LT8710 Synchronous SEPIC/ Inverting/Boost Controller with Output Current Control Description Features n n n n n n n n n n Wide Input Range: 4.5V to 80V Rail-to-Rail Output Current Monitor and Control Input Voltage Regulation for High Impedance Inputs C/10 or Power Good Indication Pin MODE Pin for Forced CCM or Pulse-Skipping Operation Switching Frequency Up to 750kHz Easily Configurable as a Boost, SEPIC, Inverting or Flyback Converter with Single Feedback Pin Can Be Synchronized to External Clock High Gain EN/FBIN Pin Accepts Slowly Varying Input Signals 20-Lead TSSOP Package The LT(R)8710 is a synchronous PWM DC/DC controller with a rail-to-rail output current monitor and control. The LT8710 is ideal for many types of power supply topologies and can be easily configured for boost, SEPIC, inverting, or flyback configurations. The LT8710's rail-to-rail output current monitor and control allows the part to be configured in current limited applications such as battery charging. The FLAG pin can be used as a power good indication or C/10 indication allowing for accurate bulk and float battery voltages. The LT8710's switching frequency range can be set between 100kHz and 750kHz using an external resistor or synchronized to an external clock. Applications n n n n n The LT8710 also features innovative EN/FBIN pin circuitry that allows for slowly varying input signals and an adjustable undervoltage lockout function. The pin is also used for input voltage regulation to avoid collapsing a high impedance input supply. Additional features such as frequency foldback and soft-start are integrated. The LT8710 is available in a 20-lead TSSOP package. High Power Local Power Supply Wide Input Voltage Range SEPIC/Inverting Lead Acid Battery Charger Automotive Engine Control Unit (ECU) Power Solar Panel Power Converter L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Protected by U.S. Patents, Including 7579816. Typical Application 300kHz Inverter Generates -5V from a 4.5V to 25V Input 2.2H VOUT -5V 7A * 2.2H * VIN 4.5V TO 25V Efficiency and Power Loss + 0.47F + BG VIN ISN ISP LT8710 EN/FBIN 10F x4 10k 2.2F BIAS INTVEE MODE 2.2F INTVCC 60.4k FBX INTVCC 7 80 6 70 5 65 4 50 3 40 2 30 20 1 VIN = 5V VIN = 12V 0 1 2 3 4 5 LOAD CURRENT (A) 6 7 0 8710 TA01b FLAG VC RT 118k SYNC 100F x2 CSN CSP TG 13.3k 120F 90 330F 1.5m 4m 8 POWER LOSS (W) 499 100 EFFICIENCY (%) 10F x2 GND IMON SS 47nF 100pF 220nF 11.5k 3.3nF 8710 TA01a 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 1 LT8710 Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1) VIN Voltage ................................................. -0.3V to 80V BIAS Voltage............................................... -0.3V to 80V EN/FBIN Voltage.......................................... -0.3V to 80V BG Voltage.............................................................Note 5 TG Voltage.............................................................Note 5 RT Voltage.................................................... -0.3V to 5V SS Voltage.................................................... -0.3V to 3V FBX Voltage..................................................................5V FBX Current.............................................................-1mA VC Voltage..................................................... -0.3V to 2V SYNC Voltage............................................. -0.3V to 5.5V FLAG Voltage................................................ -0.3V to 7V FLAG Current.......................................................... 1mA MODE Voltage............................................. -0.3V to 40V INTVCC Voltage............................................. -0.3V to 7V INTVEE Voltage......................................................Note 5 CSP Voltage.................................................. -0.3V to 2V CSN Voltage.................................................. -0.3V to 2V ISP Voltage.................................. ISN - 0.4V to ISN + 2V ISN Voltage................................................. -0.3V to 80V IMON Voltage............................................. -0.3V to 2.5V Operating Junction Temperature Range LT8710E.............................................. -40C to 125C LT8710I............................................... -40C to 125C Storage Temperature Range................... -65C to 150C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec).................... 300C Pin Configuration TOP VIEW FBX 1 20 GND VC 2 19 SYNC SS 3 18 RT FLAG 4 IMON 5 ISN 6 ISP 7 14 CSN BIAS 8 13 VIN INTVEE 9 12 INTVCC 17 MODE 21 GND TG 10 16 EN/FBIN 15 CSP 11 BG FE PACKAGE 20-LEAD PLASTIC TSSOP TJMAX = 125C, JA = 38C/W, JC = 10C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 21) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB Order Information LEAD FREE FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING* PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE LT8710EFE#PBF LT8710EFE#TRPBF LT8710FE 20-Lead Plastic TSSOP -40C to 125C LT8710IFE#PBF LT8710IFE#TRPBF LT8710FE 20-Lead Plastic TSSOP -40C to 125C Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. *The temperature grade is identified by a label on the shipping container. For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/ 2 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 LT8710 Electrical Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications for each channel are at TA = 25C. VIN = 12V, VEN/FBIN = 12V, VBIAS = 12V, unless otherwise noted (Note 2). PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN Minimum Operating Input Voltage VIN OR VBIAS VIN if VBIAS 4.5V Quiescent Current, IVIN VBIAS = VISN = 7.5V, Not Switching VBIAS = 6.3V, VINTVEE = VISN = 0V, Not Switching Quiescent Current in Shutdown VEN/FBIN = 0V EN/FBIN Active Mode EN/FBIN Chip Enable l 0 TYP MAX UNITS 4.25 4.5 V V 4 5.5 5.5 7.5 mA mA 0 1 A EN/FBIN Rising l 1.64 1.7 1.76 V EN/FBIN Rising EN/FBIN Falling l l 1.22 1.18 1.3 1.26 1.38 1.34 V V EN/FBIN Chip Enable Hysteresis 44 EN/FBIN Input Voltage Low Shutdown Mode EN/FBIN Pin Bias Current VEN/FBIN = 3V VEN/FBIN = 1.7V VEN/FBIN = 1.6V VEN/FBIN = 0V SS Charge Current VSS = 0V, Current Flows Out of SS Pin SS Low Detection Voltage Part Exiting Undervoltage Lockout SS Hi Detection Voltage SS Rising SS Falling l mV 0.3 V A A A A 14 13 44 19.5 17.5 0 60 25 22.5 0.1 l 7 10.1 13.8 A l 18 50 82 mV 1.5 1.3 1.8 1.7 2.1 2.05 SS Hi Detection Hysteresis 100 V V mV Low Dropout Regulators, INTVCC and INTVEE INTVCC Voltage IINTVCC = 10mA l 6.2 6.3 6.4 V INTVCC Undervoltage Lockout INTVCC Rising INTVCC Falling l l 3.88 3.5 4 3.73 4.12 3.95 V V INTVCC Undervoltage Lockout Hysteresis 270 mV 255 280 mV mV INTVCC Dropout Voltage VIN - INTVCC, VIN = 6V, VBIAS = 0V, IINTVCC = 10mA VBIAS - VINTVCC, VIN = 0V, VBIAS = 6V, IINTVCC = 10mA INTVCC Load Regulation VIN = 12V, VBIAS = 0V, IINTVCC = 0mA to 80mA VIN = 0V, VBIAS = 12V, IINTVCC = 0mA to 40mA -0.44 -0.34 -2 -2 INTVCC Line Regulation 10V VIN 80V, VBIAS = 0V, IINTVCC = 10mA 10V VBIAS 80V, VIN = 0V, IINTVCC = 10mA -0.003 -0.006 -0.03 -0.03 %/V %/V 5 mA INTVCC Maximum External Load Current INTVEE Voltage, VBIAS - VINTVEE IINTVEE = 10mA l INTVEE Undervoltage Lockout, VBIAS - VINTVEE VBIAS - VINTVEE Rising VBIAS - VINTVEE Falling l l 6.03 6.18 6.33 V 3.24 2.94 3.42 3.22 3.6 3.48 V V INTVEE Undervoltage Lockout Hysteresis, VBIAS - VINTVEE INTVEE Dropout Voltage, VINTVEE % % VBIAS = 6V, IINTVEE = 10mA 200 mV 0.75 V Control Loops (Refer to Block Diagram to Locate Amplifiers) Current Limit Voltage, VCSP - VCSN VFBX = 1.1V, Minimum Duty Cycle VFBX = 1.1V, Maximum Duty Cycle l l 46 23 50 31 54 38 mV mV VFBX = 1.4V, MODE = 0V, Minimum Duty Cycle VFBX = 1.4V, MODE = 0V, Maximum Duty Cycle l l -23 -38 -32 -51 -41 -65 mV mV FBX Positive Output Regulation Voltage, EA1 l 1.191 1.213 1.237 FBX Negative Output Regulation Voltage, EA2 l -2 9.6 21 V mV 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 3 LT8710 Electrical Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications for each channel are at TA = 25C. VIN = 12V, VEN/FBIN = 12V, VBIAS = 12V, unless otherwise noted (Note 2). PARAMETER CONDITIONS Positive FBX Pin Bias Current VFBX = Positive FBX Reg Voltage, Current into Pin Negative FBX Pin Bias Current VFBX = Negative FBX Reg Voltage, Current Out of Pin FBX Amp Transconductance, EA1 or EA2 I = 2A MIN TYP MAX UNITS l 81.9 83.7 85.6 A l 81.1 83.1 85.2 A FBX Amp Voltage Gain, EA1 or EA2 200 mhos 70 V/V FBX Line Regulation 4.5V VIN 80V, VBIAS = 0V -0.02 -0.001 0.02 %/V Output Current Sense Regulation Voltage, VISP - VISN VISN = 80V, VFBX = 1V VISN = 12V, VFBX = 1V VISN = 0V, VFBX = 1V VISN = 12V, VFBX = 1V, INTVEE in UVLO and VSS > 1.8V l l l l 43 43 40 17 50 50 50 25 57 57 60 34 mV mV mV mV IMON Regulation Voltage, EA3 VFBX = 1V VFBX = 1V, INTVEE in UVLO and VSS > 1.8V l l 1.184 0.885 1.213 0.916 1.24 0.947 Output Current Sense Amp Transconductance, A6 I = 10A Output Current Sense Amp Voltage Gain, A6 Output Current Sense Amp Input Dynamic Range, A6 Negative Input Range, VISP - VISN Positive Input Range, VISP - VISN IMON Amp Transconductance, EA3 I = 2A, VFBX = 1V IMON Amp Voltage Gain, EA3 VFBX = 1V EN/FBIN Input Regulation Voltage, EA4 VFBX = 1V 500 1000 mhos 11.9 V/V -51.8 mV mV 165 mhos 65 l 1.55 V V 1.607 V/V 1.662 V EN/FBIN Amp Transconductance, EA4 I = 2A, VFBX = 1V 140 mhos EN/FBIN Amp Voltage Gain, EA4 VFBX = 1V 55 V/V MODE Forced CCM Threshold To Exit Forced CCM Mode, MODE Rising To Enter Forced CCM Mode, MODE Falling l l 1.19 1.125 MODE Forced CCM Threshold Hysteresis 1.224 1.175 1.258 1.23 49 V V mV DCM Comparator Threshold in Pulse-Skipping Mode, MODE = 2V VISN = 80V, To Enter DCM Mode, VISP - VISN Falling VISN = 12V, To Enter DCM Mode, VISP - VISN Falling VISN = 0V, To Enter DCM Mode, VISP - VISN Falling l l l -4.5 -4.5 -7.5 2.8 2.8 2.8 10 10 13 mV mV mV DCM Comparator Threshold in Forced CCM, MODE =0V VISN = 80V, To Enter DCM Mode, VISP - VISN Falling VISN = 12V, To Enter DCM Mode, VISP - VISN Falling VISN = 0V, To Enter DCM Mode, VISP - VISN Falling l l l -220 -220 -220 -300 -300 -300 -380 -380 -380 mV mV mV Switching Frequency, fOSC RT = 46.4k RT = 357k l l 640 85 750 100 860 115 kHz kHz Switching Frequency in Foldback Compared to Normal fOSC Switching Frequency Range Free-Running or Synchronizing Oscillator 1/5 l 100 SYNC High Level for Sync l 1.5 SYNC Low Level for Sync l SYNC Clock Pulse Duty Cycle VSYNC = 0V to 3V 750 kHz V 20 0.4 V 80 % 3/4 Recommended Min SYNC Ratio fSYNC/fOSC 4 ratio 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 LT8710 Electrical Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications for each channel are at TA = 25C. VIN = 12V, VEN/FBIN = 12V, VBIAS = 12V, unless otherwise noted (Note 2). PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS Gate Drivers, BG and TG BG Rise Time CBG = 3300pF (Note 3) 24 ns BG Fall Time CBG = 3300pF (Note 3) 21 ns TG Rise Time CTG = 3300pF (Note 3) 15 ns TG Fall Time CTG = 3300pF (Note 3) 16 ns BG and TG Non-Overlap Time TG Rising to BG Rising, CBG = CTG = 3300pF (Note 3) BG Falling to TG Falling, CBG = CTG = 3300pF (Note 3) 80 45 BG Minimum On-Time CBG = CTG = 3300pF BG Minimum Off-Time TG Minimum On-Time TG Minimum Off-Time 140 90 220 150 ns ns 150 420 ns CBG = CTG = 3300pF 100 480 ns CBG = CTG = 3300pF 0 150 ns CBG = CTG = 3300pF 290 770 ns 16 23 mV mV C/10 and Power Good Indicators, FLAG FLAG C/10 Indicator Threshold VISP - VISN Falling, VFBX = 1.215V VISP - VISN Rising, VFBX = 1.215V l l 1 4 FLAG C/10 Indicator Hysteresis 5 10 5 mV FLAG Power Good Threshold for Positive FBX Voltage VFBX Rising, VISP - VISN = 0V VFBX Falling, VISP - VISN = 0V l l 1.127 1.062 1.153 1.095 1.184 1.126 FLAG Power Good Threshold for Negative FBX Voltage VFBX Falling, VISP - VISN = 0V VFBX Rising, VISP - VISN = 0V l l 46 103 68.5 126 90 152 FLAG Power Good Hysteresis for Positive or Negative FBX Voltage 58 FLAG Anti-Glitch Delay from C/10 or Power Good Threshold Trip to FLAG Toggle FLAG Output Voltage Low 100A into FLAG Pin FLAG Leakage Current VFLAG = 7V, FLAG Off Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: The LT8710E is guaranteed to meet performance specifications from 0C to 125C junction temperature. Specifications over the -40C to 125C operating temperature range are assured by design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls. The LT8710I is guaranteed over the full -40C to 125C operating junction temperature range. mV mV mV 100 l V V s 9 50 mV 0.01 1 A Note 3: Rise and fall times are measured using 10% and 90% levels. Delay times are measured using 50% levels. Note 4: This IC includes overtemperature protection that is intended to protect the device during momentary overload conditions. Junction temperature will exceed 125C when overtemperature protection is active. Continuous operation over the specified maximum operating junction temperature may impair device reliability. Note 5: Do not apply a positive or negative voltage or current source to the BG, TG, and INTVEE pins, otherwise permanent damage may occur. 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 5 LT8710 Typical Performance Characteristics Max Current Limit vs Duty Cycle (CSP - CSN) -25 -30 45 -35 40 -40 35 -45 30 -50 25 -55 -60 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 DUTY CYCLE (%) 60 54 -28 50 52 -30 50 -32 48 -34 46 -36 44 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (C) 100 1.2175 10.0 1.2150 7.5 1.2125 5.0 1.2100 2.5 POSITIVE FBX CURRENT INTO PIN (A) 12.5 POSITIVE FBX VOLTAGE (V) 1.2200 100 85 85 84 84 83 83 82 82 81 81 80 -50 0 125 55.0 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.3 8710 G07 6 1.4 -25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (C) 100 1.61 1.60 1.59 1.58 1.57 -50 80 125 -25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (C) 52.5 1.2175 60 1.2150 55 1.2100 AVE ISP-ISN 47.5 1.2075 45.0 1.2050 -25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (C) 100 125 Output Current Sense Regulation Voltage vs FBX (ISP-ISN and IMON) 1.2125 50.0 100 8710 G06 IMON 42.5 -50 1.6 1.2025 125 8710 G08 1.30 1.25 IMON 50 1.20 AVE ISP-ISN 45 1.15 40 1.10 35 1.05 30 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 FBX (V) 1.1 1.2 IMON (V) EN/FBIN (V) 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.62 IMON (V) AVERAGE ISP-ISN (mV) 1.9 1.1 0.8 1 SS (V) 1.63 Output Current Sense Regulation Voltage (ISP-ISN and IMON) 57.5 0.9 1 FBX (V) 0.6 8710 G05 2.0 0.8 0.4 Input Voltage Regulation (EN/FBIN) 86 Input Voltage Regulation vs FBX (EN/FBIN) 0.7 0.2 8710 G03 86 8710 G04 1.4 0.6 0 0.0 -38 125 NEGATIVE FBX CURRENT OUT OF PIN (A) 15.0 NEGATIVE FBX VOLTAGE (mV) 1.2225 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (C) 20 Positive and Negative FBX Current at Output Voltage Regulation Positive and Negative Output Voltage Regulation (FBX) -25 30 8710 G02 8710 G01 1.2075 -50 40 10 EN/FBIN VOLTAGE (V) 0 -26 AVERAGE ISP-ISN (mV) 20 56 MAX NEGATIVE CSP-CSN (mV) 50 MAX NEGATIVE CSP-CSN (mV) MAX POSITIVE CSP-CSN (mV) 55 -20 Max Current Limit vs SS (CSP - CSN) CSP-CSN (mV) fOSC = 300kHz Max Current Limit vs Temperature at Min DC (CSP - CSN) MAX POSITIVE CSP-CSN (mV) 60 TA = 25C, unless otherwise noted. 