LM3812,LM3813
LM3812/LM3813 Precision Current Gauge IC with Ultra Low Loss Sense Element
and PWM Output
Literature Number: SNOS028C
LM3812/LM3813
OBSOLETE
September 22, 2011
Precision Current Gauge IC with Ultra Low Loss Sense
Element and PWM Output
General Description
The LM3812/LM3813 Current Gauges provide easy to use
precision current measurement with virtually zero insertion
loss (typically 0.004Ω). The LM3812 is used for high-side
sensing and the LM3813 is used for low-side sensing.
A Delta Sigma analog to digital converter is incorporated to
precisely measure the current and to provide a current aver-
aging function. Current is averaged over 50 msec time peri-
ods in order to provide immunity to current spikes. The ICs
have a pulse-width modulated (PWM) output which indicates
the current magnitude and direction. The shutdown pin can
be used to inhibit false triggering during start-up, or to enter
a low quiescent current mode.
The LM3812 and LM3813 are factory-set in two different cur-
rent options. The sense range is −1A to +1A or −7A to +7A.
The sampling interval for these parts is 50ms. If faster sam-
pling is desired, please refer to the data sheets for the part
numbers LM3814 and LM3815.
Key Specifications
Ultra low insertion loss (typically 0.004Ω)
2V to 5.25V supply range
±2% accuracy at room temperature (includes accuracy of
the internal sense element) (LM3812-1.0, LM3813-1.0)
Low quiescent current in shutdown mode (typically
2.5 µA)
50 msec sampling interval
Features
No external sense element required
PWM output indicates the current magnitude and direction
PWM output can be interfaced with microprocessors
Precision ΔΣ current-sense technique
Low temperature sensitivity
Internal filtering rejects false trips
Internal Power-On-Reset (POR)
Applications
Battery charge/discharge gauge
Motion control diagnostics
Power supply load monitoring and management
Resettable smart fuse
Connection Diagrams
10012201
Top View
LM3812
for High-Side Sensing
10012203
Top View
LM3813
for Low-Side Sensing
© 2011 National Semiconductor Corporation 100122 www.national.com
100122 Version 13 Revision 3 Print Date/Time: 2011/09/22 15:32:17
LM3812/LM3813 Precision Current Gauge IC with Ultra Low Loss Sense Element and PWM
Output
Ordering Information
Order No.#Sense
Range
Sampling
Interval*
Sensing
Method
NS
Package
Number
Package
Type Supplied As:
LM3812M-1.0 ±1A 50 ms High-side M08A SO-8 95 units in Rails
LM3812MX-1.0 ±1A 50 ms High-side M08A SO-8 2.5k units on Tape and Reel
LM3812M-7.0 ±7A 50 ms High-side M08A SO-8 95 units in Rails
LM3812MX-7.0 ±7A 50 ms High-side M08A SO-8 2.5k units on Tape and Reel
LM3813M-1.0 ±1A 50 ms Low-side M08A SO-8 95 units in Rails
LM3813MX-1.0 ±1A 50 ms Low-side M08A SO-8 2.5k units on Tape and Reel
LM3813M-7.0 ±7A 50 ms Low-side M08A SO-8 95 units in Rails
LM3813MX-7.0 ±7A 50 ms Low-side M08A SO-8 2.5k units on Tape and Reel
# Suffix M indicates that the part is available in Surface Mount
package. Suffix X indicates that the part is available in 2.5k
units on Tape and Reel.
* Current is sampled over a fixed interval. The average current
during this interval is indicated by the duty cycle of the PWM
output during next interval.
The Package code M08A is internal to National Semicon-
ductor and indicates an 8-lead surface mount package, SO-8.
Pin Descriptions (High-Side, LM3812)
Pin Name Function
1 SENSE+, VDD High side of internal current sense, also supply voltage.
2 SENSE− Low side of internal current sense.
3 FLTR+ Filter input — provides anti-aliasing for delta sigma modulator.
4 FLTR− Filter input.
5 SD Shutdown pin. Connected to VDD through a pull up resistor for normal operation. When low,
the IC goes into a low current mode (typically 3 µA).
