUK+ 5 SOT23 50 +AFFC
MAX9938HEUK+ 5 SOT23 100 +AFFD
MAX9938WEUK+ 5 SOT23 200 +AFGZ
MAX9938FELT+ 6 µDFN 50 +ACM
MAX9938T
MAX9938F
MAX9938H
MAX9938W
MAX9938T
MAX9938F
MAX9938H
MAX9938W
5 4
1 32
RS+ RS-
GND OUTGND
SOT23
UCSP
TOP VIEW
(BUMPS ON BOTTOM)
B1 B2
A1
GND
RS+
OUT
RS-A2 1
2
3
6
5
4
RS-
N.C.
RS+
MAX9938FELT
µDFN
TOP VIEW
(PADS ON BOTTOM)
OUT
N.C.
GND
DRAWINGS NOT TO SCALE
EVALUATION KIT AVAILABLE
RS+, RS- to GND ..................................................-0.3V to +30V
OUT to GND ............................................................-0.3V to +6V
RS+ to RS- ..........................................................................±30V
Short-Circuit Duration: OUT to GND .........................Continuous
Continuous Input Current (Any Pin) .................................±20mA
Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70°C)
4-Bump UCSP (derate 3.0mW/°C above +70°C) ........238mW
5-Pin SOT23 (derate 3.9mW/°C above +70°C) ..........312mW
6-Pin μDFN (derate 4.5mW/°C above +70°C) ............358mW
Operating Temperature Range ........................... -40°C to +85°C
Junction Temperature ...................................................... +150°C
Storage Temperature Range ............................ -65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (excluding UCSP, soldering, 10s) .....+300°C
Soldering Temperature (reflow) ....................................... +260°C
(VRS+ = VRS- = 3.6V, VSENSE = (VRS+ - VRS-) = 0V, TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) (Note 1)
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Absolute Maximum Ratings
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these
or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect
device reliability.
Electrical Characteristics
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
Supply Current (Note 2) ICC
VRS+ = 5V, TA = +25°C 0.5 0.85
µA
VRS+ = 5V, -40°C < TA < +85°C 1.1
VRS+ = 28V, TA = +25°C 1.1 1.8
VRS+ = 28V, -40°C < TA < +85°C 2.5
Common-Mode Input Range VCM Guaranteed by CMRR , -40°C < TA < +85°C 1.6 28 V
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio CMRR 1.6V < VRS+ < 28V, -40°C < TA < +85°C 94 130 dB
Input Offset Voltage (Note 3) VOS
TA = +25°C ±100 ±500 µV
-40°C < TA < +85°C ±600
Gain G
MAX9938T 25
V/V
MAX9938F 50
MAX9938H 100
MAX9938W 200
Gain Error (Note 4) GE
MAX9938T/MAX9938F/
MAX9938H
TA = +25°C ±0.1 ±0.5
%
-40°C < TA < +85°C ±0.6
MAX9938W TA = +25°C ±0.1 ±0.7
-40°C < TA < +85°C ±0.8
Output Resistance ROUT (Note 5) MAX9938T/F/H 7.0 10 13.2 kΩ
MAX9938W 14.0 20 26.4
OUT Low Voltage VOL
Gain = 25 1.5 15
mV
Gain = 50 3 30
Gain = 100 6 60
Gain = 200 12 120
OUT High Voltage VOH VOH = VRS- - VOUT (Note 6) 0.1 0.2 V
Small-Signal Bandwidth
(Note 5)
BW
VSENSE = 50mV, gain = 25 125 V
VSENSE = 50mV, gain = 50 60
kHzVSENSE = 50mV, gain = 100 30
VSENSE = 50mV, gain = 200 15
Output Settling Time tS1% nal value, VSENSE = 50mV 100 µs
(VRS+ = VRS- = 3.6V, VSENSE = (VRS+ - VRS-) = 0V, TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) (Note 1)
Note 1: All devices are 100% production tested at TA = +25°C. All temperature limits are guaranteed by design.
