Timer/Counter/Analyzers Tektronix FCA3000 and FCA3100 Series Data Sheet Available Functions and Features Automated Measurements: Frequency, Period, Ratio, Time Interval, Time Interval Error, Pulse Width, Rise/Fall Time, Phase Angle, Duty Cycle, Maximum Voltage, Minimum Voltage, Peak-to-Peak Voltage Totalize Measurement (FCA3100 Series) Multi-parameter Display Trend Plot Mode Measurement Statistics Mode Histogram Mode Allan Deviation Features & Benefits Key Performance Specifications 300 MHz, 3 GHz, 20 GHz Models Up to 3 Input Channels 50 ps (FCA3100 Series) or 100 ps (FCA3000 Series) Single-shot Time Resolution Zero Dead-time Frequency/Period Measurements Continuous Data Streaming over USB/GPIB Bus during Measurement (FCA3100 Series) Programmable Pulse Output from 0.5 Hz to 50 MHz Connectivity Optional Rear-panel Inputs 12 Digit/s Frequency Resolution USB Device and GPIB Ports on Rear Panel for Quick PC Connectivity 0.001 Phase Resolution GPIB Interface Supports Full SCPI-compatible Programmability and offers an Emulation Mode for Plug-and-Play Replacement in Existing ATE Systems 3 mV or better Voltage Resolution Optional 5x10-8 High-stability Oven Time Base Measurement Throughput 250k Sample/s Data Transfer Rate to Internal Memory (Up to 3.75M samples stored) Up to 15k Sample/s Data Transfer Rate over USB/GPIB Bus (Block mode) Up to 650 Individually Triggered Measurements/s External Arming Input 10 MHz Reference Oscillator Output Includes National Instrument's LabVIEW SignalExpressTM TE Limited Edition Software for Connecting Your Bench Optional TimeViewTM Software Available for Modulation Domain Analysis 3-year Warranty Data Sheet Feature-rich Tools for Precision Measurements The FCA3000 and FCA3100 Timer/Counter/Analyzer Series pack many different functions into one feature-rich instrument. With industry-leading frequency and time resolution, the FCA Series comes standard with deep internal memory and a fast data transfer rate of 250k Samples/s to internal memory. In addition, the multi-parameter display shows auxiliary measurements alongside your main measurement to provide you with the results you need at a glance. With the industry's most comprehensive analysis modes, including measurement statistics, histograms, and trend plots, you have the tools you need to quickly and accurately analyze your signal. Multi-parameter Display. Industry-leading Performance for Demanding Designs Phase Relationship Measurement. High-resolution is critical for R&D and production testing on today's demanding designs. The FCA Series delivers 12-digit/s frequency resolution and for time measurements, single-shot resolution of 50 ps (FCA3100 Series) or 100 ps (FCA3000 Series) is available with measurement values displayed up to 14 digits. With industry-leading performance, the FCA Series provides you with fast, precise measurements. stored in the internal memory. Alternatively, you can transfer up to 15,000 measurement results per second in Block mode through the GPIB or USB interface. For added flexibility, the FCA3100 Series offers a zero dead-time counter feature to continuously stream measurement data over the GPIB/USB bus during, not after, measurement. This creates a dynamic measurement and analysis system. Unique Features for Accurate Measurements To ensure correct measurements of Allan Deviation, the FCA3100 Series offers a zero dead-time measurement technique and continuous time stamping of trigger events. This feature is vital for mechanical and medical measurements where every single cycle must be measured. The FCA3000 Series offers this functionality through the USB/GPIB interfaces with a raw time-stamping function. For correct calculation of statistical parameters, the FCA Series comes standard with limit qualifying capability. By setting limits, you can isolate