1.00 1.3 8710 G09 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 LT8710 Typical Performance Characteristics DCM Thresholds (ISP-ISN) Power Good Thresholds (FBX) -280 5 -290 14 1.15 130 12 3 -310 MODE = 2V, DCM 2 -320 POSITIVE FBX (V) -300 1.13 110 1.12 100 1.11 90 FALLING 1.10 1 -330 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (C) 100 80 -340 125 1.08 -50 -25 50 75 0 25 TEMPERATURE (C) 8710 G10 1.23 1.38 1.73 EN/FBIN CHIP ENABLE (V) 1.20 1.19 1.18 FALLING, ENTER FCM 1.16 1.15 1.36 1.71 RISING ONLY 1.34 1.69 1.32 1.67 RISING 1.30 1.65 1.28 1.63 1.26 1.61 FALLING 1.24 1.59 1.22 -25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (C) 100 125 1.20 -50 RT = 46.4k 700 fOSC (kHz) 600 500 400 300 200 RT = 357k 100 0 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (C) 100 125 8710 G16 -40C 25C 125C 30 25 20 15 10 5 -25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (C) 0 1.55 125 100 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 EN/FBIN VOLTAGE (V) Oscillator Frequency During Soft-Start BG and TG Transition Time 1 80 BG RISING BG FALLING TG RISING TG FALLING 70 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5 0 INVERTING CONFIGURATIONS 0 0.2 NONINVERTING CONFIGURATIONS 0.4 0.6 0.8 FBX VOLTAGE (V) 1 2 8710 G15 TRANSITION TIME (ns) 800 125 100 8710 G14 NORMALIZED OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (FSW/FNOM) 900 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (C) 1.57 8710 G13 Oscillator Frequency vs Temperature 35 EN/FBIN ACTIVE MODE (V) RISING, EXIT FCM 1.21 -25 EN/FBIN Pin Current 1.75 1.14 -50 0 -50 EN/FBIN Chip Enable and Active Mode Thresholds 1.40 1.17 4 8710 G12 1.24 1.22 FALLING 6 8710 G11 MODE Forced CCM Thresholds MODE (V) 60 125 100 8 2 70 1.09 RISING 10 EN/FBIN PIN CURRENT (A) -25 120 RISING NEGATIVE FBX (V) 4 ISP-ISN (mV) ISP-ISN (mV) 140 1.14 MODE = 0V, FCM C/10 Thresholds (ISP-ISN) 1.16 AVERAGE ISP-ISN (mV) 6 0 -50 TA = 25C, unless otherwise noted. 60 50 40 30 20 10 1.2 8710 G17 0 0 2 4 6 CAP LOAD (nF) 8 10 8710 G18 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 7 LT8710 Typical Performance Characteristics Minimum Operating Input Voltage 4.35 6.40 INTVCC vs Temperature 4.25 4.23 6.32 INTVCC (V) 4.27 6.28 4.21 6.24 4.15 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (C) 100 125 6.20 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (C) 100 8710 G19 FALLING 3.5 -50 125 VIN 50 INTVCC > 3.5V VIN OR BIAS 25 10 20 400 BIAS 350 VIN 300 30 40 50 60 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 70 80 200 0 10 8710 G22 6.20 6.16 20 30 40 50 60 70 INTVCC LOAD CURRENT (mA) 80 6.08 -50 INTVEE UVLO vs Temperature BIAS - INTVEE = 5V 3.3 FALLING 3.2 3.1 60 125 -40C 25C 125C 1.0 45 INTVEE (V) INTVEE CURRENT LIMIT (mA) 3.4 100 INTVEE Dropout (BIAS = 6V) 1.2 1.1 RISING 25 50 75 0 TEMPERATURE (C) 8710 G24 INTVEE Current Limit vs BIAS 75 3.5 -25 8710 G23 3.6 3.0 -50 IINTVEE = 10mA 6.12 250 INTVCC < 3.5V 125 6.24 BIAS - INTVEE (V) INPUT - INTVCC (V) BIAS 6.28 450 INTVCC > 3.5V 75 100 INTVEE vs Temperature 500 100 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (C) 8710 G21 INTVCC Dropout from VIN or BIAS 150 125 -25 8710 G20 INTVCC Current Limit vs VIN or BIAS INTVCC CURRENT LIMIT (mA) 3.8 3.6 4.17 BIAS - INTVEE (V) 3.9 3.7 4.19 30 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 15 0.5 -25 25 50 75 0 TEMPERATURE (C) 100 125 8710 G25 8 RISING 4.0 4.29 0 INTVCC UVLO vs Temperature 4.1 6.36 INTVCC (V) VIN OR VBIAS (V) 4.2 IINTVCC = 10mA 4.33 4.31 TA = 25C, unless otherwise noted. 0 10 20 30 40 50 BIAS (V) 60 70 80 8710 G26 0.4 0 40 10 20 30 INTVEE LOAD CURRENT (mA) 50 8710 G27 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 LT8710 Pin Functions FBX (Pin 1): Positive and Negative Feedback Pin. For a boost, SEPIC, or inverting converter, tie a resistor from the FBX pin to VOUT according to the following equations: RFBX = VOUT - 1.213V 83.7A ; Boost or SEPIC Converter RFBX = |VOUT |+9.6mV ; Inverting Converter 83.1A VC (Pin 2): Error Amplifier Output Pin. Tie external compensation network to this pin. SS (Pin 3): Soft-Start Pin. Place a soft-start capacitor here that is greater than 5x the IMON capacitor. Upon start-up, the SS pin will be charged by a (nominally) 260k resistor to ~2.7V. During a current overload as seen by ISP - ISN, overtemperature, or UVLO condition, the SS pin will be quickly discharged to reset the part. Once those conditions are clear, the part will attempt to restart. FLAG (Pin 4): Power Good or C/10 Indication Pin. The FLAG pin functions as an active high power good pin if C/10 is true. Alternatively, the FLAG pin functions as an active high C/10 indication pin if power is good. Power is good when FBX < 68.5mV or FBX > 1.153V and has 58mV of hysteresis. When FBX = 1.153V, it's 5% below regulation which corresponds to ~10% below regulation on VOUT (for VOUT > 8V). Active high C/10 indication is when the charge current seen by the ISP and ISN pins is less than 10% of full current (VISP - VISN < 5mV) as the charge current decreases. For increasing charge currents, the C/10 threshold has to reach 20% of full current (VISP - VISN > 10mV). The C/10 indication can be used to set the bulk and float voltage when charging a battery. For either C/10 or power good indicators, there is a 100s anti-glitch delay. A pull-up resistor or some other form of pull-up network needs to exist on this pin to use these features. See the Block Diagram and Applications section for more information. IMON (Pin 5): Output Current Sense Monitor Output Pin. Outputs a voltage that is proportional to the voltage seen across the ISP and ISN pins. VIMON = 11.9 * (VISP - ISN + 51.8mV) Since the voltage across the ISP and ISN pins is AC, a filtering capacitor is needed on the IMON pin to average out the ISP and ISN voltage. Recommended capacitor value is 10nF to 100nF. A 51.8mV offset is added to the amplifier, so when the average ISP - ISN voltage is 0V, the IMON voltage is 616mV. When the average voltage across the ISP and ISN pins is 50mV, the IMON pin will output 1.213V. Do not resistively load down this pin. ISN, ISP (Pins 6, 7): Output Current Sense Negative and Positive Input Pins Respectively. Kelvin connect ISN and ISP pins to a sense resistor to limit the output current. The commanded NFET current will limit the voltage difference across the sense resistor to 50mV. BIAS (Pin 8): Alternate Input Supply and PFET Bias Pin. Must be locally bypassed. The BIAS pin sets the top rail for the TG gate driver. Must connect to the converter's VOUT for a positive output voltage or INTVCC for a converter's negative output voltage. INTVEE (Pin 9): 6.18V-Below-BIAS Regulator Pin. Must be locally bypassed with a minimum capacitance of 2.2F to BIAS. This pin sets the bottom rail for the TG gate driver. The TG gate driver can begin switching when BIAS - INTVEE exceeds 3.42V (typical). Connect pin to ground for an inverting converter. TG (Pin 10): PFET Gate Drive Pin. Low and high levels are BIAS - INTVEE and BIAS respectively. BG (Pin 11): NFET Gate Drive Pin. Low and high levels are GND and INTVCC respectively. INTVCC (Pin 12): 6.3V Dual Input LDO Regulator Pin. Must be locally bypassed with a minimum capacitance of 2.2F to GND. Logic will choose to run INTVCC from the VIN or BIAS pins. A maximum 5mA external load can connect to the INTVCC pin. The undervoltage lockout on INTVCC is 4V (typical). The BG gate driver can begin switching when INTVCC exceeds 4V (typical). VIN (Pin 13): Input Supply Pin. Must be locally bypassed. Can run down to 0V as long as BIAS > 4.5V. CSN, CSP (Pins 14, 15): NFET Current Sense Negative and Positive Input Pins Respectively. Kelvin connect these pins to a sense resistor to limit the NFET switch current. The maximum sense voltage at low duty cycle is 50mV. EN/FBIN (Pin 16): Enable and Input Voltage Regulation Pin. In conjunction with the UVLO (undervoltage lockout) circuit, this pin is used to enable/disable the chip and restart the soft-start sequence. The EN/FBIN pin is also 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 9 LT8710 Pin Functions RT (Pin 18): Timing Resistor Pin. Adjusts the LT8710's switching frequency. Place a resistor from this pin to ground to set the frequency to a fixed free-running level. Do not float this pin. used to limit the NFET current to avoid collapsing the input supply. Drive below 0.3V to disable the chip with very low quiescent current. Drive above 1.7V (typical) to activate the chip and restart the soft-start sequence. The commanded NFET current will adjust when the EN/FBIN pin voltage drops between 1.55V and 1.662V. See the Block Diagram and Applications section for more information. Do not float this pin. SYNC (Pin 19): To synchronize the switching frequency to an outside clock, simply drive this pin with a clock. The high voltage level of the clock must exceed 1.5V, and the low level must be less than 0.4V. Drive this pin to less than 0.4V to revert to the internal free running clock. See the Applications Information section for more information. MODE (Pin 17): Forced CCM Mode Pin. Drive below 1.175V (typical) to operate in forced CCM. Drive above 1.224V (typical) to operate in DCM and/or pulse-skipping mode at light loads. If SS < 1.8V (typical) or INTVEE is in UVLO, the part will operate in DCM at light load. Block Diagram * C1 L1 CIN L2 VOUT * VIN GND (Pin 20, Exposed Pad Pin 21): Ground. Must be soldered directly to local ground plane. COUT MP MN R1 D1 C2 RSENSE1 RSENSE2 RFBX CSP VIN BIAS DRIVER BIAS SR1 - +A5 LDO RIN1 DCM_EN ISP ISN IMON EN/FBIN EN/FBIN LOGIC A7 + 1.213V REFERENCE 666.5mV + - 100s ANTI-GLITCH CHRG PG - UVLO FLAG DCM_EN INTVCC CVCC + IMON - 1.38V - + DIE TEMP + - 175C + 1.3V 1.8V 1.7V CSS - DCM_EN + /N - + START-UP AND RESET LOGIC - 260k FBX ADJUSTABLE OSCILLATOR + SS SYNC BLOCK FBX DCM_EN FREQUENCY FOLDBACK SOFT-START EA2 14.5k - DRIVER DISABLE GND 14.5k EA1 SLOPE COMPENSATION - 2.7V 50mV SS + + EN/FBIN 1.607V + + 1.224V -EA4 EA3 1.213V A6 11.9k SYNC RT VC IMON RC RT CC ISN +- ISP 51.8mV 8710 BD CF Figure 1. Block Diagram 10 68.5mV 1.213V - MODE 1.153V - 51.5k RIN2 INTVEE BIAS - 6.18V UVLO INTVCC CVEE LDO + 6.3V TG DRIVER DISABLE Q R S BIAS TG DRIVER LEVEL SHIFT - LDO LOGIC INTVCC BG CSN For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 CIMON 8710f LT8710 STATE Diagram EN/FBIN < 1.3V (TYP) OR VIN AND BIAS < 4.5V (MAX) CHIP OFF * ALL SWITCHES DISABLED 1.3V < EN/FBIN < 1.7V (TYP) AND VIN OR BIAS > 4.5V INITIALIZE * SS PULLED LOW * INTVCC CHARGES UP RESET EN/FBIN > 1.7V AND VIN OR BIAS > 4.5V AND INTVCC > 4V (TYP) ACTIVE MODE * SS SLOWLY CHARGES UP * VC PULLED LOW RESET RESET DETECTED * SS DISCHARGES QUICKLY * SWITCHER DISABLED BEGIN SWITCHING * NFET BEGINS SWITCHING * PFET STARTS SWITCHING WHEN INTVEE REGULATOR IS OUT OF UVLO SS < 50mV RESET RESET OVER MODE < 1.175V (TYP) AND SS > 1.8V (TYP) * NO RESET CONDITIONS DETECTED MODE > 1.224V (TYP) FORCED CCM OPERATION * BG AND TG SWITCH AT CONSTANT FREQUENCY * INDUCTOR CURRENT CAN REVERSE * IF ISP-ISN VOLTAGE GOES BELOW -300mV (TYP), PFET TURNS OFF SO INDUCTOR CURRENT GOES MORE POSITIVE DCM AT LIGHT LOAD REGULATION * PFET TURNS OFF FOR REMAINDER OF CYCLE IF ISP-ISN VOLTAGE FALLS BELOW 2.8mV (TYP) * FOR VERY LIGHT LOAD, PART MAY SKIP PULSES * VC COMMANDS PEAK INDUCTOR CURRENT TO MAINTAIN REGULATION RESET RESET INTVEE REGULATOR IN UVLO AND SS > 1.8V (TYP) OUTPUT CURRENT FOLDBACK * OUTPUT CURRENT LIMITED TO 25mV (TYP) AVERAGE ACROSS THE ISP-ISN PINS RESET 8710 SD REGULATION = OUTPUT VOLTAGE (FBX) INPUT VOLTAGE (EN/FBIN) OUTPUT CURRENT (ISP-ISN AND IMON) RESET = UVLO ON VIN OR BIAS ( < 4.5V (MAX)) UVLO ON INTVCC ( < 4V (TYP)) EN/FBIN < 1.7V (TYP) AT 1ST POWER-UP EN/FBIN < 1.26V (TYP) AFTER ACTIVE MODE SET OVERCURRENT (ISP - ISN > 63.6mV AVERAGE (TYP)) OVERTEMPERATURE (TJ > 175C (TYP)) Figure 2. State Diagram 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 11 LT8710 Operation OPERATION - OVERVIEW ACTIVE MODE THRESHOLD (TOLERANCE) 1.64V NORMAL OPERATION IF ACTIVE MODE SET 1.662V INPUT VOLTAGE REGULATION (ONLY IF ACTIVE MODE SET) 1.55V SWITCH OFF, INTVCC AND INTVEE ENABLED, SS CAP DISCHARGED IF ACTIVE MODE NOT SET 1.38V CHIP ENABLE THRESHOLD (HYSTERSIS AND TOLERANCE) 1.18V LOCKOUT (SWITCH OFF, SS CAP DISCHARGED, INTVCC AND INTVEE DISABLED) 0.3V SHUTDOWN (LOW QUIESCENT CURRENT) 0V 8710 F03 Figure 3. EN/FBIN Modes of Operation OPERATION - START-UP Several functions are provided to enable a very clean start-up of the LT8710. Precise Turn-On Voltages The EN/FBIN pin has two voltage levels for activating the part; one that enables the part and allows internal rails to operate and a 2nd voltage threshold which activates a soft-start cycle and switching can begin. To enable the part, take the EN/FBIN pin above 1.3V (typical). This comparator has 44mV of hysteresis to protect against glitches and slow ramping. To activate a soft-start cycle and allow switching, take EN/FBIN above 1.7V (typical). When EN/ FBIN exceeds 1.7V (typical), the logic state is latched so that if EN/FBIN drops between 1.3V to 1.7V (typical), the SS pin is not pulled low by the EN/FBIN pin. The EN/FBIN pin is also used for input voltage regulation which is at 1.607V (typical). Input voltage regulation is explained in more detail in the Operation - Regulation section. Taking the EN/FBIN pin below 0.3V shuts down the chip, resulting in extremely low quiescent current. See Figure 3 that illustrates the different EN/FBIN voltage thresholds. 