6 PWM PWM output indicates the current magnitude and direction.
7 GND Ground
8 GND Ground
Pin Descriptions (Low-Side, LM3813)
Pin Name Function
1 SENSE+, GND High side of internal current sense, also ground.
2 SENSE− Low side of internal current sense.
3 FLTR+ Filter input – provides anti-aliasing for delta sigma modulator.
4 FLTR− Filter input.
5 SD Shutdown pin. Connected to VDD through a pull up resistor for normal operation. When low,
the IC goes into a low current mode (typically 3 µA).
6 PWM PWM output indicates the current magnitude and direction.
7 GND Ground
8 VDD VDD (supply)
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LM3812/LM3813
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1)
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,
please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/
Distributors for availability and specifications.
Absolute Maximum Supply Voltage 5.5V
Power Dissipation (Note 2)
ESD Susceptibility (Note 3) 1.5 kV
Sense Current (peak, for 200 msec) (Note 4) 10A
Sink Current for PWM pin 1mA
Voltage on Pin 5 5.25V
Maximum Junction Temperature 150°C
Storage Temperature −65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec) 260°C
Operating Ratings (Note 1)
Input Voltage 2.0V to 5.25V
Sense Current (continuous) (Note 4) 7A
Junction Temperature Range −40°C to +125°C
Electrical Characteristics
LM3812-1.0, LM3813-1.0
VDD = 5.0V for the following specifications. Supply bypass capacitor is 1 µF and filter capacitor is 0.1 µF.
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typ
(Note 5)
Limit
(Note 6)Units
IACC Average Current Accuracy
(Note 7)
at 0.9A current 0.9 A
0.882 / 0.864 A (min)
0.918 / 0.936 A (max)
enEffective Output Noise (rms) 2 mA
LM3812-7.0, LM3813-7.0
VDD = 5.0V for the following specifications. Supply bypass capacitor is 1 µF and filter capacitor is 0.1 µF.
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typ
(Note 5)
Limit
(Note 6)Units
IACC Average Current Accuracy
(Note 7)
at 2.5A current (Note 8) 2.5 A
2.400 / 2.350 A (min)
2.600 / 2.650 A (max)
enEffective Output Noise (rms) 20 mA
Common Device Parameters
Unless otherwise specified, VDD = 5.0V for the following specifications. Supply bypass capacitor is 1 µF and filter capacitor is 0.1
µF.
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typ
(Note 5)
Limit
(Note 6)Units
IQ1 Quiescent Current Normal Mode, SD = high 100 µA
160 µA (max)
IQ2 Quiescent Current Shutdown Mode, SD = low 2.5 µA
10 µA (max)
DRES PWM Resolution 0.1 %
tSSampling Time 52 ms
40 ms (min)
80 ms (max)
fPFrequency of PWM Waveform 20 Hz
12.5 Hz (min)
25 Hz (max)
VTH Threshold High Level for SD 1.2 V
1.8 V (min)
VTL Threshold Low Level for SD 1.3 V
0.7 V (max)
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LM3812/LM3813
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typ
(Note 5)
Limit
(Note 6)Units
VOH Logic High Level for PWM Load current = 1 mA, 2V VDD 5.25V VDD − 0.05
VDD − 0.2
V
V (min)
VOL Logic Low Level for PWM Sink current = 1 mA, 2V VDD 5.25V 0.04 V
0.2 V (max)
PIInsertion Loss ISENSE = 1A (Note 9)0.004 Ω
Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is
intended to be functional, but do not guarantee specific performance limits. For guaranteed specifications and test conditions, see Electrical Characteristics. The
guaranteed specifications apply only for the test conditions listed. Some performance characteristics may degrade when the device is not operated under the
listed test conditions.
Note 2: At elevated temperatures, devices must be derated based on package thermal resistance. The device in the surface-mount package must be derated at
θJA= 150°C/W (typically), junction-to-ambient.
Note 3: The human body model is a 100 pF capacitor discharged through a 1.5 kΩ resistor into each pin.
Note 4: The absolute maximum peak and continuous currents specified are not tested. These specifications are dependent on the θJA, which is 150°C/W for the
S08 package.