Note 2: VOUT = 0. ICC is the total current into RS+ plus RS- pins.
Note 3: VOS is extrapolated from measurements for the gain-error test.
Note 4: Gain error is calculated by applying two values of VSENSE and calculating the error of the slope vs. the ideal:
Gain = 25, VSENSE is 20mV and 120mV.
Gain = 50, VSENSE is 10mV and 60mV.
Gain = 100, VSENSE is 5mV and 30mV.
Gain = 200, VSENSE is 2.5mV and 15mV.
Note 5: The device is stable for any external capacitance value.
Note 6: VOH is the voltage from VRS- to VOUT with VSENSE = 3.6V/gain.
(VRS+ = VRS- = 3.6V, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
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Electrical Characteristics (continued)
0
10
5
20
15
25
30
-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.2 0.30.1 0.4
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE HISTOGRAM
MAX9938 toc01
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE (mV)
N (%)
INPUT OFFSET
vs. COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE
MAX9938 toc04
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
INPUT OFFSET (µV)
2520105 15
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-55
0 30
SUPPLY CURRENT
vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX9938 toc03
TEMPERATURE (°C)
SUPPLY CURRENT (µA)
10-15 35 60
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
28V
3.6V
1.8V
0
-40 85
SUPPLY CURRENT
vs. COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE
MAX9938 toc06
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
SUPPLY CURRENT (µA)
15 2010 305 25
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1.2
1.4
0
0
0
10
5
20
15
25
30
-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.2 0.30.1 0.4
GAIN ERROR HISTOGRAM
MAX9938 toc02
GAIN ERROR (%)
N (%)
INPUT OFFSET
vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX9938 toc05
INPUT OFFSET (µV)
20
10
30
40
50
60
0
TEMPERATURE (°C)
10-15 35 60-40 85
Typical Operating Characteristics
(VRS+ = VRS- = 3.6V, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
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Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
VOUT vs. VSENSE
(SUPPLY = 1.6V)
MAX9938 toc10
VSENSE (mV)
V
OUT
(V)
80604020
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0
0 100
G = 100
G = 50
G = 25
-0.5
-0.3
-0.4
-0.1
-0.2
0
0.1
0 10 155 20 25 30
GAIN ERROR
vs. COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE
MAX9938 toc07
VOLTAGE (V)
GAIN ERROR (%)
SMALL-SIGNAL PULSE RESPONSE
(GAIN = 100)
MAX9938 toc13a
20µs/div
VOUT
VSENSE
1V
1.5V
10mV
15mV
SMALL-SIGNAL PULSE RESPONSE
(GAIN = 50)
MAX9938 toc13b
25µs/div
VOUT
VSENSE
1V
1.5V
20mV
30mV
CMRR
vs. FREQUENCY
MAX9938 toc12
FREQUENCY (kHz)
CMRR (dB)
100kHz10Hz 1MHz100Hz 10kHz1kHz
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-20
0
-160
1Hz
G = 25
G = 50
G = 100
VOUT vs. VSENSE
(SUPPLY = 3.6V)
MAX9938 toc09
VSENSE (mV)
V
OUT
(V)
10050
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0
0 150
G = 100
G = 25
G = 50
SMALL SIGNAL GAIN
vs. FREQUENCY
MAX9938 toc11
FREQUENCY (kHz)
GAIN (dB)
100kHz10Hz 1MHz100Hz 10kHz1kHz
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
0
5
-30
1Hz
AV = 25V/V
AV = 100V/V
AV = 50V/V
GAIN ERROR
vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX9938 toc08
TEMPERATURE (°C)
GAIN ERROR (%)
10 60 8535-15
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.07
0.08
0
-40
(VRS+ = VRS- = 3.6V, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
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Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
Pin Description
PIN NAME FUNCTION
UCSP SOT23 µDFN
A1 5 4 RS+ External Sense Resistor Power-Side Connection
A2 4 6 RS- External Sense Resistor Load-Side Connection
B1 1, 2 3 GND Ground
B2 3 1 OUT Output Voltage. VOUT is proportional to VSENSE = VRS+ - VRS-.