one cluster in your calculation. This is important for applications such as verifying the jitter of digital pulses that appear in discrete clusters in CD players or in HDB3-coded data. Also available is hysteresis compensation for time interval measurements. By adding hysteresis, you can reduce trigger-level error from the typical 15-20 mV found in most counters on the market today, down to a typical 2.5 mV. This means 6-8 times improved trigger precision in critical time interval measurements. Fast Throughput Reduces Test Time The FCA Timer/Counter/Analyzer Series offers industry-best throughput, saving you up to 90% on your testing time compared to other timer/counters on the market. Up to 250,000 measurement results per second can be 2 www.tektronix.com Analyze Your Device with the Industry's Only Graphical Display With the unique display of the FCA Series, you can measure multiple parameters of the same signal from one test connection. To reveal signal quality issues like drift, intermittent transients, and stability, you can view the data as a real-time trend plot or a histogram with the FCA Series graphical display mode, or you can use measurement statistics to track how signal parameters are changing over time. A single-button Analyze mode gives you fast insight into the behavior of your device right on the timer/counter's display. Multi-parameter Display With the multi-parameter display, you can read important auxiliary measurement values (such as Vmax, Vmin, Vp-p, and more) displayed with your main frequency, time, period, or phase measurements. With one glance, you can see the information you need to quickly assess your device's performance. With up to 3 input channels, you can measure the relationship between different signals. For example, you can measure the phase relationship between the input and output signals of your device. You can read other critical parameters simultaneously, such as the test frequency of the signal and the voltage ratio (in dB), in one glance with the multi-parameter display. Timer/Counter/Analyzers -- Tektronix FCA3000 and FCA3100 Series Trend Plot Analysis. Tektronix TimeViewTM Software. Measurement Statistics. Histogram Plot. Measurement Trend Plots Depending on your test case, your signal parameters may change from instant to instant. With the Trend Plot Analysis mode, you can graphically plot the trend of a measured value over time. Measurement Statistics With integrated statistics processing, you can calculate the average, standard, and Allan deviation of a measurement, as well as track the minimum and maximum measured values, all with the push of a button. Histogram Plots To graphically see the average and standard deviation of a set of measurements, you can use the histogram function to see the distribution of measurement results. Optional Modulation Domain Analysis With the optional Tektronix TimeViewTM software (TVA3000), the FCA Timer/Counter/Analyzer Series can become a high-performance modulation domain analyzer. With high measurement speeds (up to 250k measurement/s) and large memory depth (up to 3.75M points), fast frequency changes can be captured in real time and then analyzed with TimeView. This comprehensive software tool allows for remote instrument control, and the analysis and display of measurement results in a choice of graphs. For example, results can be displayed as raw data, statistical histogram, waveform graph (as if you were using an oscilloscope), or as an FFT spectrum graph. TimeView further allows analysis of modulation parameters like modulation depth or frequency modulation index. Designed to Make Your Work Easier The FCA Timer/Counter/Analyzer Series are designed with the ease of use and familiar operation you have come to expect from Tektronix. Intuitive Operation Menu-oriented