12 1.76V EN/FBIN (V) The LT8710 uses a constant frequency, current mode control scheme to provide excellent line and load regulation. The part's undervoltage lockout (UVLO) function, together with soft-start and frequency foldback, offers a controlled means of starting up. Output voltage, output current, and input voltage have control over the commanded peak current which allows a wide range of applications to be built using the LT8710. Synchronous switching makes high efficiency and high output current applications possible. When operating at light currents with the MODE pin > 1.224V (typical), the LT8710 will disable synchronous operation for part of the cycle to prevent negative switch currents. Refer to the Block Diagram (Figure 1) and the State Diagram (Figure 2) for the following description of the part's operation. ACTIVE MODE (NORMAL OPERATION) (MODE LATCHED UNTIL EN/FBIN DROPS BELOW CHIP ENABLE TRESHOLD) Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) The LT8710 has internal UVLO circuitry that disables the chip when the greater of VIN or BIAS < 4.5V (maximum) or INTVCC < 4V (typical). The EN/FBIN pin can also be used to create a configurable UVLO. See the Applications section for more information. Soft-Start of Switch Current The soft-start circuitry provides for a gradual ramp-up of the switch current (refer to Max Current Limit vs SS in Typical Performance Characteristics). When the part is brought out of shutdown, the external SS capacitor is first discharged which resets the states of the logic circuits in the chip. Once INTVCC comes out of UVLO (> 4V typical) and the chip is in active mode, an integrated 260k resistor pulls the SS pin to ~2.7V at a ramp rate set by the external capacitor connected to the pin. Typical values for the soft-start capacitor range from 100nF to 1F. The soft-start capacitor should also be at least 5x greater than the external capacitor connected to the IMON pin to avoid start-up issues. 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 LT8710 Operation Frequency Foldback The frequency foldback circuitry reduces the switching frequency when 175mV < FBX < 1.01V (typical). This feature lowers the minimum duty cycle that the part can achieve, thus allowing better control of the inductor current at start-up. When the FBX voltage is pulled outside of this range, the switching frequency returns to normal. If the part is configured to be in forced continuous conduction mode (MODE pin is driven below 1.175V), then the frequency foldback circuitry is disabled as long as INTVEE is not in UVLO and the SS pin is higher than the SS Hi threshold. mode of regulation will be described independently so that only one of the modes of regulation is in command of the LT8710. Output Voltage Regulation Note that the peak inductor current at start-up is a function of many variables including load profile, output capacitance, target VOUT, VIN, switching frequency, etc. A single external resistor is used to set the target output voltage. See the Pin Functions section for selecting the feedback resistor for a desired output voltage. The VC pin voltage (negative input of A7) is set by EA1 (or EA2), which is simply an amplified difference between the FBX pin voltage and the reference voltage (1.213V if the LT8710 is configured as a noninverting converter or 9.6mV if configured as an inverting converter). In this manner, the FBX error amplifier sets the correct peak current level to maintain output voltage regulation. OPERATION - REGULATION Input Voltage Regulation Use the Block Diagram when stepping through the following description of the LT8710 operating in regulation. Also, assume the converter's load current is high enough such that the part is operating in synchronous switching. The LT8710 has three modes of regulation: A single resistor or resistor divider from the EN/FBIN pin to the converter's input voltage sets the input voltage regulation. It is recommended to use a resistor divider for improved accuracy as described in the Setting the Input Voltage Regulation or Undervoltage Lockout section. The EN/FBIN pin voltage connects to the positive input of amplifier EA4. The VC pin voltage is set by EA4, which is simply an amplified difference between the EN/FBIN pin voltage and a 1.607V reference voltage. In this manner, the EN/FBIN error amplifier sets the correct peak current level to maintain input voltage regulation. 1. Output Voltage (via FBX pin) 2. Input Voltage (via EN/FBIN pin) 3. Output Current (via ISP, ISN, and IMON pins) All three of these regulation loops control the peak commanded current through the external NFET, MN. This operation is the same regardless of the regulation mode, so that will be described first. At the start of each oscillator cycle, the SR latch (SR1) is set, which first turns off the external PFET, MP, and then turns on the external NFET, MN. The NFET's source current flows through an external current sense resistor (RSENSE1) generating a voltage proportional to the NFET switch current. This voltage is then amplified by A5 and added to a stabilizing ramp. The resulting sum is fed into the positive terminal of the PWM comparator A7. When the voltage on the positive input of A7 exceeds the voltage on the negative input (VC pin), the SR latch is reset, turning off the NFET and then turning on the PFET. The voltage on the VC pin is controlled by one of the regulation loops, or a combination of regulation loops. For simplicity, each Output Current Regulation An external sense resistor connected between the ISP and ISN pins (RSENSE2) sets the maximum output current of the converter when placed in the source of the PFET, MP. A built-in 51.8mV offset is added to the voltage seen across RSENSE2. That voltage is then amplified and outputs to the IMON pin. An external capacitor must be placed from IMON to ground to filter the amplified chopped voltage that's sensed across RSENSE2. The voltage at the IMON pin is fed to the negative input of the IMON error amplifier, EA3. The VC pin voltage is set by EA3, which is simply an amplified difference between the IMON pin voltage and the 1.213V reference voltage. In this manner, the IMON error amplifier sets the correct peak current level to maintain output current regulation. 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 13 LT8710 Operation Note that if the INTVEE LDO is in UVLO and SS > 1.8V (typical), then the voltage reference at the positive input of EA3 is 916mV (typical), resulting in limiting the output current to about half of its set limit. Light Load Current (MODE Pin) The MODE pin can be used to tell the LT8710 to operate in forced CCM regardless of load current, or operate in DCM at light loads. * MODE < 1.175V (typical) = Forced CCM or FCM OPERATION - RESET CONDITIONS The LT8710 has three reset cases. When the part is in reset, the SS pin is pulled low and both power switches, MN and MP, are forced off. Once all of the reset conditions are gone, the part is allowed to begin a soft-start sequence and switching can commence. Each of the following events can cause the LT8710 to be in reset: 1. UVLO a. The greater of VIN and BIAS is < 4.5V (maximum) * MODE > 1.224V (typical) = DCM or Pulse-Skipping The forced continuous mode (FCM) allows the inductor current to reverse directions without any switches being forced off. At very light load currents, the inductor current will swing positive and negative as the appropriate average current is delivered to the output. There are some exceptions that negate the MODE pin and force the part to operate in DCM at light loads: b. INTVCC < 4V (typical) 1. The INTVEE LDO is in UVLO (BIAS - INTVEE < 3.42V typical). c. EN/FBIN < 1.7V (typical) at first power-up 2. SS < 1.8V (typical). 2. Overcurrent sensed by IMON > 1.38V (typical) 3. Die Temperature > 175C OPERATION - POWER SWITCH CONTROL The main power switch is the external NFET (MN in Block Diagram) and the synchronous power switch is the external PFET (MP in Block Diagram). The two switches are never on at the same time, and there is a non-overlap time of ~140ns and ~90ns on the rising and falling edges respectively (see Electrical Characteristics) to prevent cross conduction. Figure 4 below shows the BG and TG (BIAS-TG) signals: 140ns When the LT8710 is in discontinuous mode (DCM), synchronous switch MP is held off whenever MP's current falls near 0 current (less than 2.8mV (typical) across RSENSE2). This is to prevent current draw from the output and/or feeding current to the input supply. Under very light loads, the current comparator A7, may also remain tripped for several cycles (i.e. skipping pulses). Since MP is held off during the skipped pulses, the inductor current will not reverse. OPERATION - C/10 AND POWER GOOD (FLAG PIN) The FLAG pin is an open-drain pin that functions as an active high C/10 and power good pin. The FLAG pin changes states 100s (typical) after the internal comparators tell the FLAG pin to change states to reject glitches or transient events. 90ns BG ON 3. The part is in a reset condition. TG ON 8710 F04 Figure 4. Synchronous Switching 14 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 LT8710 Operation C/10 Indication OPERATION - LDO REGULATORS (INTVCC AND INTVEE) If power is good, then the FLAG pin will function as an active high C/10 indication pin. C/10 is when the charging current (output current) has dropped to 1/10 its maximum and is useful in battery charging applications. The C/10 comparator monitors the voltage at the IMON pin, and when the average ISP-ISN voltage drops below 5mV (typical), the FLAG pin pull-down device is turned off, and the FLAG pin voltage is allowed to pull high. The FLAG pin will pull low again if the average ISP-ISN voltage rises above 10mV (typical). The IMON voltage corresponding to 5mV and 10mV on ISP - ISN is 666.5mV and 727.5mV respectively. The INTVCC LDO regulates at 6.3V (typical) and is used as the top rail for the BG gate driver. The INTVCC LDO can run from VIN or BIAS and will intelligently select to run from the best for minimizing power loss in the chip, but at the same time, select the proper input for maintaining INTVCC as close to 6.3V as possible. The INTVCC regulator also has safety features to limit the power dissipation in the internal pass device and also to prevent it from damage if the pin is shorted to ground. The UVLO threshold on INTVCC is 4V (typical), and the LT8710 will be in reset until the LDO comes out of UVLO. Note that if the LT8710 is set to operate in FCM (MODE pin low), then the C/10 comparator is disabled and the FLAG pin operates only as a power good pin. See the Applications section for more information. The INTVEE regulator regulates to 6.18V (typical) below the BIAS pin voltage. The BIAS and INTVEE voltages are used for the top and bottom rails of the TG gate driver respectively. Just like the INTVCC regulator, the INTVEE regulator has a safety feature to limit the power dissipation in the internal pass device. The TG pin can begin switching after the INTVEE regulator comes out of UVLO (3.42V typical across the BIAS and INTVEE pins) and the part is not in a reset condition. Power Good Indication If C/10 is detected (average ISP-ISN < 5mV typical), then the FLAG pin functions as an active high power good (PG) pin. Power is good when the FBX voltage is greater than 95% of its regulation target, which corresponds to ~90% of the VOUT regulation target (for VOUT > ~8V). This corresponds to FBX > 1.153V (typical) for noninverting converters and FBX < 68.5mV (typical) for inverting converters. The PG comparators have 58mV of hysteresis to reject glitches. 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 15 LT8710 Applications Information BOOST CONVERTER COMPONENT SELECTION L1 1.3H VIN 4.5V TO 9V + MP 1m CIN2 330F BG VIN RIN1 13.3k + VOUT 12V 6A COUT2 330F COUT1 22F x4 CSN CSP TG ISP LT8710 ISN INTVEE MODE Step 1: Inputs Step 2: DCMAX Step 3: VCSPN Step 4: RSENSE1 BIAS 2.2F RFBX 130k Step 5: RSENSE2 FBX INTVCC CIN1 22F x4 Parameters/Equations RSENSE2 5m MN x2 RSENSE1 EN/FBIN RIN2 10k 2.2F Table 1. Boost Design Equations FLAG RT VC RT 88.7k Step 6: L RC 18k SYNC GND IMON SS CIMON 47nF CSS 220nF CF 100pF CC 3.3nF 8710 F05 Figure 5. Boost Converter - The Component Values Given are Typical Values for a 400kHz, 4.5V to 9V to 12V/6A Boost. The LT8710 can be configured as a boost converter as in Figure 5. This topology generates a positive output voltage where the input voltage is lower than the output voltage. A single feedback resistor sets the output voltage. For a desired output current and output voltage over a given input voltage range, Table 1 is a step-by-step set of equations to calculate component values for the LT8710 when operating as a boost converter. Refer to more detail in this section and the Appendix for further information on the design equations presented in Table 1. Variable Definitions: VIN(MIN) = Minimum Input Voltage VIN(MAX) = Maximum Input Voltage VOUT = Output Voltage IOUT = Output Current of Converter f = Switching Frequency DCMAX = Power Switch Duty Cycle at VIN(MIN) VCSPN = Current Limit Voltage at DCMAX 16 Pick VIN, VOUT, IOUT, and f to calculate equations below. DCMAX 1- VIN(MIN) VOUT See Max Current Limit vs Duty Cycle plot in Typical Performance Characteristics to find VCSPN at DCMAX. RSENSE1 0.58 * RSENSE2 VCSPN *(1- DCMAX ) IOUT 0.05 1.6 * IOUT RSENSE1 * VIN(MIN) VIN(MIN) * 1- VOUT 12.5m* f VIN(MIN) *V R LMIN = SENSE1 OUT * 1- VOUT - VIN(MIN) 40m* f L TYP = (1) (2) LMAX1 = RSENSE1 * VIN(MIN) VIN(MIN) * 1- VOUT 5m* f (3) LMAX2 = RSENSE1 * VIN(MAX) VIN(MAX) * 1- VOUT 5m * f (4) * Solve equations 1 to 4 for a range of L values. * The minimum value of the L range is the higher of LTYP and LMIN. The maximum of the L value range is the lower of LMAX1 and LMAX2. Step 7: COUT Step 8: CIN Step 9: CIMON Step 10: RFBX Step 11: RT COUT CIN IOUT *DCMAX f * 0.005 * VOUT DCMAX 8 *L * f 2 * 0.005 CIMON RFBX = RT = 100*DCMAX 0.005* f VOUT - 1.213V 83.7A 35,880 - 1; f in kHz and R T in k f NOTE: The final values for COUT and CIN may deviate from the above equations in order to obtain desired load transient performance for a particular application. The COUT and CIN equations assume zero ESR, so increase the capacitance accordingly based on the combined ESR. 