2, 5 N.C. No Connection. Not internally connected.
SMALL-SIGNAL PULSE RESPONSE
(GAIN = 25)
MAX9938 toc13c
25µs/div
VOUT
VSENSE
1V
1.5V
40mV
60mV
LARGE-SIGNAL PULSE RESPONSE
(GAIN = 100)
MAX9938 toc14a
20µs/div
VOUT
VSENSE
1V
3V
10mV
30mV
LARGE-SIGNAL PULSE RESPONSE
(GAIN = 50)
MAX9938 toc14b
25µs/div
VOUT
VSENSE
0.5V
3V
10mV
60mV
LARGE-SIGNAL PULSE RESPONSE
(GAIN = 25)
MAX9938 toc14c
25µs/div
VOUT
VSENSE
0.5V
3V
20mV
120mV
Detailed Description
The MAX9938 unidirectional high-side, current-sense
amplifier features a 1.6V to 28V input common-mode
range. This feature allows the monitoring of current out
of a battery with a voltage as low as 1.6V. The MAX9938
monitors current through a current-sense resistor and
amplifies the voltage across that resistor.
The MAX9938 is a unidirectional current-sense amplifier
that has a well-established history. An op amp is used
to force the current through an internal gain resistor at
RS+, which has a value of R1, such that its voltage drop
equals the voltage drop across an external sense resis-
tor, RSENSE. There is an internal resistor at RS- with the
same value as R1 to minimize offset voltage. The cur-
rent through R1 is sourced by a high-voltage p-channel
FET. Its source current is the same as its drain current,
which flows through a second gain resistor, ROUT. This
produces an output voltage, VOUT, whose magnitude is
ILOAD x RSENSE x ROUT/R1. The gain accuracy is based
on the matching of the two gain resistors R1 and ROUT
(see Table 1). Total gain = 25V/V for the MAX9938T,
50V/V for the MAX9938F, 100V/V for the MAX9938H, and
200V/V for the MAX9938W. The output is protected from
input overdrive by use of an output current limiting circuit
of 7mA (typical) and a 6V clamp protection circuit.
Table 1. Internal Gain Setting Resistors (Typical Values)
MAX9938 nanoPower, 4-Bump UCSP/SOT23,
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Typical Operating Circuit
VBATT = 1.6V TO 28V
RSENSE
R1
ILOAD
ROUT
R1
GND
OUT
P
MAX9938
RS+ RS-
ADC
LOAD
µC
VDD = 3.3V
10k
GAIN (V/V) R1 (Ω) ROUT (kΩ)
200 100 20
100 100 10
50 200 10
25 400 10
Applications Information
Choosing the Sense Resistor
Choose RSENSE based on the following criteria:
Voltage Loss
A high RSENSE value causes the power-source voltage
to drop due to IR loss. For minimal voltage loss, use the
lowest RSENSE value.
OUT Swing vs. VRS+ and VSENSE
The MAX9938 is unique since the supply voltage is the
input common-mode voltage (the average voltage at RS+
and RS-). There is no separate VCC supply voltage pin.
Therefore, the OUT voltage swing is limited by the mini-
mum voltage at RS+.
VOUT (max) = VRS+ (min) - VSENSE (max) - VOH
and
OUT
SENSE
LOAD
V (max)
RG I (max)
=
×
VSENSE full scale should be less than VOUT/gain at the
minimum RS+ voltage. For best performance with a 3.6V
supply voltage, select RSENSE to provide approximately
120mV (gain of 25V/V), 60mV (gain of 50V/V), 30mV (gain
of 100V/V), or 15mV (gain of 200V/V) of sense voltage for
the full-scale current in each application. These can be
increased by use of a higher minimum input voltage.