settings reduce the risk of mistakes. With dedicated and menu-driven front-panel buttons, you will have fast access to frequently used functions and parameters, reducing setup time. For example, a single-touch Analyze key toggles you between Statistics, Trend Plot, and Histogram modes. Autoset Function Similar to Tektronix oscilloscopes, the front-panel Autoset button will automatically set optimum trigger levels and hysteresis adapted to the actual signal applied. Easy PC Connectivity Connect to your PC with the rear-panel GPIB or USB device ports. The GPIB interface operates in SCPI/GPIB for plug-and-play replacement in existing ATE systems or easy integration into larger test systems. If desired, an emulation mode for existing counter/timers is available. www.tektronix.com 3 Data Sheet Connect Your Bench for Intelligent Debug Easily capture, save, and analyze measurement results from your FCA Series timer/counter/analyzer with the special Tektronix Edition of National Instruments LabVIEW SignalExpressTM software. Every FCA Series timer/counter/analyzer ships with a free copy of the Limited Edition version of SignalExpress for basic instrument control, data logging, and analysis. The optional Professional Edition offers over 200 built-in functions that provide additional signal processing, advanced analysis, sweeping, limit testing, and user-defined step capabilities. SignalExpress supports the range of Tektronix bench instruments*1 enabling you to connect your entire test bench. You can then access the feature-rich tools packed into each instrument from one intuitive software interface. This allows you to automate complex measurements requiring multiple instruments, log data for an extended period of time, time-correlate data from multiple instruments, and easily capture and analyze your results, all from your PC. Only Tektronix offers a connected test bench of intelligent instruments to simplify and speed debug of your complex design. Performance You Can Count On In addition to industry-leading service and support, every FCA Series timer/counter/analyzer comes backed with a three-year standard warranty. Select the Performance/Features to Meet Your Needs Feature Frequency Resolution Time Resolution Voltage Resolution Meas. Speed to Internal Memory Talker-only Output (GPIB/USB) Individually Triggered Measurements Block Transfer Speed Frequency/Period, Time, Phase, Volt, Duty Cycle, Pulse, Rise Time Graphic Display of Trend, Histogram, Modulation Domain Totalize, TIE Programmable Pulse Output Continuous Measurements FCA3100 Series FCA3000 Series 12 digit/s 50 ps 1 mV 250k measurement/s 3.5M results 4k measurement/s 12 digit/s 100 ps 3 mV 250k measurement/s 750k results No 650/s 500/s 15k measurement/s Yes 5k measurement/s Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No *1 For a complete listing of Tektronix instruments supported by NI LabVIEW Signal Express, visit www.tektronix.com/signalexpress. Characteristics Measuring Functions All measurements are displayed with a large main parameter value and smaller auxiliary parameter values (with less resolution). Some measurements are only available as auxiliary parameters. Frequency A, B, C Characteristic Description Mode Range Input A, B Input C Resolution Normal, Back-to-Back (FCA3100 Series) Aux Parameters 0.001 Hz to 300 MHz 3 or 20 GHz 12 digits in 1 s measuring time (normal) 11 digits in 1 s measuring time (back-to-back) Vmax, Vmin, Vp-p Frequency Burst A, B, C (FCA3020 and FCA3120 - 20 GHz Only) Frequency and PRF of repetitive burst signals can be measured without an external control signal and with selectable-start arming delay. Characteristic Description Functions Range Minimum Burst Duration Minimum Pulses in Burst Input A, B Input C PRF Range Start Delay Aux Parameters Frequency in burst (in