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 LT8710 Applications Information SEPIC CONVERTER COMPONENT SELECTION - COUPLED OR UNCOUPLED INDUCTORS * VIN 3V TO 40V(OPERATING) 4.5V TO 40V(START-UP) C1 10F x2 L1 2.9H CIN1 10F x6 MP MN 1.5m BG RSENSE1 MODE Step 4: RSENSE1 2.2F RFBX 45.3k Step 5: RSENSE2 FBX DCMAX RSENSE1 0.58 * RSENSE2 Step 6: L VC RT 178k CF 100pF SYNC GND IMON SS CIMON 47nF VOUT VIN(MIN) + VOUT See Max Current Limit vs Duty Cycle plot in Typical Performance Characteristics to find VCSPN at DCMAX. FLAG RT + Step 2: DCMAX Pick VIN, VOUT, IOUT, and f to calculate equations below. BIAS INTVEE INTVCC CIN2 220F COUT1 100F x4 ISP LT8710 COUT2 330F Step 1: Inputs Step 3: VCSPN TG ISN EN/FBIN RIN2 10k 2.2F VOUT 5V 5A + * VIN RIN1 4.02k Parameters/Equations RSENSE2 6m L2 2.9H CSN CSP Table 2. SEPIC Design Equations CSS 220nF RC 8.87k CC 6.8nF The LT8710 can also be configured as a SEPIC as in Figure 6. This topology generates a positive output voltage where the input voltage can be lower, equal, or higher than the output voltage. Output disconnect is inherently built into the SEPIC topology, meaning no DC path exists between the input and output due to capacitor C1. For a desired output current and output voltage over a given input voltage range, Table 2 is a step-by-step set of equations to calculate component values for the LT8710 when operating as a SEPIC converter. Refer to more detail in this section and the Appendix for further information on the design equations presented in Table 2. Variable Definitions: VIN(MIN) = Minimum Input Voltage VOUT = Output Voltage IOUT = Output Current of Converter f = Switching Frequency DCMAX = Power Switch Duty Cycle at VIN(MIN) VCSPN = Current Limit Voltage at DCMAX 0.05 1.6 *IOUT L TYP = RSENSE1 * VOUT VIN(MIN) * VIN(MIN) + VOUT 12.5m * f (1) LMIN = 2 RSENSE1 * VOUT VIN(MIN) * 1- 40m * f VOUT (2) RSENSE1 * VOUT VIN(MIN) * VIN(MIN) + VOUT 5m* f (3) 8710 F06 LMAX = Figure 6. SEPIC Converter - The Component Values Given Are Typical Values for a 200kHz, 3V to 40V to 5V/5A SEPIC Topology Using Coupled Inductors. VCSPN *(1-DCMAX ) IOUT * Solve equations 1, 2, and 3 for a range of L values. * The minimum value of the L range is the higher of LTYP and LMIN. The maximum of the L value range is LMAX. * L = L1 = L2 for coupled inductors. * L = L1 || L2 for uncoupled inductors. Step 7: C1 Step 8: COUT Step 9: CIN Step 10: CIMON Step 11: RFBX Step 12: RT C110F ( TYPICAL );VRATING > VIN COUT CIN IOUT *DCMAX f * 0.005 * VOUT DCMAX 8 *L * f 2 * 0.005 CIMON RFBX = RT = 100*DCMAX 0.005* f VOUT - 1.213V 83.7A 35,880 - 1; f in kHz and R T in k f NOTE: The final values for COUT and CIN may deviate from the above equations in order to obtain desired load transient performance for a particular application. The COUT and CIN equations assume zero ESR, so increase the capacitance accordingly based on the combined ESR. 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 17 LT8710 Applications Information DUAL INDUCTOR INVERTING COMPONENT SELECTION - COUPLED OR UNCOUPLED INDUCTORS CIN1 10F x4 L2 2.2H MN 1.5m RSENSE1 D1 C2 0.47F BG RIN1 13.3k Step 3: VCSPN Step 4: RSENSE1 ISN LT8710 BIAS INTVEE MODE INTVCC 2.2F Step 5: RSENSE2 RFBX 60.4k | VOUT | VIN(MIN)+ |VOUT | See Max Current Limit vs Duty Cycle plot in Typical Performance Characteristics to find VCSPN at DCMAX. RSENSE1 0.58 * RSENSE2 Step 6: L FLAG RT VC RT 118k CC 100pF SYNC GND IMON SS CIMON 47nF CSS 220nF CC 3.3nF 0.05 1.6 *IOUT VIN(MIN) RSENSE1*| VOUT | * V 12.5m* f IN(MIN)+ |VOUT | (1) LMIN = 2 RSENSE1* |VOUT | VIN(MIN) * 1- 40m * f VOUT (2) VIN(MIN) RSENSE1* |VOUT| * V 5m * f IN(MIN)+ |VOUT | (3) 8710 F07 Due to its unique FBX pin, the LT8710 can work in a dual inductor inverting configuration as in Figure 7. Changing the connections of L2 and the PFET in the SEPIC topology, results in generating negative output voltages. This solution results in very low output voltage ripple due to inductor L2 in series with the output. Output disconnect is inherently built into this topology due to the capacitor C1. For a desired output current and output voltage over a given input voltage range, Table 3 is a step-by-step set of equations to calculate component values for the LT8710 when operating as a dual inductor inverting converter. Refer to more detail in this section and the Appendix for further information on the design equations presented in Table 3. Variable Definitions: VIN(MIN) = Minimum Input Voltage VIN(MAX) = Maximum Input Voltage VOUT = Output Voltage IOUT = Output Current of Converter f = Switching Frequency DCMAX = Power Switch Duty Cycle at VIN(MIN) VCSPN = Current Limit Voltage at DCMAX VCSPN *(1-DCMAX ) IOUT L TYP = RC 11.5k LMAX = Figure 7. Dual Inductor Inverting Converter - The Component Values Given Are Typical Values for a 300kHz, 4.5V to 25V to -5V/7A Inverting Topology Using Coupled Inductors. 18 DCMAX FBX INTVCC + Step 2: DCMAX Pick VIN, VOUT, IOUT, and f to calculate equations below. ISP EN/FBIN CIN2 120F COUT2 330F COUT1 100F x2 RSENSE2 4m CSN CSP TG VIN RIN2 10k 2.2F MP R1 499 Parameters/Equations Step 1: Inputs VOUT -5V 7A * C1 10F x2 L1 2.2H + * VIN 4.5V TO 25V Table 3. Dual Inductor Inverting Design Equations * Solve equations 1, 2, and 3 for a range of L values. * The minimum value of the L range is the higher of LTYP and LMIN. The maximum of the L value range is LMAX. * L = L1 = L2 for coupled inductors. * L = L1 || L2 for uncoupled inductors. Step 7: C1 Step 8: COUT Step 9: CIN Step 10: CIMON Step 11: RFBX Step 12: RT C110F ( TYPICAL );VRATING > VIN+|VOUT | COUT CIN VIN(MAX) 1 * 8 * f 2 * 0.005 VIN(MAX) + |VOUT | DCMAX 8 *L * f 2 * 0.005 CIMON RFBX = RT = 100*DCMAX 0.005* f |VOUT | +9. 6mV 83.1A 35,880 - 1; f in kHz and R T in k f NOTE: The final values for COUT and CIN may deviate from the above equations in order to obtain desired load transient performance for a particular application. The COUT and CIN equations assume zero ESR, so increase the capacitance accordingly based on the combined ESR. 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 LT8710 Applications Information SETTING THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE REGULATION The LT8710 output voltage is set by connecting an external resistor (RFBX) from the converter's output, VOUT, to the FBX pin. The equations below determines RFBX: V - 1.213V R FBX = OUT ; Boost or SEPIC Converter 83.7A | V | -9.6mV R FBX = OUT ; Inverting Converter 83.1A See the Electrical Characteristics for tolerances on the FBX regulation voltage and current. SETTING THE INPUT VOLTAGE REGULATION OR UNDERVOLTAGE LOCKOUT By connecting a resistor divider between VIN, EN/FBIN, and GND, the EN/FBIN pin provides a mean to regulate the input voltage or to create an undervoltage lockout function. Referring to error amplifier EA4 in the block diagram, when EN/FBIN is lower than the 1.607V reference, VC is pulled low. For example, if VIN is provided by a relatively high impedance source (e.g. a solar panel) and the current draw pulls VIN below a preset limit, VC will be reduced, thus reducing current draw from the input supply and limiting the input voltage drop. Note that using this function in forced continuous mode (MODE pin low) can result in current being drawn from the output and forced into the input. If this behavior is not desired then set the MODE pin high to prevent reverse current flow. VIN 1.7V 1.3V VIN RIN1 EN/FBIN 17.6A AT 1.607V RIN2 (OPTIONAL) 51.5k 1.607V EN/FBN LOGIC ACTIVE MODE CHIP ENABLE + EA4 - VC GND 8710 F08 Figure 8. Configurable UVLO This same technique can be used to create an undervoltage lockout if the LT8710 is NOT in forced continuous mode. When in discontinuous mode, forcing VC low will stop all switching activity. Note that this does not reset the soft start function, therefore resumption of switching activity will not be accompanied by a soft-start. Note that for very low input impedance supplies, a capacitor from EN/FBIN to ground may be needed to prevent oscillations from the input voltage regulation control loop. At start-up, the minimum voltage on EN/FBIN must exceed 1.7V (typical) to begin a soft-start cycle. Afterwards, the EN/FBIN voltage can drop below 1.7V and the input can be regulated such that the EN/FBIN voltage is at ~1.607V. So the equation below gives the start-up VIN for a desired input regulation voltage: VIN(START-UP) = 1.7V * VIN(MIN - REG) +0.78A *RIN1 1.607V To set the minimum or regulated input voltage use: R VIN(MIN- REG) = 1.607V * 1+ IN1 +17.6A *RIN1 RIN2 R IN1 = VIN(MIN-REG) - 1.607V 1.607V +17.6A RIN2 where RIN1 and RIN2 are shown in Figure 8. For increased accuracy, set RIN2 10k. The resistor RIN2 is optional, but it is recommended to be used to increase the accuracy of the input voltage regulation by making the RIN1 current much higher than the EN/FBIN pin current. OUTPUT CURRENT MONITORING AND LIMITING (RSENSE2 AND ISP-ISN AND IMON Pins) The LT8710 has an output current monitor circuit that can be used to monitor and/or limit the output current. The current monitor circuit works as shown in Figure 9. If it is not desirable to monitor and limit the output current, simply connect the IMON pin to ground. Note that the current sense resistor connected to the ISP and ISN pins must still be used, and the value should follow the guidelines in the next couple sections. 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 19 LT8710 Applications Information RSENSE2 MP TG voltage. Assume the current through RSENSE2 is steady state and that its time average current is approximately equal to the converter's load current: TO SYSTEM VOUT VIMON =11.9 * (IRSENSE2(AVE) *R SENSE2 +51.8mV ) ISN ISP - + VIMON - 51.8mV IOUT IRSENSE2(AVE) = 11.9 RSENSE2 - + 51.8mV 1mA/V A7 1.38V 1.213V + + EA3 - Output Current Limiting IMON As shown in Figure 9, IMON voltages exceeding 1.213V (typical) causes the VC voltage to reduce, thus limiting the inductor current. This voltage on IMON corresponds to an average voltage of 50mV across RSENSE2. Below is the equation for selecting the RSENSE2 resistor for limiting the output current at steady state: + - CHRG - OVER CURRENT 666.5mV 11.9K GND VC CIMON 8710 F09 Figure 9. Output Current Monitor and Control The current through RSENSE2 is sensing the current through MP which is turning on and off every clock cycle. Since the current through RSENSE2 is chopped, a filter capacitor connected from the IMON pin to ground is needed to filter the voltage at the IMON pin before heading to EA3. Below is the equation to calculate the required IMON pin capacitor: C IMON 100A *DCMAX 5mV * f where DCMAX is the maximum duty cycle of the converter's application (VIN at the lowest of its input range) and f is the switching frequency. To prevent start-up issues, the IMON capacitor should charge up faster than the SS capacitor. It is recommended to size the SS capacitor at least 5x greater than the IMON capacitor. Output Current Monitoring The voltage at the IMON pin is a gained up version of the voltage seen across the ISP and ISN pins. Below are the equations relating the RSENSE2 current to the IMON pin 20 R SENSE2 = 50mV IOUT(LIMIT) If it is not desirable to limit the output current, size RSENSE2 by setting IOUT(LIMIT) at least 60% higher than the maximum output current of the converter. This current sense resistor is needed if using the synchronous PFET in the converter. If the PFET is replaced with a Schottky, then RSENSE2 is not needed if output current limiting or monitoring isn't required. Note that if the INTVEE LDO is in UVLO and SS > 1.8V (typical), then the reference voltage at EA3 reduces to 916mV, and the output current is limited to about half its set point. Output Overcurrent As shown in Figure 9, a comparator monitors the voltage at the IMON pin and triggers a reset condition if the IMON pin voltage exceeds 1.38V (typical). This corresponds to an average voltage of 63.6mV (typical) across the ISP and ISN pins: 63.6mV RSENSE2 IOUT(OVERCURRENT) =1.27 *IOUT(LIMIT) IOUT(OVERCURRENT) = 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 LT8710 Applications Information Battery Charging and C/10 Capacitor Charging A useful application for limiting the output current is to charge a battery. When charging a battery such as a 12V lead acid battery, it may be useful to charge to a bulk and float voltage, in which case, the C/10 function of the FLAG pin can be used. For decreasing charge currents, C/10 is detected when the IMON voltage falls below 666.5mV (typical) and corresponds to an average ISP - ISN voltage of 5mV (typical). For increasing charge currents, C/10 is cleared when IMON gets above 727.5mV (typical) which corresponds to an average ISP - ISN voltage of 10mV (typical). When the application is to charge a bank of capacitors such as SuperCaps, the charging current is set by RSENSE2 and the FLAG pin isn't necessarily needed as in the case of charging a battery. To set a bulk and float battery voltage, simply connect a resistor from the FLAG pin to the FBX pin. When the battery charging current is high (C/10 not detected), the target output voltage is the bulk battery voltage as set by the resistor connected between the FLAG and FBX pins. Once the charging current drops such that C/10 is detected, the target output voltage drops to the float battery voltage as set by the external FBX resistor. See Figure 10 below on the FLAG pin connections and equations for setting the bulk and float battery voltages. Note that in order to use the C/10 feature, the MODE pin must be high to operate in DCM at light loads. FROM CONTROLLER VOUT RFLAG FLAG PG COUT RFBX VOUT LEAD ACID BATTERY It may be desirable to regulate the converter's output based on the ambient temperature. The INTVCC LDO regulated voltage is 