Accuracy
In the linear region (VOUT < VOUT(max)), there are two
components to accuracy: input offset voltage (VOS) and
gain error (GE). For the MAX9938, VOS = 500μV (max)
and gain error is 0.5% (max). Use the linear equation:
VOUT = (gain ± GE) x VSENSE ± (gain x VOS)
to calculate total error. A high RSENSE value allows lower
currents to be measured more accurately because offsets
are less significant when the sense voltage is larger.
Efciency and Power Dissipation
At high current levels, the I2R losses in RSENSE can be
significant. Take this into consideration when choosing the
resistor value and its power dissipation (wattage) rating.
Also, the sense resistor’s value might drift if it is allowed to
heat up excessively. The precision VOS of the MAX9938
allows the use of small sense resistors to reduce power
dissipation and reduce hot spots.
Kelvin Connections
Because of the high currents that flow through RSENSE,
take care to eliminate parasitic trace resistance from
causing errors in the sense voltage. Either use a four-
terminal current-sense resistor or use Kelvin (force and
sense) PCB layout techniques.
Optional Output Filter Capacitor
When designing a system that uses a sample-and-hold
stage in the ADC, the sampling capacitor momentarily
loads OUT and causes a drop in the output voltage. If
sampling time is very short (less than a microsecond),
consider using a ceramic capacitor across OUT and
GND to hold VOUT constant during sampling. This also
decreases the small-signal bandwidth of the current-
sense amplifier and reduces noise at OUT.
Input Filters
Some applications of current-sense amplifiers need to
measure currents accurately even in the presence of both
differential and common-mode ripple, as well as a wide
variety of input transient conditions. For example, high-
frequency ripple at the output of a switching buck or boost
regulator results in a common-mode voltage at the inputs
of the MAX9938. Alternatively, fast load-current tran-
sients, when measuring at the input of a switching buck
or boost regulator, can cause high-frequency differential
sense voltages to occur at the inputs of the MAX9938,
although the signal of interest is the average DC value.
Such high-frequency differential sense voltages may
result in a voltage offset at the MAX9938 output.
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The MAX9938 allows two methods of filtering to help
improve performance in the presence of input common-
mode voltage and input differential voltage transients.
Figure 1 shows a differential input filter.
The capacitor CIN between RS+ and RS- along with the
resistor RIN between the sense resistor and RS- helps
filter against input differential voltages and prevents them
from reaching the MAX9938.
The corner frequency of this filter is determined by the
choice of RIN, CIN, and the value of the input resistance
at RS- (R1). See Table 1 for R1 values at the different
gain options.
The value of RIN should be chosen to minimize its effect
on the input offset voltage due to the bias current at RS-.
RIN x IBIAS contributes to the input voltage offset. IBIAS
is typically 0.2μA.
Placing RIN at the RS- input does not affect the gain
error of the device because the gain is given by the ratio
between ROUT and R1 at RS+.
Figure 2 shows the input common-mode filter.
Again, the corner frequency of the filter is determined by
the choice of RIN, CIN and is affected by R1.
In this case RIN affects both gain error and input offset
voltage. RIN should be smaller than R1 so that it has neg-
ligible effect on the device gain. If, for example, a filter with
RIN = 10Ω and CIN = 1μF is built, then depending upon the
gain selection, the gain error is affected by either 2.5% (G =
25V/V, R1 = 400Ω) or 5% (G = 50V/V, R1 = 200Ω) or 10%
(G = 100V/V, R1 = 100Ω) or 10% (G = 200V/V, R1 = 100Ω).