Hz) PRF (in Hz) Input A, B, C: See Frequency spec. Down to 40 ns 3 (6 above 160 MHz) 3 x prescaler factor 0.5 Hz to 1 MHz 10 ns to 2 s, 10 ns resolution PRF Period A, B, C Characteristic Description Mode Range Input A, B Single, Average, Back-to-Back (FCA3100 Series) Input C Resolution Aux Parameters 3.3 ns to 1000 s (single, average) 4.0 s to 1000 s (back-to-back) 10 ns down to 50 ps 100 ps (single); 12 digit/s avg. (FCA3000 Series) 50 ps (single); 12 digit/s avg. (FCA3100 Series) Vmax, Vmin, Vp-p Ratio A/B, B/A, C/A, C/B Characteristic Description Range Input Frequency Input A, B Input C Aux Parameters (10-9) to 1011 0.1 Hz to 300 MHz 3 or 20 GHz Freq 1, Freq 2 Time Interval A to B, B to A, A to A, B to B Characteristic Description Range Normal calculation: 0 ns to +106 s Smart calculation: -106 s to +106 s 100 ps single (FCA3000 Series) 50 ps single (FCA3100 Series) 1.6 ns Smart Time Interval to determine sign (A before B or A after B) Resolution Min Pulse Width Smart Calculation 4 www.tektronix.com Timer/Counter/Analyzers -- Tektronix FCA3000 and FCA3100 Series Positive and Negative Pulse Width A, B Characteristic Description Range Min Pulse Width Aux Parameters 2.3 ns to 106 s 2.3 ns Vmax, Vmin, Vp-p Rise and Fall Time A, B Characteristic Description Range Trigger Levels Min Pulse Width Aux Parameters 1.5 ns to 106 s 10% and 90% of signal amplitude 1.6 ns Slew rate, Vmax, Vmin Time Interval Error (TIE) A, B Normalized period back-to-back measurements, calculated as TIE(k) = k * TREF - TI, when TI = Individual Period Back-to-Back and TREF = Reference Period Value. Positive and Negative Duty Factor A, B Characteristic Description Range Frequency Range Aux Parameters 0.000001 to 0.999999 0.1 Hz to 300 MHz Period, pulse width Phase A Relative B, B Relative A Characteristic Description Range Resolution -180 to +360 Single cycle: 0.001 to 10 kHz, decreasing to 1 >10 MHz. Resolution can be improved by averaging (statistics) Up to 160 MHz Freq (A), Va/Vb (in dB) Frequency Range Aux Parameters Totalize A, B (FCA3100 Series) Characteristic Description Mode Range Frequency Range Start Control Stop Control Aux Parameters Tot A, Tot B, Tot A+B, Tot A-B, Tot A/B 1 to 1010 counts Up to 160 MHz Manual, start arming Manual, stop arming, timed Other Totalize functions Vmax, Vmin, Vp-p A, B Characteristic Range Description -50 V to +50 V, -5 V to +5 V Range is limited by the specification for max input voltage without damage (see input A, B) Frequency Range DC, 1 Hz to 300 MHz Mode Vmax, Vmin, Vp-p Resolution 3 mV (FCA3000 Series) 1 mV (FCA3100 Series) Uncertainty (5 V range, typical) DC, 1 Hz to 1 kHz 1% + 15 mV 1 kHz to 20 MHz 3% + 15 mV 20 to 100 MHz 10% + 15 mV 100 to 300 MHz 30% + 15 mV Aux Parameters Vmin, Vmax, Vp-p Time Stamping A, B, C Raw time-stamp data together with pulse counts on inputs A, B, or C, accessible through GPIB or USB only. Characteristic Description Max Sample Speed Max Frequency Time-stamp Resolution See GPIB specifications 160 MHz 100 ps (FCA3000 Series) 50 ps (FCA3100 Series) Input and Output Specifications Inputs A and B Characteristic Description Frequency Range DC Coupled: DC to 300 MHz AC Coupled: 10 Hz to 300 MHz 1 M / 20 pF or 50 (VSWR 2:1) Positive or negative 500 ps Impedance Trigger Slope Max Channel Timing Difference Sensitivity Attenuation Dynamic Range (X1) Trigger Level Resolution Uncertainty (X1) AUTO trigger level 15 mVRMS (DC-200 MHz) 25 mVRMS (200-300 MHz) X1, X10 30 mVp-p to 10 Vp-p within 5 V window Readout on display FCA3000 Series: 3 mV FCA3100 Series: 1 mV (15 mV + 1% of trigger level) Trigger level is automatically set to 50% point of input signal (10% and 90% for rise/fall time) Auto Hysteresis Time Min hysteresis window (hysteresis compensation) Frequency One-third of input signal amplitude Analog LP Filter Nominal 