6.3V 1.6% (see Electrical Characteristics), and a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) resistor can be used to sum into the FBX pin to create an output voltage that decreases with temperature. See Figure 11 for the necessary connections. The FBX voltages regulates to 1.213V (typical) for positive output voltages. For an accurate room temperature output voltage, size the resistor divider off the INTVCC pin to give 1.213V such that the current through R2 is ~0 at room temperature. Choose RNTC(25) 10k and use the equations below to calculate R1, RFBX, and VOUT at room temperature and R2 for a desired VOUT change over temperature. R 1=RNTC(25) 6.3 - 1.213V 1.213V R VOUT(25) 1.213V +83.7A *RFBX + FBX * R2 R1 1.213V - 6.3V * R +R 1 NTC(25) FBX 1.213V 100s ANTI-GLITCH + Temperature Dependent Output Voltage Using NTC Resistor 83.7A CHRG - DCM_EN 666.5mV + IMON RNTC =RNTC(25) * e GND 8710 F10 V - 1.213V RFBX = OUT(FLOAT) 83.7A 1.213V RFLAG =RFBX * VOUT(BULK) - VOUT(FLOAT) Figure 10. FLAG Pin Connections and Equations for Battery Charging * ( ) 1 1 - T T25 R VOUT = -6.3V * FBX *R1* R2 1 1 - R +R 1 NTC(T(MAX)) R1+RNTC(T(MIN)) -6.3V *R * R * VOUT FBX 1 1 1 - R +R 1 NTC(T(MAX)) R1+RNTC(T(MIN)) R2= 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 21 LT8710 Applications Information where: RNTC(25) = Resistance of the NTC resistor at 25C b = Material-specific constant of NTC resistor. Specified at two temperatures such as b25/85. If more than two bs are specified, use the most appropriate for the application. T = Absolute temperature in Kelvin To provide a desired load current for any given application, RSENSE1 must be sized appropriately. The switch current will be at its highest when the input voltage is at the lowest of its range. The equation below calculates RSENSE1 for a desired output current: V i RSENSE1 0.74 * * CSPN * (1-DCMAX ) * 1- RIPPLE IOUT 2 where T25 = Room temperature in Kelvin (298.15k) VCSPN = Max current limit voltage (see Max Current Limit vs Duty Cycle (CSP-CSN) plot in the Typical Performance Characteristics) 1.213V FROM SYSTEM VOUT + EA1 14.5k RFBX - IOUT + DCMAX = Switching duty cycle at minimum VIN (see Power Switch Duty Cycle in Appendix) FBX R2 6.3V RNTC INTVCC = Converter efficiency (assume ~90%) EA2 14.5k - GND VC = Converter load current iRIPPLE = Peak-to-peak inductor ripple current percent age at minimum VIN (recommended to use 25%) R1 Reverse Current Applications (MODE Pin Low) 8710 F11 Figure 11. Temperature Dependent Output Using an NTC Resistor Divider SWITCH CURRENT LIMIT (RSENSE1 AND CSP-CSN PINS) The external current sense resistor (RSENSE1) sets the maximum peak current though the external NFET switch (MN). The maximum voltage across RSENSE1 is 50mV (typical) at very low switch duty cycles, and then slope compensation decreases the current limit as the duty cycle increases (see the Max Current Limit vs Duty Cycle (CSPCSN) plot in the Typical Performance Characteristics). The equation below gives the switch current limit for a given duty cycle and current sense resistor (find VCSPN at the operating duty cycle in the plot mentioned). ISW(LIMIT) = 22 When the forced continuous mode is selected (MODE pin low), inductor current is allowed to reverse directions and flow from the VOUT side to the VIN side. This can lead to current sinking from the output and being forced into the input. The reverse current is at a maximum magnitude when VC is lowest. The graph of Max Current Limit vs Duty Cycle (CSP - CSN) in the Typical Performance Characteristics section can help to determine the maximum reverse current capability. The IMON pin voltage will indicate negative inductor currents. Refer to the equation for IMON in the Pin Functions. Note that the IMON voltage is only accurate if the dynamic voltage across RSENSE2 stays within -51.8mV to 500mV. If the valley inductor current goes more negative than -300mV as sensed by RSENSE2, the external PFET will turn off, and the inductor current will start going more positive. VCSPN RSENSE1 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 LT8710 Applications Information Backup Power With the use of reverse current control and input voltage regulation, the LT8710 can be used as a backup power converter as shown in Figure 12 below. With the MODE pin low to operate in FCM, when the input source is removed, the output can supply current into the input and keep the input regulated for some amount of time. The amount of time depends on the output capacitance and the load current at the input. IDEAL DIODE C1 L1 CIN1 INPUT POWER SOURCE CAN BE REMOVED RSENSE2 MP * VPWR 12V 5% VSYSTEM VPWR IF VPWR IS PRESENT 10.5V IF VPWR IS REMOVED L2 RSENSE1 + * BG VIN RIN1 49.9k CSN CSP ISN LT8710 BIAS INTVEE MODE CIN2 CAP BANK TG ISP EN/FBIN RIN2 10k + VOUT MN RFBX FBX GND 8710 F12 Figure 12. Backup Power Converter Once VOUT drops low enough to put the INTVEE LDO in UVLO (VOUT at ~4.25V), the PFET will stop switching and the current will stop flowing from VOUT to VSYSTEM. For this type of application, it is recommended to use a PFET that is in the linear mode of operation with only 4V of gate drive. approach, as VIN approaches the OVP point, the MODE pin approaches the MODE FCM threshold (1.224V typical) and the LT8710 won't allow reverse current flow, preventing VIN to go above the OVP point. CURRENT SENSE FILTERING Certain applications may require filtering of the inductor current sense signals due to excessive switching noise that can appear across RSENSE1 and/or RSENSE2. Higher operating voltages, higher values of RSENSE, and more capacitive MOSFETs will all contribute additional noise across RSENSE when MOSFETs transition. The CSP/CSN and/or the ISP/ ISN sense signals can be filtered by adding one of the RC networks shown in Figure 14. The filter shown in Figure 14a filters out differential noise, whereas the filter in Figure 14b filters out the differential and common mode noise at the expense of an additional capacitor and approximately twice the capacitance value. It is recommended to Kelvin the ground connection directly to the paddle of the LT8710 if using the filter in Figure 14b. The filter network should be placed as close as possible to the LT8710. Resistors greater than 10 should be avoided as this can increase the offset voltages at the CSP/CSN and ISP/ISN pins. 5.1 RSENSE1, RSENSE2 CSP OR ISP 2.2nF LT8710 CSN OR ISN 5.1 8710 F014a Input Overvoltage Protection Whenever the MODE pin is low to allow current to flow from output to input, it is strongly recommended to add a couple external components to protect the input from overvoltage as shown in Figure 13 below. With either VIN Figure 14a. Differential RC Filter on CSP/CSN and/or ISP/ISN Pins 5.1 VIN 4.7nF 1k VIN_OVP = VZ + 1.224V OR LT8710 RSENSE1, RSENSE2 ROVP2 MODE CSP OR ISP 4.7nF MODE ROVP1 ( VIN_OVP = 1.224V * 1 + ROVP2 ROVP1 5.1 ) 8710 F13 Figure 13. Input Overvoltage Protection CSN OR ISN 8710 F014b Figure 14b. Differential and Common Mode RC Filter on CSP/ CSN and/or ISP/ISN Pins 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 23 LT8710 Applications Information The RC product should be kept less than 30ns, which is simply the total series R (5.1+5.1 in this case) times the equivalent capacitance seen across the sense pins (2.2nF for Figure 14a and 2.35nF for Figure 14b). SWITCHING FREQUENCY The LT8710 uses a constant frequency architecture between 100kHz and 750kHz. The frequency can be set using the internal oscillator or can be synchronized to an external clock source. Selection of the switching frequency is a trade-off between efficiency and component size. Low frequency operation increases efficiency by reducing MOSFET switching losses, but requires larger inductance and/or capacitance to maintain low output ripple voltage. For high power applications, consider operating at lower frequencies to minimize MOSFET heating from switching losses. The switching frequency can be set by placing an appropriate resistor from the RT pin to ground and tying the SYNC pin low. The frequency can also be synchronized to an external clock source driven into the SYNC pin. The following sections provide more details. Oscillator Timing Resistor (RT) The operating frequency of the LT8710 can be set by the internal free-running oscillator. When the SYNC pin is driven low (< 0.4V), the frequency of operation is set by a resistor from the RT pin to ground. The oscillator frequency is calculated using the following formula: f= 35,880 (RT +1) 35,880 -1 f Clock Synchronization An external source can set the operating frequency of the LT8710 by providing a digital clock signal into the SYNC pin (RT resistor still required). The LT8710 will operate at the SYNC clock frequency. The LT8710 will revert to its internal free-running oscillator clock when the SYNC pin is driven below 0.4V for a few free-running clock periods. 24 The duty cycle of the SYNC signal must be between 20% and 80% for proper operation. Also, the frequency of the SYNC signal must meet the following two criteria: 1. SYNC may not toggle outside the frequency range of 100kHz to 750kHz unless it is stopped below 0.4V to enable the free-running oscillator. 2. The SYNC frequency can always be higher than the free-running oscillator frequency (as set by the RT resistor), fOSC, but should not be less than 25% below fOSC. After SYNC begins toggling, it is recommended that switching activity is stopped before the SYNC pin stops toggling. Excess negative inductor current can result when SYNC stops toggling as the LT8710 transitions from the external SYNC clock source to the internal free-running oscillator clock. Switching activity can be stopped by driving the EN/FBIN pin low. LDO REGULATORS The LT8710 has two linear regulators to run the BG and TG gate drivers. The INTVCC LDO regulates 6.3V (typical) above ground, and the INTVEE regulator regulates 6.18V (typical) below the BIAS pin. INTVCC LDO Regulator where f is in kHz and RT is in k. Conversely, RT (in k) can be calculated from the desired frequency (in kHz) using: RT = Driving SYNC high for an extended period of time effectively stops the operating clock and prevents latch SR1 from becoming set (see Block Diagram). As a result, the switching operation of the LT8710 will stop. The INTVCC LDO is used as the top rail for the BG gate driver for positive output converters. In the case of a negative output converter, the INTVCC LDO is used as the top rail for both the BG and TG gate drivers (BIAS and INTVEE must tie to INTVCC and GND respectively). An external capacitor greater than 2.2F must be placed from the INTVCC pin to ground. The UVLO threshold on INTVCC is 4V (typical), and the LT8710 will be in reset until the LDO comes out of UVLO. The INTVCC LDO can run off VIN or BIAS and will intelligently select to run off the best for minimizing chip power loss, but at the same time, select the proper input for maintaining INTVCC as close to 6.3V as possible. For For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 8710f LT8710 Applications Information VOLTAGE 24V INTVEE LDO Regulator VIN BIAS 12V 11.2V 8.5V 8V VIN BIAS VIN BIAS SELECTED INPUT TIME 8710 F15 Figure 15. INTVCC Input Voltage Selection example, Figure 15 is a plot that shows an application where VOUT/BIAS is regulated to 12V and VIN starts at 24V and ramps down to 5V and indicates that INTVCC is regulating from VIN or BIAS. Overcurrent protection circuitry typically limits the maximum current draw from the LDO to ~125mA and ~65mA when running from VIN and BIAS respectively. When INTVCC is below ~3.5V during start-up or an overload condition, the typical current limit is reduced to ~25mA when running from either VIN or BIAS. If the selected input voltage is greater than 20V (typical), then the current limit of the LDO reduces linearly with input voltage to limit the maximum power in the INTVCC pass device. See the INTVCC Current Limit vs VIN or BIAS plot in the Typical Performance Characteristics. If the die temperature exceeds 175C (typical), the current limit of the LDO drops to 0. Power dissipated in the INTVCC LDO should be minimized to improve efficiency and prevent overheating of the LT8710. The current limit reduction with input voltage circuit helps prevent the part from overheating, but these guidelines should be followed. The maximum current drawn through the INTVCC LDO occurs under the following conditions: 1. Large (capacitive) MOSFETs being driven at high frequencies. 