Figure 1. Differential Input Filter Figure 2. Input Common-Mode Filter
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RSENSE
CIN
RIN
RS-
OUT
GND
RS+
MAX9938
LOAD
RSENSE
CIN CIN
RIN
RIN
RS-
OUT
GND
RS+
MAX9938
LOAD
Bidirectional Application
Battery-powered systems may require a precise bidi-
rectional current-sense amplifier to accurately monitor the
battery’s charge and discharge currents. Measurements
of the two separate outputs with respect to GND yields an
accurate measure of the charge and discharge currents
respectively (Figure 3).
UCSP Applications Information
For the latest application details on UCSP construction,
dimensions, tape carrier information, PCB techniques,
bump-pad layout, and recommended reflow tempera-
ture profile, as well as the latest information on reliabil-
ity testing results, refer to the Application Note 1891:
Wafer-Level Packaging (WLP) and Its Applications
available on Maxim’s website at www.maximintegrated.
com/ucsp.
Figure 3. Bidirectional Application
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VBATT = 1.6V TO 28V
RSENSE
R1
ILOAD
ROUT
R1
GND
P
MAX9938
R1
ROUT
R1
GND
P
OUT OUT
TO WALL-CUBE/
CHARGER
MAX9938
RS+ RS-RS- RS+
ADC
ADC
LOAD
C
VDD = 3.3V
10k10k
Chip Information
PROCESS: BiCMOS
MAX9938 nanoPower, 4-Bump UCSP/SOT23,
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Package Information
For the latest package outline information and land patterns (footprints), go to www.maximintegrated.com/packages. Note that a “+”,
“#”, or “-” in the package code indicates RoHS status only. Package drawings may show a different suffix character, but the drawing
pertains to the package regardless of RoHS status.
PACKAGE TYPE PACKAGE CODE OUTLINE NO. LAND
PATTERN NO.
2 x 2 UCSP B4+1 21-0117
5 SOT23 U5-2 21-0057 90-0174
6 μDFN L622+1 21-0164 90-0004
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Package Information (continued)
For the latest package outline information and land patterns (footprints), go to www.maximintegrated.com/packages. Note that a “+”,
“#”, or “-” in the package code indicates RoHS status only. Package drawings may show a different suffix character, but the drawing
pertains to the package regardless of RoHS status.
SOT-23 5L .EPS
MAX9938 nanoPower, 4-Bump UCSP/SOT23,
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Package Information (continued)
For the latest package outline information and land patterns (footprints), go to www.maximintegrated.com/packages. Note that a “+”,
“#”, or “-” in the package code indicates RoHS status only. Package drawings may show a different suffix character, but the drawing
pertains to the package regardless of RoHS status.
MAX9938 nanoPower, 4-Bump UCSP/SOT23,
Precision Current-Sense Amplier
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Package Information (continued)
For the latest package outline information and land patterns (footprints), go to www.maximintegrated.com/packages. Note that a “+”,
“#”, or “-” in the package code indicates RoHS status only. Package drawings may show a different suffix character, but the drawing
pertains to the package regardless of RoHS status.
Maxim Integrated cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim Integrated product. No circuit patent licenses
are implied. Maxim Integrated reserves the right to change the circuitry and specications without notice at any time. The parametric values (min and max limits)
shown in the Electrical Characteristics table are guaranteed. Other parametric values quoted in this data sheet are provided for guidance.
Maxim Integrated and the Maxim Integrated logo are trademarks of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.
MAX9938 nanoPower, 4-Bump UCSP/SOT23,
Precision Current-Sense Amplier
© 2017 Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.
14
Revision History
REVISION
NUMBER
REVISION
DATE DESCRIPTION PAGES
CHANGED
0 4/08 Initial release
1 9/08 Added μDFN package information 1, 2, 4, 5, 9
2 2/09 Added G45 designation to part number 1
3 10/09 Added Input Filters section and MAX9938W to the data sheet 1, 2, 6–9
4 2/10 Updated EC table and Input Filters section 2, 8
5 8/10 Removed Power-Up Time parameter 2
6 1/11 Corrected error on Figure 2 8
7 4/17 Updated title of data sheet to include “nanoPower” 1–14
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