100 kHz, RC type Digital LP Filter 1 Hz to 50 MHz cutoff frequency Max Voltage without Damage 1 M 350 V (DC + AC peak) to 440 Hz, falling to 12 VRMS (X1) at 1 MHz 12 VRMS 50 Connector BNC Input C - 3 GHz (FCA3003 and FCA3103 Products) Characteristic Description Operating Input Voltage Range 100 to 300 MHz 20 mVRMS to 12 VRMS 10 mVRMS to 12 VRMS 0.3 to 2.5 GHz 20 mVRMS to 12 VRMS 2.5 to 2.7 GHz 40 mVRMS to 12 VRMS 2.7 to 3.0 GHz Prescaler Factor 16 Impedance 50 nominal, VSWR < 2.5:1 Max Voltage without 12 VRMS, pin-diode protected Damage Type-N Female Connector www.tektronix.com 5 Data Sheet Input C - 20 GHz (FCA3020 and FCA3120 Products) Characteristic Description Frequency Range 0.25 to 20 GHz Operating Input Voltage Range 250 to 500 MHz -21 to +27 dBm -27 to +27 dBm 0.5 to 14 GHz -27 to +27 dBm 14 to 18 GHz -21 to +27 dBm 18 to 20 GHz Prescaler Factor 128 Impedance 50 nominal, VSWR < 2.0:1 AM Tolerance >90% within sensitivity range Max Voltage without +27 dBm Damage Type Precision-N Female Connector Rear Panel Inputs and Outputs Characteristic Description Reference Input Reference Output Arming Input Impedance Frequency range Pulse Output (FCA3100 Series) Mode Period Pulse width Output Rear-panel Measurement Inputs Impedance Connectors 1, 5, or 10 MHz; 0.1 to 5 VRMS sine; impedance 1 k 10 MHz; >1 VRMS sine into 50 Arming of all measuring functions Approx. 1 k DC to 80 MHz Programmable through front GPIB/USB Pulse Out, Gate Open, Alarm Out 20 ns - 2 s, in 10 ns increments 10 ns - 2 s, in 10 ns increments TTL levels in 50 , rise time 2 ns A, B, C (Option RP only) 1 M / 50 pF or 50 (VSWR 2:1) SMA female for rear input C BNC for all other inputs/outputs Auxiliary Functions Trigger Holdoff Characteristic Description Time Delay Range 20 ns to 2 s, 10 ns resolution External Start and Stop Arming Characteristic Description Modes Start, Stop, Start and Stop Arming Input Channels A, B, or (rear panel) E Max Rep. Rate for Arming Signal 160 MHz Channel A, B 80 MHz Channel E Start-time Delay Range 20 ns to 2 s, 10 ns resolution Statistics Characteristic Description Functions Maximum, Minimum, Mean, Max-Min, Standard Deviation, and Allan Deviation Numeric, histograms, or trend plots 2 to 2 x 109 samples Off, or capture values above, below, inside, or outside limits Pacing Time Range: 4 s to 500 s Display Sample Size Limit Qualifier Measurement Pacing 6 www.tektronix.com Mathematics Characteristic Description Functions (K*X+L)/M and (K/X+L)/M. X is current reading and K, L, and M are constants; set using the keyboard or as frozen reference value (X0) Other Functions Characteristic Description Measuring Time 20 ns to 1000 s for frequency, burst, and period average. Single cycle for other measuring functions Internal, external, or automatic Freezes the result, until a new measurement is initiated through a restart Graphical indication on front panel and/or SRQ through GPIB, plus pulse output connector (FCA3100 Series) Lower limit, upper limit Off, or alarm if value is above, below, inside, or outside limits Stop or Continue Numeric + Graphic 20. Instrument setups can be saved/recalled from internal nonvolatile memory. 10 can be user protected Backlit LCD graphics screen for menu control, numerical readout, and status information 14 digits in Numerical mode 320 x 97 pixels Time-base Reference Display Hold Limit Alarm Limit Values Settings On Alarm Display Stored Instrument Setups Display Number of digits Resolution GPIB Interface Characteristic Description Compatibility IEEE 488.2-1987, SCPI 199953131A Compatibility mode SH1, AH1, T6, L4, SR1, RL1, DC1, DT1, E2 Interface Functions Max Measurement Rate GPIB 15k/5k readings/s (Block mode) 4k/- readings/s (Talker Only mode) 650/500 readings/s (individual GET triggered) To internal memory 250k readings/s Internal Memory Size 