2. The converter's switch voltage (VOUT for boost or VIN + |VOUT| for dual inductor converters) is high, thus requiring more charge to turn the MOSFET gates on and off. In general, use appropriately sized MOSFETs and lower the switching frequency for higher voltage applications to keep the INTVCC current at a minimum. The BIAS and INTVEE voltages are used for the top and bottom rails of the TG gate driver respectively. An external capacitor greater than 2.2F must be placed between the BIAS and INTVEE pins. The UVLO threshold on the regulator (BIAS-INTVEE) is 3.42V (typical) as long as the BIAS voltage is greater than ~3.36V. The TG pin can begin switching after the INTVEE regulator comes out of UVLO. For positive output converters, BIAS must be tied to the converter's output voltage. For negative output converters, BIAS must connect to the INTVCC pin and the INTVEE pin ties to ground. In this manner, the voltage of the INTVEE regulator is driven to the INTVCC voltage of 6.3V and hence the TG gate driver will have levels of 0V and 6.3V. Overcurrent protection circuitry typically limits the maximum current draw from the regulator to ~70mA. If the BIAS voltage is greater than 20V (typical), then the current limit of the regulator reduces linearly with input voltage to limit the maximum power in the INTVEE pass device. See the INTVEE Current Limit vs BIAS plot in the Typical Performance Characteristics. The same thermal guidelines from the INTVCC LDO Regulator section apply to the INTVEE regulator as well. NON-SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTER It may be desirable in some applications to replace the external PFET with a Schottky diode to make a nonsynchronous converter. One example would be a high output voltage application because the voltage drop across the rectifier has a small affect on the efficiency of the converter. In fact, for high output voltage applications, replacing the PFET with a Schottky may result in higher efficiency because the LT8710 doesn't have to supply gate drive to the PFET. Figure 16 shows the recommended connections for using the LT8710 as a non-synchronous boost converter, however the same concept can be used for any other converter. Note that the MODE pin must be tied high if using the LT8710 as a non-synchronous converter or else the output might not be regulated at light load. Also, the TG pin 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 25 LT8710 Applications Information must be left floating or permanent damage could occur to the TG gate driver. The schematic of Figure 16 could be modified if needed. If it is not desirable to monitor and/ or control the output current, RSENSE2 is not needed and simply tie the ISP and ISN pins to INTVCC. The IMON pin can be left floating or can connect to ground. The BIAS and INTVEE pins can tie to ground if the dual input feature of the INTVCC LDO is not needed and VIN stays above 4.5V. L1 RSENSE2 VIN MN CIN1 VOUT COUT1 COUT2 RIN1 EN/FBIN CSN CSP LT8710 CIN2 INTVCC * The load should connect directly to the positive and negative terminals of the output capacitor for best load regulation. Boost Topology Specific Layout Guidelines ISN INTVEE MODE + TG ISP BIAS RIN2 * Place bypass capacitors for the INTVCC and INTVEE (between BIAS and INTVEE) pins (2.2F or greater) as close as possible to the LT8710. * Keep length of loop (high speed switching path) governing RSENSE1, MN, MP, RSENSE2, COUT, and ground return as short as possible to minimize parasitic inductive spikes at the switch node during switching. RSENSE1 BG VIN * Place bypass capacitors for the VIN and BIAS pins (1F or greater) as close as possible to the LT8710. VIN VOUT RFBX L1 FBX GND IMON MP 8710 F16 Figure 16. Simplified Schematic of a Non-Synchronous Boost Converter MN RSENSE2 CIN LAYOUT GUIDELINES FOR BOOST, SEPIC, AND DUAL INDUCTOR INVERTING TOPOLOGIES COUT RSENSE1 General Layout Guidelines LT8710 CKT GND * To optimize thermal performance, solder the exposed pad of the LT8710 to the ground plane with multiple vias around the pad connecting to additional ground planes. Figure 17. Suggested Component Placement for Boost Topology * High speed switching path (see specific topology below for more information) must be kept as short as possible. SEPIC Topology Specific Layout Guidelines * The FBX, VC, IMON, and RT components should be placed as close to the LT8710 as possible, while being far away as practically possible from switching nodes. The ground for these components should be separated from the switch current path. 26 8705 F17 * Keep length of loop (high speed switching path) governing RSENSE1, MN, C1, MP, RSENSE2, COUT, and ground return as short as possible to minimize parasitic inductive spikes at the switch node during switching. 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 LT8710 Applications Information VIN * L1 L2 VOUT C1 VIN * L1 * * VOUT L2 C1 MP MN MN CIN RSENSE2 CIN MP C2 R1 COUT D1 RSENSE1 RSENSE1 RSENSE2 LT8710 CKT LT8710 CKT COUT GND GND 8705 F19 8705 F18 Figure 19. Suggested Component Placement for Dual Inductor Inverting Topology Figure 18. Suggested Component Placement for SEPIC Topology Dual Inductor Inverting Topology Specific Layout Guidelines * Keep ground return path from the low side of RSENSE1 and RSENSE2 (to chip) separated from CIN's and COUT's ground return path (to chip) in order to minimize switching noise coupling into the input and output. Notice the cuts in the ground return for the low side of RSENSE1 and RSENSE2. * Keep length of loop (high speed switching path) governing RSENSE1, MN, C1, MP, RSENSE2, and ground return as short as possible to minimize parasitic inductive spikes at the switch node during switching. Current Sense Resistor Layout Guidelines * Route the CSP/CSN and ISP/ISN lines differentially (close together) from the chip to the current sense resistor as shown in Figure 20. * Place the vias that connect the CSP/CSN and ISP/ISN lines directly at the terminals of the current sense resistor as shown in Figure 20. RSENSE1, 2 TO CURRENT SENSE PINS 8705 F20 Figure 20. Suggested Routing and Connections of CSP/CSN and ISP/ISN Lines THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS Overview The primary components on the board that consume the most power and produce the most heat are the power switches, MN and MP, the power inductor, and the LT8710 IC. It is imperative that a good thermal path be provided for these components to dissipate the heat generated within the packages. This can be accomplished by taking advantage of the thermal pads on the underside of the packages. It is recommended that multiple vias in the printed circuit board be used to conduct heat away from each of these components and into a copper plane with as much area as possible. For the case of the power switches, the copper area of the drain connections shouldn't be too big as to create a large EMI surface that can radiate noise around the board. 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 27 LT8710 Applications Information Power MOSFET Loss and Thermal Calculations The LT8710 requires two external power MOSFETs, an NFET switch for the BG gate driver and a PFET switch for the TG gate driver. Important parameters for estimating the power dissipation in the MOSFETs are: 1. On-resistance (RDSON) 2. Gate-to-drain charge (QGD) 3. PFET body diode forward voltage (VBD) 4. VDS of the FETs during their Off-Time PMOSFET = PI2R + PSWITCHING PMN = IN2 *RDSON + VDS *IN * f * tRF + PRR - N I PMP =IP2 *RDSON +VBD* IPK + VY * f*140ns+PRR - P 1.6 I i i ISW = OUT ; IPK =ISW + RIPPLE ; IVY =ISW - RIPPLE (1- DC) 2 2 2 i IN = DC * ISW 2 + RIPPLE 12 IP = 5. Switch current (ISW) 6. Switching frequency (f) The power loss in each power switch has a DC and AC term. The DC term is when the power switch is fully on, and the AC term is when the power switch is transitioning from on-off or off-on. The following applies for both the NFET and PFET power switches. For a boost application, the average current through the MOSFET (ISW) during its on-time, is the same as the average input current. The magnitude of the drainto-source voltage, VDS, during its off-time is approximately VOUT. For a SEPIC or dual inductor inverting application, the average current through each MOSFET (ISW) during its on-time, is the sum of the average input current and the output current. The |VDS| voltage during the off-time is approximately VIN + |VOUT|. During the non-overlap time of the gate drivers, the peak and valley inductor current is flowing through the body diode of the PFET. Below are the equations for the power loss in MN and MP. (1-DC) * ISW 2 + iRIPPLE2 12 V *I * t * f PRR - N DS RR RR 2 V *I * t * f PRR - P DS RR RR 2 where: f = Switching Frequency IN = NFET RMS Current IP = PFET RMS Current tRF = Average of the rise and fall times of the NFET's drain voltage ISW = Average switch current during its on-time IPK = Peak inductor current IVY = Valley inductor current iRIPPLE = Inductor ripple current DC = Switch duty cycle (see Power Switch Duty Cycle section in Appendix) VBD = PFET body diode forward voltage at ISW VDS = Voltage across the FET when it's off. VOUT for a boost, VIN + |VOUT| for a dual inductor inverting or SEPIC converter PRR-N = PFET body diode reverse recovery power loss in the NFET PRR-P = PFET body diode reverse recovery power loss in the PFET 28 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 LT8710 Applications Information IRR = Current needed to remove the PFET body diode charge VSELECT = INTVCC LDO selected input voltage, VIN or BIAS (see LDO REGULATORS section) tRR VMAX = Reverse recovery time of PFET body diode Typical values for tRF are 10ns to 40ns depending on the MOSFET capacitance and drain voltage. In general, the lower the QGD of the MOSFET, the faster the rise and fall times of its drain voltage. For best calculations, measure the rise and fall times in the application. PFET body diode reverse recovery power loss is dependent on many factors and can be difficult to quantify in an application. In general, this power loss increases with higher VDS and/or higher switching frequency. Chip Power and Thermal Calculations Power dissipation in the LT8710 chip comes from three primary sources: INTVCC and INTVEE LDOs providing gate drive to the BG and TG pins and additional input quiescent current. The average current through each LDO is determined by the gate charge of the power switches, MN and MP, and the switching frequency. Below are the equations for calculating the chip power loss followed by examples. Noninverting Converter: The INTVCC LDO primarily supplies voltage for the BG gate driver. The BIAS and INTVEE voltages supply the top and bottom rails of the TG gate driver respectively. The chip Q current comes from the higher of VIN and BIAS. Below are the chip power equations for a noninverting converter: PVCC = 1.04 * QMN * f * VSELECT PVEE1 = QMP * f * VBIAS PVEE2 = 3.1mA * (1 - DC) * VBIAS PQ = 4mA * VMAX Inverting Converter: Due to BIAS connecting to INTVCC and INTVEE connecting to ground (see Typical Applications), all the chip power comes from the VIN pin. The INTVCC LDO primarily supplies voltage for both the BG and TG gate drivers. The chip Q current comes from VIN. For consistency, the power that's needed to run the TG gate driver is still labeled as PVEE even though the power is coming from INTVCC. Below are the chip power equations for an inverting converter: PVCC = 1.04 * QMN * f * VIN PVEE1 = QMP * f * VIN PVEE2 = 3.15mA * (1 - DC) * VIN PQ = 5.5mA * VIN where: f = Switching frequency DC = Switch duty cycle (see Power Switch Duty Cycle section in Appendix) QMN = Total gate charge of NFET power switch (MN) at 6.3VGS QMP = Total gate charge of PFET power switch (MP) at 6.3VSG Chip Power Calculations Example Table 4 calculates the power dissipation of the LT8710 for a 200kHz, 3V - 40V to 5V SEPIC application when VIN is 12V. From PCHIP in Table 4, the die junction temperature can be calculated using the appropriate thermal resistance and worst-case ambient temperature: where: f = Higher of VIN and BIAS. = Switching frequency DC = Switch duty cycle (see Power Switch Duty Cycle section in Appendix) = Total gate charge of NFET power switch (MN) QMN at 6.3VGS = Total gate charge of PFET power switch (MP) QMP at 6.18VSG TJ = TA + QJA * PCHIP where TJ = die junction temperature, TA = ambient temperature and JA is the thermal resistance from the silicon junction to the ambient air. The published JA value is 38C/W for the TSSOP exposed pad package. In practice, lower JA values are realizable if board layout is performed with appropriate grounding 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 29 LT8710 Applications Information (accounting for heat sinking properties of the board) and other considerations listed in the Layout Guidelines section. For instance, a JA value of ~22C/W was consistently achieved when board layout was optimized as per the suggestions in the Layout Guidelines section. Thermal Lockout If the die temperature reaches ~175C, the part will go into reset, so the power switches turn off and the soft-start capacitor will be discharged. The LT8710 will come out of reset when the die temperature drops by ~5C (typical). Table 4. Power Calculations Example for a 200kHz, 3V to 40V to 5V/5A SEPIC (VIN = 12V, MN = FDMS86500L and MP = SUD50P06-15) DEFINITION OF VARIABLES DC = Switch Duty Cycle PVCC = INTVCC LDO Power Driving the BG Gate Driver EQUATION DC VOUT VIN + VOUT DESIGN EXAMPLE DC 5V 12V + 5V VALUE DC 29.4% PVCC = 1.04 * QMN * f * VSELECT PVCC = 1.04 * 73nC * 200kHz * 12V PVCC = 182.2mW PVEE1 = QMP * f * VBIAS PVEE1 = 55nC * 200kHz * 5V PVEE1 = 55mW PVEE2 = Additional TG Gate Driver Power Loss PVEE2 = 3.1mA * (1 - DC) * VBIAS PVEE2 = 3.1mA * (1- 0.294) * 5V PVEE2 = 10.9mW PQ = Chip Bias Loss VMAX = Higher Voltage of VIN and BIAS PQ = 4mA * VMAX PQ = 4mA * 12V PQ = 48mW QMN = NFET Total Gate Charge at VGS = 6.3V f = Switching Frequency VSELECT = LDO Chooses VIN PVEE1 = INTVEE LDO Power Driving the TG Gate Driver QMP = PFET Total Gate Charge at VSG = 4.25V PCHIP = 296.1mW 30 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 LT8710 AppENDIX POWER SWITCH DUTY CYCLE In order to maintain loop stability and deliver adequate current to the load, the external power NFET (MN in the Block Diagram) cannot remain on for 100% of each clock cycle. The maximum allowable duty cycle is given by: DC MAX ( T -MinOffTime) *100% = P TP where TP is the clock period and MinOffTime (found in the Electrical Characteristics) is a maximum of 480ns. Conversely, the external power NFET (MN in the Block Diagram) cannot remain off for 100% of each clock cycle, and will turn on for a minimum on time (MinOnTime) when in regulation. This MinOnTime governs the minimum allowable duty cycle given by: DC MIN = (MinOnTime) *100% TP where TP is the clock period and MinOnTime (found in the Electrical Characteristics) is a maximum of 420ns. The application should be designed such that the operating duty cycle is between DCMIN and DCMAX. Duty cycle equations for several common topologies are given below where VON_MP is the voltage drop across the external power PFET (MP) when it is on, and VON_MN is the voltage drop across the external power NFET (MN) when it is on. VOUT - VIN + VON_MP VOUT + VON_MP - VON_MN For the SEPIC or dual inductor inverting topology (see Figures 6 and 7): DC SEPIC_&_INVERT INDUCTOR SELECTION For high efficiency, choose inductors with high frequency core material, such as ferrite, to reduce core losses. Also to improve efficiency, choose inductors with more volume for a given inductance. The inductor should have low DCR (copper-wire resistance) to reduce I2R losses, and must be able to handle the peak inductor current without saturating. Note that in some applications, the current handling requirements of the inductor can be lower, such as in the SEPIC topology where each inductor carries a fraction of the total switch current. Molded chokes or chip inductors do not have enough core area to support peak inductor currents in the 5A to 15A range. To minimize radiated noise, use a toroidal or shielded inductor. See Table 5 for a list of inductor manufacturers. Table 5. Inductor Manufacturers Coilcraft MSS1278, XAL1010, and MSD1278 Series www.coilcraft.com Cooper Bussmann DRQ127, DR127, and HCM1104 Series www.cooperbussmann.com Vishay IHLP Series www.vishay.com Wurth WE-DCT Series WE-CFWI Series www.we-online.com Minimum Inductance For the boost topology (see Figure 5): DC BOOST The LT8710 can be used in configurations where the duty cycle is higher than DCMAX, but it must be operated in the discontinuous conduction mode (MODE pin must be high) so that the effective duty cycle is reduced. | VOUT |+VON_MP VIN+ | VOUT |+VON_MP - VON_MN Although there can be a trade-off with efficiency, it is often desirable to minimize board space by choosing smaller inductors. When choosing an inductor, there are three conditions that limit the minimum inductance; (1) providing adequate load current, and (2) avoidance of subharmonic oscillation, and (3) supplying a minimum ripple current to avoid false tripping of the current comparator. 