Note 5: Typical numbers are at 25°C and represent the most likely parametric norm. Specifications in standard type face are for TJ= 25°C and those with boldface
type apply over full operating temperature ranges.
Note 6: Limits are 100% production tested at 25°C. Limits over the operating temperature range are guaranteed through correlation using Statistical Quality
Control (SQC) methods. The limits are used to calculate National's Averaging Outgoing Quality Level (AOQL).
Note 7: There is a variation in accuracy over time due to thermal effects. Please refer to the “PWM Output and Current Accuracy” section for more information.
Note 8: The PWM accuracy for LM3812-7.0 and LM3813-7.0 depends on the amount of copper area under pins 1 and 2, and the layout. Please refer to the “PWM
Output and Current Accuracy” section for more information.
Note 9: The tolerance of the internal lead frame resistor is corrected internally. The temperature coefficient of this resistor is 2600 ppm/°C.
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LM3812/LM3813
Typical Performance Characteristics Supply bypass capacitor is 0.1 µF and filter capacitor is 0.1 µF.
Measured Current vs Actual Current
(LM3812-1.0 and LM3813-1.0)
10012215
Measured Current vs Actual Current
(LM3812-7.0 and LM3813-7.0)
10012224
PWM Frequency vs Supply Voltage
10012213
PWM Frequency vs Temperature
10012216
Operating Current vs Supply Voltage
10012218
Shutdown Current vs Supply Voltage
10012219
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LM3812/LM3813
Operating Current vs Temperature
10012220
Shutdown Current vs Temperature
10012221
Current vs Duty Cycle
10012222
Accuracy vs Supply Voltage
10012228
Accuracy vs Temperature (LM3812-1.0 and LM3813-1.0)
10012229
Accuracy vs Temperature (LM3812-7.0 and LM3813-7.0)
10012230
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100122 Version 13 Revision 3 Print Date/Time: 2011/09/22 15:32:17
LM3812/LM3813
Error vs Current (LM3812-1.0 and LM3813-1.0)
(Note 10)
10012227
Error vs Current (LM3812-7.0 and LM3813-7.0)
(Note 10)
10012231
Note 10: These curves represent a statistical average such that the noise is insignificant.
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LM3812/LM3813
Typical Application Circuits
In the application circuits, the 0.1 µF ceramic capacitor be-
tween pins 1 and 8 is used for bypassing, and the 0.1 µF
ceramic capacitor between pins 3 and 4 is used for filtering.
Shutdown (SD) is tied to VDD through a 10 kΩ resistor.
10012205
FIGURE 1. High Side Sense
10012206
FIGURE 2. Low Side Sense
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LM3812/LM3813
10012207
FIGURE 3. Paralleling LM3812 for Higher Load Current
ITOTAL = 2.2(D1−0.5)IMAX + 2.2(D2−0.5)IMAX
where D1 is the duty cycle of PWM1 and D2 is the duty cycle of PWM2.
Please refer to the Product Operation section for more information.
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LM3812/LM3813
10012208
FIGURE 4. High Voltage Operation — VIN Greater Than 5.25V (High Side Sense)
(PWM output is referred to Pin 7)
10012209
FIGURE 5. High Voltage Operation — VIN Greater Than 5.25V (Low Side Sense)
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LM3812/LM3813
Product Operation
The current is sampled by the delta-sigma modulator, as il-
lustrated in Figure 6. The pulse density output of the delta-
sigma modulator is digitally filtered. The digital output is then
compared to the output of a digital ramp generator. This pro-
duces a PWM output. The duty cycle of the PWM output is
proportional to the amount of current flowing. A duty cycle of
50% indicates zero current flow. If the current is flowing in
positive direction, the duty cycle will be greater than 50%.
Conversely, the duty cycle will be less than 50% for currents
flowing in the negative direction. A duty cycle of 95.5% (4.5%)
indicates the current is at IMAX (−IMAX). The IC can sense cur-
rents from −IMAX to +IMAX. Options for IMAX are 1A or 10A. The
sense current is given by:
ISENSE = 2.2 (D−0.5)(IMAX)
where D is the duty cycle of the PWM waveform, and IMAX is
the full scale current (1A or 10A). Similarly, the duty cycle is
given by:
D = [ISENSE/(2.2 IMAX)] + 0.5
For quick reference, see the Conversion Tables in Table 1
and Table 2.