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 31 LT8710 AppENDIX Adequate Load Current Avoiding Subharmonic Oscillations Small value inductors result in increased ripple currents and thus, due to the limited peak switch current, decrease the average current that can be provided to the load. In order to provide adequate load current, L should be at least: The LT8710's internal slope compensation circuit will prevent subharmonic oscillations that can occur when the duty cycle is greater than 50%, provided that the inductance exceeds a minimum value. In applications that operate with duty cycles greater than 50%, the inductance must be at least: L BOOST VIN *DC *I V V 2 * f * CSPN - OUT OUT VIN * RSENSE1 Boost Topology or SEPIC VIN *DC or L DUAL |V |*I V Inverting 2 * f * CSPN - OUT OUT -IOUT VIN * RSENSE1 Topologies where: LBOOST = L1 for boost topologies (see Figure 5) LDUAL = L1 = L2 for coupled dual inductor topologies (see Figures 6 and 7) LDUAL = L1 || L2 for uncoupled dual inductor topolo gies (see Figures 6 and 7) DC = Switch duty cycle (see previous section) VCSPN = Current limit voltage at the operating switch duty cycle (see Max Current Limit vs Duty Cycle (CSP - CSN) plot in the Typical Per formance Characteristics) RSENSE1 = Current sense resistor connected across the CSP-CSN pins (see Block Diagram) = Power conversion efficiency (assume 90%) f = Switching frequency IOUT = Maximum output current where LMIN = L1 for boost topologies (see Figure 5) LMIN = L1 = L2 for coupled dual inductor topologies (see Figures 6 and 7) LMIN = L1 || L2 for uncoupled dual inductor topologies (see Figures 6 and 7) Maximum Inductance Excessive inductance can reduce ripple current to levels that are difficult for the current comparator (A5 in the Block Diagram) to cleanly discriminate, thus causing duty cycle jitter and/or poor regulation. The maximum inductance can be calculated by: V *R *DC L MAX IN SENSE1 5m * f where: LMAX = L1 for boost topologies (see Figure 5) LMAX = L1 = L2 for coupled dual inductor topologies (see Figures 6 and 7) LMAX = L1 || L2 for uncoupled dual inductor topologies (see Figures 6 and 7) Negative values of LBOOST or LDUAL indicate that the output load current, IOUT, exceeds the switch current limit capability of the converter. Decrease RSENSE1 to increase the switch current limit. 32 V *R *(2 *DC - 1) L MIN IN SENSE1 40m *DC * f *(1-DC) Inductor Current Rating The inductor(s) must have a rating greater than its (their) peak operating current to prevent inductor saturation, which would result in efficiency losses. The maximum 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 LT8710 AppENDIX inductor current (considering start-up and steady-state conditions) is given by: IL_PEAK = 54mV - 16mV *DC2 RSENSE1 V *T + IN MIN_PROP L where = Peak inductor current in L1 for a boost IL_PEAK topology, or the sum of the peak inductor currents for dual inductor topologies. TMIN_PROP = 100ns (propagation delay through the current feedback loop). For wide input voltage range applications, as the input voltage increases, the max peak inductor current also increases due to the duty cycle decreasing. It is recommended to utilize the output current limiting feature to reduce the max peak inductor current given by the following equation: IL_PEAK = VISPN V *DC + IN RSENSE2 *(1-DC) 2 * f *L where.... VISPN = 57mV max for noninverting converters and 60mV max for inverting converters. Note that these equations offer conservative results for the required inductor current ratings. The current ratings could be lower for applications with light loads, and if the SS capacitor is sized appropriately to limit inductor currents at start-up. POWER MOSFET SELECTION The LT8710 requires two external power MOSFETs, an NFET switch for the BG gate driver and a PFET switch for the TG gate driver. It is important to select MOSFETs for optimizing efficiency. For choosing an NFET and PFET, the important device parameters are: 1. Breakdown voltage (BVDSS) 2. Gate threshold voltage (VGSTH) 3. On-resistance (rDSON) 4. Total gate charge (QG) 5. Turn-off delay time (tD(OFF)) 6. Package has exposed paddle The drain-to-source breakdown voltage of the NFET and PFET power MOSFETs must exceed: * BVDSS > VOUT for boost converter * BVDSS > VIN+|VOUT| for SEPIC or dual inductor inverting converter If operating close to the BVDSS rating of the MOSFET, check the leakage specifications on the MOSFET because leakage can decrease the efficiency of the converter. The NFET and PFET gate-to-source drive is approximately 6.3V and 6.18V respectively, so logic level MOSFETs are required. The BG gate driver can begin switching when the INTVCC voltage exceeds ~4V, so ensure the selected NFET is in the linear mode of operation with 4V of gateto-source drive to prevent possible damage to the NFET. The TG gate driver can begin switching when the BIASINTVEE voltage exceeds ~3.42V, so it is optimal that the PFET be in the linear mode of operation with 3.42V of gate-to-source drive. However, the PFET is less likely to get damaged if it's not operating in the linear region since the drain-to-source voltage is clamped by its body diode during the NFET's off-time. Having said that, try to choose a PFET with a low body diode reverse recovery time to minimize stored charge in the PFET. The stored charge in the PFET body diode gets removed when the NFET switch turns on and can lead to efficiency hits especially in applications where the VDS of the PFET (during off-time) is high. For these applications, it may be beneficial to put a Schottky diode across the PFET to reduce the amount of charge in the PFET body diode. In applications where the output voltage is high in magnitude, it may be better to replace the PFET with a Schottky diode since the converter may be more efficient with a Schottky. Power MOSFET on-resistance and total gate charge go hand-in-hand and are typically inversely proportional to each other; the lower the on-resistance, the higher total gate charge. Choose MOSFETs with an on-resistance to give a voltage drop to be less than 300mV at the peak 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 33 LT8710 AppENDIX current. At the same time, choose MOSFETs with a lower total gate charge to reduce LT8710 power dissipation and MOSFET switching losses. The turn-off delay time (tD(OFF)) of available NFETs is generally smaller than the LT8710's non-overlap time. However, the turn-off time of the available PFETs should be looked at before deciding on a PFET for a given application. The turn-off time must be less than the non-overlap time of the LT8710 or else the NFET and PFET could be on at the same time and damage to external components may occur. If the PFET turn-off delay time as specified in the data sheet is less than the LT8710 non-overlap time, then the PFET is good to use. If the turn-off delay time is longer than the non-overlap time, it doesn't necessarily mean it can't be used. It may be unclear how the PFET manufacturer measures the turn-off delay time, so it is best to measure the PFET turn-off delay time with respect to the PFET gate voltage. Finally, both the NFET and PFET power MOSFETs should be in a package with an exposed paddle for the drain connection to be able to dissipate heat. The on-resistance of MOSFETs is proportional to temperature, so it's more efficient if the MOSFETs are running cool with the help of the exposed paddle. See Table 6 for a list of power MOSFET manufacturers. Table 6. Power MOSFET (NFET and PFET) Manufacturers Fairchild Semiconductor www.fairchildsemi.com On-Semiconductor www.onsemi.com Vishay www.vishay.com Diodes Inc. www.diodes.com INPUT AND OUTPUT CAPACITOR SELECTION Input and output capacitance is necessary to suppress voltage ripple caused by discontinuous current moving in and out of the regulator. A parallel combination of capacitors is typically used to achieve high capacitance and low ESR (equivalent series resistance). Tantalum, special polymer, aluminum electrolytic and ceramic capacitors are all available in surface mount packages. Capacitors with low ESR and high ripple current ratings, such as OS-CON and POSCAP are also available. 34 Ceramic capacitors should be placed near the regulator input and output to suppress high frequency switching noise. A minimum 1F ceramic capacitor should also be placed from VIN to GND and from BIAS to GND as close to the LT8710 pins as possible. Due to their excellent low ESR characteristics, ceramic capacitors can significantly reduce ripple voltage and help reduce power loss in the higher ESR bulk capacitors. X5R or X7R dielectrics are preferred, as these materials retain their capacitance over wide voltage and temperature ranges. Many ceramic capacitors, particularly 0805 or 0603 case sizes, have greatly reduced capacitance at the desired operating voltage. Input Capacitor, CIN The input capacitor, CIN, sees the ripple current of the input inductor, L1, which eases the capacitance requirements of CIN. Below is the equation for calculating the capacitance of CIN for 0.5% input voltage ripple: CIN > DC 8 *L * f2 * 0.005 where: DC = Switch duty cycle (see Power Switch Duty Cycle section) L = LBOOST or LDUAL (see Inductor Selection section) f = Switching frequency The worst-case for the input capacitor (largest capacitance needed) is when the input voltage is at its lowest because the duty cycle is the highest. Keep in mind that the voltage rating of the input capacitor needs to be greater than the maximum input voltage. This equation calculates the capacitance value during steady-state operation and may need to be adjusted for desired transient response. Also, this assumes no ESR, so the input capacitance may need to be larger depending on the equivalent ESR of the input capacitor(s). Output Capacitor, COUT The output capacitor, COUT, in a boost or SEPIC topology has chopped current flowing through it, whereas the output capacitor in a dual inductor inverting topology sees the 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 LT8710 AppENDIX inductor ripple current. Below is the equation for calculating the capacitance of COUT for 0.5% output voltage ripple: Boost or IOUT *DC COUT > SEPIC f * 0.005 * VOUT Topologies or Dual Inductor 1-DC COUT > Inverting 8 *L * f 2 * 0.005 Topology where: IOUT = Maximum output current of converter DC = Switch duty cycle (see Power Switch Duty Cycle section) L = LBOOST or LDUAL (see Inductor Selection section) f = Switching frequency The worst-case for the output capacitor (largest capacitance needed) is when the output regulation voltage is relatively low. This equation calculates the capacitance value during steady-state operation and may need to be adjusted for desired transient response. Also, this assumes no ESR, so the output capacitance may need to be larger depending on the equivalent ESR of the output capacitor(s). See Table 7 for a list of ceramic capacitor manufacturers. Table 7. Ceramic Capacitor Manufacturers TDK www.tdk.com Murata www.murata.com Taiyo Yuden www.t-yuden.com the optimum value for RC can be found. The series capacitor can be reduced or increased from 4.7nF to speed up the converter or slow down the converter, respectively. For the circuit in Figure 7, a 3.3nF series cap was used. Figures 21a to 21c illustrate this process for the circuit of Figure 7 with a load current stepped between 2A and 5.5A with an input voltage of 9V. Figure 21a shows the transient response with RC equal to 1k. The phase margin is poor as evidenced by the excessive ringing in the output voltage and inductor current. In Figure 21b, the value of RC is increased to 4k, which results in a more damped response. Figure 21c shows the results when RC is increased further to 11.5k. The transient response is nicely damped and the compensation procedure is complete. VOUT 200mV/DIV AC-COUPLED LOAD STEP 5A/DIV IL1 + IL2 5A/DIV RC = 1k 200s/DIV 8705 F21a Figure 21a. Transient Response Shows Excessive Ringing VOUT 200mV/DIV AC-COUPLED LOAD STEP 5A/DIV IL1 + IL2 5A/DIV COMPENSATION - ADJUSTMENT To compensate the feedback loop of the LT8710, a series resistor capacitor network in parallel with an optional single capacitor should be connected from the VC pin to GND. For most applications, choose a series capacitor in the range of 1nF to 10nF with 4.7nF being a good starting value. The optional parallel capacitor should range in value from 47pF to 220pF with 100pF being a good starting value. The compensation resistor, RC, is usually in the range of 5k to 50k. A good technique to compensate a new application is to use a 100k potentiometer in place of the series resistor RC. With the series and parallel capacitors at 4.7nF and 100pF respectively, adjust the potentiometer while observing the transient response and RC = 4k 200s/DIV 