The user should note that, while the LM3812-7.0/
LM3813-7.0 will read 10A full scale, it is rated for 10A op-
eration for a duration of no more than 200 msec, and 7A
operation continuously.
In this IC, the current is averaged over 50 msec time slots.
Hence, momentary current surges of less than 50 msec are
tolerated.
This is a sampled data system which requires an anti-aliasing
filter, provided by the filter capacitor.
The delta-sigma modulator converts the sensed current to the
digital domain. This allows digital filtering, and provides im-
munity to current and noise spikes. This type of filtering would
be difficult or impossible to accomplish on an IC with analog
components.
When ordering, the user has to specify whether the part is
being used for low-side or high-side sense. The user also
needs to specify the full scale value. See the Ordering Infor-
mation table for details.
10012210
FIGURE 6. Functional block diagram of LM3812 and LM3813
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LM3812/LM3813
PWM Output and Current Accuracy
OFFSET
The PWM output is quantized to 1024 levels. Therefore, the
duty cycle can change only in increments of 1/1024.
There is a one-half (0.5) quantization cycle delay in the output
of the PWM circuitry. That is to say that instead of a duty cycle
of N/1024, the duty cycle actually is (N+½)/1024.
The quantization error can be corrected for if a more precise
result is desired. To correct for this error, simply subtract
1/2048 from the measured duty cycle.
The extra half cycle delay will show up as a DC offset of ½ bit
if it is not corrected for. This is approximately 1.1 mA for 1
Amp parts, and 11 mA for 7 Amp parts.
JITTER
In addition to quantization, the duty cycle will contain some
jitter. The jitter is quite small (for example, the standard devi-
ation of jitter is only 0.1% for the LM3812/13-1.0). Statistically
the jitter can cause an error in a current sample. Because the
jitter is a random variable, the mean and standard deviation
are used. The mean, or average value, of the jitter is zero.
The standard deviation (0.1%) can be used to define the peak
error caused from jitter.
The “crest factor” has often been used to define the maximum
error caused by jitter. The crest factor defines a limit within
which 99.7% of the samples fall. The crest factor is defined
as ±0.3% error in the duty cycle.
Since the jitter is a random variable, averaging multiple out-
puts will reduce the effective jitter. Obeying statistical laws,
the jitter is reduced by the square root of the number of read-
ings that are averaged. For example, if four readings of the
duty cycle are averaged, the resulting jitter (and crest factor)
are reduced by a factor of two.
JITTER AND NOISE
Jitter in the PWM output appears as noise in the current mea-
surement. The Electrical Characteristics show noise mea-
sured in current RMS (root mean square). Arbitrarily one
could specify PWM jitter, as opposed to noise. In either case
the effect results in a random error in an individual current
measurement.
Noise, just like jitter, can be reduced by averaging many read-
ings. The RMS value of the noise corresponds to one stan-
dard deviation. The “crest factor” can be calculated in terms
of current, and is equal to ±3 sigma (RMS value of the noise).
Noise will also be reduced by averaging multiple readings,
and follows the statistical laws of a random variable.
ACCURACY OF 7A VERSIONS
The graph of Figure 7 shows two possible responses to a 7A
current step. The flat response shows basically a 7A level with
some noise. This is what is possible with a good thick trace
and a good thermal connection to the IC on the sense pins.
The second trace that asymptotically approaches a higher
value shows what can happen under extremely poor thermal
conditions. Here a very small wire connects the IC to the cur-
rent source. The very small wire does not allow heat in the
sense resistor to dissipate. Hence, as the sense resistor heats
up, a temperature difference between the sense element and
the die gets larger, and an error develops. Eventually the
temperature difference reaches steady state, which accounts
for the under-damped exponential response.
10012223
FIGURE 7. Transient Response to 7 Amp Step Current
ACCURACY VERSUS NOISE
The graph shown in Figure 8 illustrates the typical response
of ±1 Ampere current gauges. In this graph, the horizontal
axis indicates time, and the vertical axis indicates measured
current (the PWM duty cycle has been converted to current).