8705 F21b Figure 21b. Transient Response is Better VOUT 200mV/DIV AC-COUPLED LOAD STEP 5A/DIV IL1 + IL2 5A/DIV RC = 11.5k 200s/DIV 8705 F21c Figure 21c. Transient Response is Well Damped For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 8710f 35 LT8710 AppENDIX COMPENSATION - THEORY Like all other current mode switching regulators, the LT8710 needs to be compensated for stable and efficient operation. Two feedback loops are used in the LT8710: a fast current loop which does not require compensation, and a slower voltage loop which does. Standard bode plot analysis can be used to understand and adjust the voltage feedback loop. As with any feedback loop, identifying the gain and phase contribution of the various elements in the loop is critical. Figure 22 shows the key equivalent elements of a boost converter. Because of the fast current control loop, the power stage of the IC, inductor and PFET have been replaced by a combination of the equivalent transconductance amplifier gmp and the current controlled current source V (which converts IVIN to V IN I VIN ). Gmp acts as a current OUT source where the peak input current, IVIN, is proportional to the VC voltage and current sense resistor, RSENSE1. + VOUT IVIN * VIN VOUT * IVIN RL CPL CF RC CC RO + gma RFBX R2 FBX - 8710 F22 R2 CC: COMPENSATION CAPACITOR COUT: OUTPUT CAPACITOR CPL: PHASE LEAD CAPACITOR CF: HIGH FREQUENCY FILTER CAPACITOR gma: TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIER INSIDE IC gmp: POWER STAGE TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIER RC: COMPENSATION RESISTOR RL: OUTPUT RESISTANCE DEFINED AS VOUT/ILOADMAX RO: OUTPUT RESISTANCE OF gma R2, RFBX: FEEDBACK RESISTOR DIVIDER NETWORK RESR: OUTPUT CAPACITOR ESR : CONVERTER EFFICIENCY (~90% AT HIGHER CURRENTS) Figure 22. Boost Converter Equivalent Model 36 RL COUT 1.213V REFERENCE VC RESR The error amplifier, gma, is nominally about 200mhos with a source and sink current of about 12A and 19A respectively. From Figure 22, the DC gain, poles and zeros can be calculated as follows: DC GAIN: VIN RL 0.5 *R2 * * VOUT 2 RFBX +0.5 *R2 2 Output Pole: P1= 2 * *RL *COUT 1 Error Amp Pole: P2 = 2 * *(R O+R C)*CC ADC = gma *RO * gmp * * 1 2 * *R C *C C 1 ESR Zero: Z2 = 2 * *RESR *COUT VIN2 *R L RHP Zero: Z3 = 2 * * VOUT2 *L f High Frequency Pole: P3 > S 3 1 Phase Lead Zero: Z4 = 2 * *RFBX *CPL 1 Phase Lead Pole: P4 = R * 0.5 *R2 2 * * FBX *C RFBX +0.5 *R2 PL 1 C Error Amp Filter Pole: P5 = ,CF < C R *R 10 2 * * C O *CF RC +RO Error Amp Zero: Z1= - gmp Note that the maximum output currents of gmp and gma are finite. The external current sense resistor, RSENSE1, sets the value of: 1 gmp 6 *RSENSE1 The current mode zero (Z3) is a right half plane zero which can be an issue in feedback control design, but is manageable with proper external component selection. 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 LT8710 AppENDIX Using the circuit in Figure 24 with a 4A load as an example, Table 9 shows the parameters used to generate the bode plot shown in Figure 23. Table 9: Bode Plot Parameters From Figure 23, the phase is -135 when the gain reaches 0dB giving a phase margin of 45. The crossover frequency is 20kHz, which is about three times lower than the frequency of the RHP zero Z3 to achieve adequate phase margin. VALUE UNITS COMMENT RL 3 Application Specific COUT 88 F Application Specific RESR 2 m Application Specific RO 350 k Not Adjustable 100 CC 3300 pF Adjustable 80 100 pF Optional/Adjustable 0 pF Optional/Adjustable RC 18 k Adjustable RFBX 130 k Adjustable R2 14.5 k Not Adjustable VOUT 12 V Application Specific VIN 5 V Application Specific gma 200 mho Not Adjustable gmp 167 mho Application Specific L 1.3 H Application Specific fOSC 400 kHz Adjustable 120 -45 -135 60 GAIN -180 40 -225 20 -270 0 -315 100 1k 10k FREQUENCY (Hz) 100k -360 1M Figure 23. Bode Plot for Example Boost Converter MP BG RIN1 13.3k RSENSE2 5m VOUT 12V 6A MN x2 RSENSE1 COUT 22F x4 CSN CSP TG ISP VIN ISN EN/FBIN CIN1 22F x4 45 AT 20kHz 8710 F23 1m CIN2 330F -90 PHASE -20 10 L1 1.3H + 0 GAIN (dB) CF CPL VIN 5V 140 PHASE (DEG) PARAMETER RIN2 10k 2.2F LT8710 BIAS INTVEE MODE 2.2F RFBX 130k FBX INTVCC FLAG RT VC RT 88.7k RC 18k SYNC GND IMON SS CIMON 47nF CSS 220nF CF 100pF CC 3.3nF 8710 F24 Figure 24. 5V to 12V Boost Converter 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 37 LT8710 Typical Application 300kHz, 4.5V to 25V Input to -5V Output Delivers Up to 7A Output Current CIN1 10F x4 MP MN 1.5m 499 RSENSE1 D1 4m 0.47F BG VIN CIN2 120F RSENSE2 COUT2 330F COUT1 100F x2 CSN CSP TG ISN 13.3k + VOUT -5V 7A * L2 2.2H + * VIN 4.5V TO 25V C1 10F x2 L1 2.2H ISP EN/FBIN 10k 2.2F MODE BIAS LT8710 INTVEE INTVCC 60.4k FBX INTVCC RT FLAG 118k SYNC GND 2.2F VC IMON SS 47nF 100pF 220nF 11.5k 3.3nF 8710 TA02a L1, L2: WURTH 2.2H WE-CFWI 74485540220 MN: FAIRCHILD FDMS8333L MP: FAIRCHILD FDD4141 RSENSE1: 1.5m 2010 RSENSE2: 4m 2512 D1: NXP PMEG2010EA Transient Response with 2A to 5.5A to 2A Output Load Step (VIN = 12) Efficiency and Power Loss 90 7 80 6 70 5 65 4 50 3 40 2 30 1 EFFICIENCY (%) 8 VIN = 5V VIN = 12V 0 1 2 3 4 5 LOAD CURRENT (A) 6 7 VOUT 200mV/DIV AC-COUPLED POWER LOSS (W) 100 20 CIN1: 10F, 50V, 1210, X7S CIN2: OSCON 120F, 35V, 35SVPF120M COUT1: 100F, 6.3V, 1812, X5R COUT2: OSCON 330F, 16V, 16SEQP330M C1: 10F, 50V, 1210, X7S LOAD STEP 5A/DIV IL1 + IL2 5A/DIV 200s/DIV 8710 TA02c 0 8710 TA02b 38 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 LT8710 Typical Application 300kHz, SuperCap Backup Power VIN WHEN VIN IS PRESENT 10.5V WHEN VIN IS REMOVED VSYSTEM = DIN L1, 10H C1, 10F CIN1 22F x2 INPUT POWER SOURCE CAN BE REMOVED MN 5m RSENSE1 RSENSE2 50m MP * VIN 12V 5% L2 10H COUT 22F x2 5.1 5.1 * 4.7nF 4.7nF BG VIN 49.9k CSN CSP TG ISP LT8710 ISN EN/FBIN + CIN2 120F RT 118k 1.2k 165k FBX RT SYNC GND 1.2k INTVEE MODE 1k 1.2k 2.2F INTVCC D1 15V 1.2k BIAS 10k 2.2F 1.2k 1.2k FLAG + + + + + + VOUT 15V CS1 60F CS2 60F CS3 60F CS4 60F CS5 60F CS6 60F VC IMON SS 47nF 100pF 220nF 14.3k 2.2nF 8710 TA03a L1, L2: COILCRAFT 10H MSD1278-103ML MN: FAIRCHILD FDMC8327L MP: VISHAY Si7611DN RSENSE1: 5m 2010 RSENSE2: 50m 2512 DIN: APPROPRIATE SCHOTTKY DIODE OR IDEAL DIODE SUCH AS LTC4358, LTC4352, LTC4412, ETC. CIN1: 22F, 25V, 1812, X7R COUT: 22F, 25V, 1812, X7R C1: 10F, 25V, 1210, X7R CS1-6: POWERSTOR HB1840-2R5606-R D1: CENTRAL SEMI CMDZ5245B-LTZ SuperCaps Charging When VIN Is Applied VIN 10V/DIV System Hold-Up Time vs System Load Current 200 VOUT 10V/DIV VIMON 1V/DIV VSYSTEM = 10.5V DURING HOLD-UP 175 IL1 + IL2 5A/DIV HOLD-UP TIME (s) 150 30s/DIV 8710 TA03c 125 SuperCaps Hold-Up System at 10.5V for ~83s When VIN Is Removed (ISYSTEM = 1A) 100 75 50 VIN 10V/DIV 25 VOUT 10V/DIV 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 LOAD CURRENT (A) 2.5 3 8710 TA03b VIMON 1V/DIV IL1 + IL2 5A/DIV 30s/DIV 8710 TA03d 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 39 LT8710 Typical Application 400kHz, 12V Boost Converter Delivers Up to 6A from a 4.5V to 9V Input L1 1.3H VIN 4.5 TO 9V CIN1 22F x4 1m BG VIN MN x2 RSENSE1 COUT2 330F COUT1 22F x4 CSN CSP TG ISP LT8710 ISN 13.3k + RSENSE2 5m MP EN/FBIN COUT2 330F BIAS 10k 2.2F MODE 2.2F + VOUT 12V 6A INTVEE INTVCC 130k FBX RT FLAG 88.7k SYNC GND VC IMON 100pF SS 47nF 220nF 18k 3.3nF 8710 TA04a L1: WURTH 1.3H WE-HCI 7443551130 MN: VISHAY SiR802DP MP: VISHAY Si7635DP RSENSE1: 1m 2512 RSENSE2: 5m 2512 CIN1: 22F, 16V, 1206, X5R CIN2: OSCON 330F, 16V, 16SEQP330M COUT1: 22F, 25V, 1812, X7R COUT2: OSCON 330F, 16V, 16SEQP330M Transient Response with 2A to 5A to 2A Output Load Step (VIN = 5V) Efficiency and Power Loss 90 7 80 6 70 5 60 4 50 3 40 2 EFFICIENCY (%) 8 30 20 1 2 3 4 LOAD CURRENT (A) 5 LOAD STEP 2A/DIV IL1 + IL2 5A/DIV 1 VIN = 5V VIN = 8V 0 VOUT 200mV/DIV AC-COUPLED POWER LOSS (W) 100 6 200s/DIV 8710 TA04c 0 8710 TA04b 40 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 LT8710 Typical Application 300kHz, -5V to 5V Output Cleanly Transitions Through 0V with 3A Source and Sink Capability* RSENSE2 10m * VIN 11V TO 13V TG C1 10F x2 L1 4.4H CIN1 22F x4 RSENSE1 BG VIN + TG CSN CSP TG ISP LT8710 ISN EN/FBIN 2.2F VOUT -5V TO 5V 3A MN 3m CIN2 330F L2 4.4H * ISN ISP MP ISP ISN BIAS MODE INTVEE COUT 100F x3 RT FLAG 118k 2VIN - VOUT FET BVDSS > 2VIN - VOUT CIVRATING > VIN - VOUT 60.4k VIN 2.2F FBX INTVCC VIN - VOUT DC = 6.04k VCNTL= D1 10nF 0V FOR VOUT = -5V -0.5V FOR VOUT = 0V -1V FOR VOUT = 5V VC SYNC GND IMON SS 47nF 100pF 220nF 39.2k Schematic and Equations for Calculating VOUT 2.2nF VOUT 8710 TA05a L1, L2: WURTH 4.4H WE-CFWI 74485540440 MN: FAIRCHILD FDMS8333L MP: FAIRCHILD FDD4141 RSENSE1: 3m 2010 RSENSE2: 10m 2512 CIN1: 22F, 25V, 1812, X7R CIN2: OSCON 330F, 16V, 16SEQP330M COUT: 100F, 6.3V, 1812, X5R C1: 10F, 25V, 1210, X7R D1: CENTRAL SEMI CMPD1001 LT8710 FBX ~9.6mV RFBX RCNTL VCNTL ~83.1A 8710 TA05b * PATENT PENDING VOUT = 9.6mV -83.1A * RFBX - VOUT Cleanly Transitions Through 0V with a 1V, 100Hz Sine Wave CNTL Signal (RLOAD = 2) RFBX RCNTL (VCNTL - 9.6mV) Transient Response with Stepping VCNTL from 0V to -1V to 0V with 2 Output Load VCNTL 1V/DIV VCNTL 1V/DIV VOUT 5V/DIV VOUT 5V/DIV IL1 + IL2 10A/DIV IL1 + IL2 10A/DIV 5ms/DIV 8710 TA05c 500s/DIV 8710 TA05d 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 41 LT8710 Typical Application 300kHz, 3A Sealed Lead Acid Battery Charger with an Optional Negative Temp-Co Bulk and Float Battery Voltage * VIN 5V TO 30V C1 10F x2 L1 3.5H CIN1 10F x4 MP1 MN 1.5m RSENSE1 RSENSE2 16m L2 3.5H COUT 22F x4 + 5.1 5.1 * VOUT 14.7V BULK 13.77V FLOAT 3A CHARGE SEALED LEAD ACID BATTERY 4.7nF 4.7nF BG VIN + CIN2 100F CSN CSP TG ISP LT8710 ISN 13.3k EN/FBIN 10k 2.2F BIAS INTVEE MODE FBX INTVCC RT FLAG 118k *OPTIONAL GND IMON 150k RNTC 10k 196k 47nF L1, L2: WURTH 3.5H WE-CFWI 74485540350 MN: FAIRCHILD FDMS86500L MP1: VISHAY SUD50P06-15 RSENSE1: 1.5m 2010 RSENSE2: 16m 2512 CIN1: 10F, 50V, 1210, X7S COUT: 22F, 25V, 1812, X7R C1: 10F, 50V, 1210, X7S MP2: VISHAY Si2343CDS RNTC: MURATA NCP18XH103F03RB 100nF 100pF 2.37k 6.8nF 220nF SEE THE BATTERY CHARGING AND C/10 SECTION IN APPLICATIONS INFORMATION FOR MORE INFORMATION ON BATTERY CHARGING * MP2 DISCONNECTS FBX PIN CURRENT DRAW FROM BATTERY WHEN LT8710 IS IN SHUTDOWN ** PLACE 316k AND 100nF AS CLOSE TO THE FBX PIN AS POSSIBLE. ALSO, CONNECT ALL GROUNDS OF THESE COMPONENTS TO THE LT8710 GROUND 8710 TA06a Bulk and Float Output Voltage with **Optional Components Efficiency vs Input Voltage 95 16.0 VOUT = 12V IOUT = 3A 15.5 90 15.0 14.5 EFFICIENCY (%) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 220nF 316k 6.19k SS INTVCC 2.2F VC SYNC **OPTIONAL MP2 BULK 14.0 FLOAT 13.5 85 80 13.0 12.5 12.0 -40 75 -20 0 20 40 TEMPERATURE (C) 60 80 5 10 15 20 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 25 30 8710 TA06c 8710 TA06b 42 8710f For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 LT8710 Package Description Please refer to http://www.linear.com/designtools/packaging/ for the most recent package drawings. FE Package 20-Lead Plastic TSSOP (4.4mm) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1663 Rev J) Exposed Pad Variation CB 6.40 - 6.60* (.252 - .260) 3.86 (.152) 3.86 (.152) 20 1918 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 6.60 0.10 2.74 (.108) 4.50 0.10 6.40 2.74 (.252) (.108) BSC SEE NOTE 4 0.45 0.05 1.05 0.10 0.65 BSC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT 4.30 - 4.50* (.169 - .177) 0.09 - 0.20 (.0035 - .0079) 0.25 REF 0.50 - 0.75 (.020 - .030) NOTE: 1. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETERS MILLIMETERS 2. DIMENSIONS ARE IN (INCHES) 3. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 1.20 (.047) MAX 0 - 8 0.65 (.0256) BSC 0.195 - 0.30 (.0077 - .0118) TYP 0.05 - 0.15 (.002 - .006) FE20 (CB) TSSOP REV J 1012 4. RECOMMENDED MINIMUM PCB METAL SIZE FOR EXPOSED PAD ATTACHMENT *DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.150mm (.006") PER SIDE 8710f Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 43 LT8710 Typical Application 200kHz, Wide Input Range SEPIC Converter Generates a 5V Output with Up to 5A Output Current MN CIN1 10F x6 1.5m BG VIN + RSENSE1 + L2 2.9H COUT1 100F x4 TG ISP ISN LT8710 EN/FBIN BIAS 10k 2.2F 2.2F MODE INTVEE INTVCC RT Efficiency and Power Loss 45.3k 100 6.00 90 5.25 80 4.50 70 3.75 60 3.00 50 2.25 40 1.50 VC IMON 100pF SS 47nF 220nF 8.87k 6.8nF 8710 TA07a L1, L2: WURTH 2.9H WE-CFWI 74485540290 MN: FAIRCHILD FDMS86500L MP: VISHAY SUD50P06-15 RSENSE1: 1.5m 2010 RSENSE2: 6m 2512 CIN1: 10F, 50V, 1210, X7S COUT1: 100F, 6.3V, 1812, X5R COUT2: OSCON 330F, 16V, 16SEQP330M C1: 10F, 50V, 1210, X7S VIN = 5V VIN = 12V 30 20 0 1 2 3 LOAD CURRENT (A) 4 POWER LOSS (W) FBX FLAG 178k SYNC GND COUT2 330F VOUT 5V 5A * CSN CSP 4.02k CIN2 220F RSENSE2 6m MP EFFICIENCY (%) * VIN 3V TO 40V (OPERATING) 4.5V TO 40V (START-UP) C1 10F x2 L1 2.9H 0.75 5 0 8710 TA07b Related Parts PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LT3757A Boost, Flyback, SEPIC and Inverting Controller 2.9V VIN 40V, 100kHz to 1MHz Programmable Operating Frequency, 3mm x 3mm DFN-10 and MSOP-10E Packages LT3758A Boost, Flyback, SEPIC and Inverting Controller 5.5V VIN 100V, 100kHz to 1MHz Programmable Operating Frequency, 3mm x 3mm DFN-10 and MSOP-10E Packages LT3759 Boost, SEPIC and Inverting Controller 1.6V VIN 42V, 100kHz to 1MHz Programmable Operating Frequency, MSOP-12E Package LT3957A Boost, Flyback, SEPIC and Inverting Converter with 5A, 40V Switch 3V VIN 40V, 100kHz to 1MHz Programmable Operating Frequency, 5mm x 6mm QFN Package LT3958 Boost, Flyback, SEPIC and Inverting Converter with 3.3A, 84V Switch 5V VIN 80V, 100kHz to 1MHz Programmable Operating Frequency, 5mm x 6mm QFN Package LT3959 Boost, SEPIC and Inverting Converter with 6A, 40V Switch 1.6V VIN 40V, 100kHz to 1MHz Programmable Operating Frequency, 5mm x 6mm QFN Package LTC3786 Low IQ Synchronous Step-Up Controller 4.5V (Down to 2.5V After Start-Up) VIN 38V, VOUT Up to 60V, 55A Quiescent Current, 3mm x 3mm QFN-16, MSOP-16E 44 Linear Technology Corporation 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 For more information www.linear.com/LT8710 (408) 432-1900 FAX: (408) 434-0507 www.linear.com/8710 8710f LT 0114 * PRINTED IN USA LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2014