The graph was generated for an actual current of 500 mA.
The difference between successive readings manifests itself
as jitter in the PWM output or noise in the current measure-
ment (when duty cycle of the PWM output is converted to
current).
The accuracy of the measurement depends on the noise in
the current waveform. The accuracy can be improved by av-
eraging several outputs. Although there is variation in suc-
cessive readings, a very accurate measurement can be
obtained by averaging the readings. For example, on aver-
aging the readings shown in this example, the average cur-
rent measurement is 502.3 mA (Figure 8). This value is very
close to the actual value of 500 mA. Moreover, the accuracy
depends on the number of readings that are averaged.
10012226
FIGURE 8. Typical Response of LM3812-1.0/LM3813-1.0
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LM3812/LM3813
Look-Up Tables
The following tables show how to convert the duty cycle of the
PWM output to a current value, and vice versa. The quanti-
zation error of ½ bit is not shown in these tables. Please see
the “PWM Output and Current Accuracy” section for more de-
tails.
TABLE 1. Current to Duty Cycle Conversion Table
Sense Current
(Amps)*
Duty Cycle
(%)
Sense Current
(Amps)*
Duty Cycle
(%)
1.00 95.5 -1.00 4.5
0.95 93.2 -0.95 6.8
0.90 90.9 -0.90 9.1
0.85 88.6 -0.85 11.4
0.80 86.4 -0.80 13.6
0.75 84.1 -0.75 15.9
0.70 81.8 -0.70 18.2
0.65 79.5 -0.65 20.5
0.60 77.3 -0.60 22.7
0.55 75.0 -0.55 25.0
0.50 72.7 -0.50 27.3
0.45 70.5 -0.45 29.5
0.40 68.2 -0.40 31.8
0.35 65.9 -0.35 34.1
0.30 63.6 -0.30 36.4
0.25 61.4 -0.25 38.6
0.20 59.1 -0.20 40.9
0.15 56.8 -0.15 43.2
0.10 54.5 -0.10 45.5
0.05 52.3 -0.05 47.7
0.00 50.0 -0.00 50.0
*Maximum Sense Current = 1.0 Amps for LM3812-1.0 and LM3813-1.0.
The sense current should be multiplied by 10 for LM3812-7.0 and LM3813-7.0.
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LM3812/LM3813
TABLE 2. Duty Cycle to Current Conversion Table
Duty Cycle
(%)
Sense Current
(Amps)
Duty Cycle
(%)
Sense Current
(Amps)
95.5 0.990 50.0 -0.000
92.5 0.935 47.5 -0.055
90.0 0.880 45.0 -0.110
87.5 0.825 42.5 -0.165
85.0 0.770 40.0 -0.220
82.5 0.715 37.5 -0.275
80.0 0.660 35.0 -0.330
77.5 0.605 32.5 -0.385
75.0 0.550 30.0 -0.440
72.5 0.495 27.5 -0.495
70.0 0.440 25.0 -0.550
67.5 0.385 22.5 -0.605
65.0 0.330 20.0 -0.660
62.5 0.275 17.5 -0.715
60.0 0.220 15.0 -0.770
57.5 0.165 12.5 -0.825
55.0 0.110 10.0 -0.880
52.5 0.055 7.5 -0.935
50.0 0.000 5.0 -0.990
*Maximum Sense Current = 1.0 Amps for LM3812-1.0 and LM3813-1.0.
The sense current should be multiplied by 10 for LM3812-7.0 and LM3813-7.0.
Timing Diagram
10012211
Duty cycle of the PWM waveform during any sampling interval indicates the current magnitude (average) and direction during the previous sampling interval.
FIGURE 9. Typical Timing Diagram for Mostly Positive Current
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LM3812/LM3813
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted
8-lead (0.150″ Wide) Molded Small Outline Package
See Ordering Information table for Order Numbers
NS Package Number M08A
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LM3812/LM3813
Notes
LM3812/LM3813 Precision Current Gauge IC with Ultra Low Loss Sense Element and PWM
Output
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