750k readings (FCA3000 Series) 3.75M readings (FCA3100 Series) USB Interface Characteristic Description USB Version 2.0 full speed (11 Mb/s) Calibration Characteristic Description Mode Closed case, menu controlled Calibration Frequencies 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 1.544, and 2.048 MHz Timer/Counter/Analyzers -- Tektronix FCA3000 and FCA3100 Series General Specifications Physical Environmental Data Characteristic Description Class Operating Temp Storage Temp Humidity MIL-PRF-28800F, Class 3 0 C to +50 C -40 C to +71 C 5-95% (10-30 C) 5-75% (30-40 C) 5-45% (40-50 C) Operating: 2,000 m Storage: 12,000 m Directive 2006/95/EC, EN61010-1, UL61010-1, CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 61010-1 EU Directive 2004/108/EC, EN61326-1, EN61326-2-1, Class A Altitude Safety EMC Power Requirements Characteristic Description Basic Version 90 to 265 VRMS, 45 to 440 Hz, <40 W Time-base Options Characteristic Standard Medium Stability (MS) High Stability (HS) Time-base Type TCXO OCXO OCXO Uncertainty Due to - Aging Per 24h NA <5x10-10*1 <5x10-9*1 -7 -8 Per month <5x10 <6x10 <1x10-8 -6 -7 Per year <5x10 <2x10 <5x10-8 Temperature variation (typ. values) <1x10-5 <5x10-8 <5x10-9 0-50 C -6 -8 <3x10 <2x10 <1x10-9 20-26 C -10 <1x10 <1x10-11 Short-term Not specified Stability: t = 1 s Root Allan <1x10-10 <1x10-11 Not specified Variance: t = 10 s NA <1x10-7 <1x10-8 Power-on Stability 30 min 30 min 10 min Deviation versus final value after 24h ON time, after a warm-up time of: Total Uncertainty, for Operating Temperature 20 C to 26 C, at 2 (95%) Confidence Interval <7x10-6 <2.4x10-7 <0.6x10-7 1 year after calibration <1.2x10-5 <4.6x10-7 <1.2x10-7 2 years after calibration *1 After 1 month of continuous operation. Dimension mm in. Height Width Depth 90 210 395 3.6 8.25 15.6 Weight kg lb. Net Shipping 2.7 3.5 5.8 7.5 Ordering Information Models Model Description FCA3000 Timer/Counter/Analyzer 300 MHz / 100 ps FCA3003 Timer/Counter/Analyzer 3 GHz / 100 ps FCA3020 Timer/Counter/Analyzer 20 GHz / 100 ps FCA3100 Timer/Counter/Analyzer 300 MHz / 50 ps FCA3103 Timer/Counter/Analyzer 3 GHz / 50 ps FCA3120 Timer/Counter/Analyzer 20 GHz / 50 ps FCA3000/3100 Series Include: Timer/Counter, line cord, calibration certificate, Quick Start User Manual, CD-ROM with user manual (English, French, German, Spanish, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Korean, Russian, Japanese), Programmer's Guide, Technical Specifications, Trial version of TimeViewTM Software, and CD-ROM with National Instruments LabVIEW SignalExpressTM Tektronix Edition, Limited Edition Software. Please specify power plug when ordering. Instrument Options Option Description MS HS RP Medium-stability Oven Time Base High-stability Oven Time Base Rear-panel Connectors Power Plug Options Option Description A0 A1 A2 A3 A5 A6 A10 A11 E1 North America Universal Euro United Kingdom Australia Switzerland Japan China India UK and Euro (FCA3000 and FCA3100 only) www.tektronix.com 7 Data Sheet Contact Tektronix: ASEAN / Australasia (65) 6356 3900 Austria 00800 2255 4835* Balkans, Israel, South Africa and other ISE Countries +41 52 675 3777 Belgium 00800 2255 4835* Service Options Option Description CA1 Provides a single calibration event or coverage for the designated calibration interval, whichever comes first Calibration Service 3 Years Calibration Service 5 Years Calibration Data Report Repair Service 5 Years C3 C5 D1 R5 Brazil +55 (11) 3759 7600 Canada 1 800 833 9200 Central East Europe, Ukraine, and the Baltics +41 52 675 3777 Central Europe & Greece +41 52 675 3777 Denmark +45 80 88 1401 Finland +41 52 675 3777 France 00800 2255 4835* Germany 00800 2255 4835* Hong Kong 400 820 5835 Recommended Accessories and Software Accessory Description HCTEK4321 AC4000 174-4401-xx 012-0991-xx 012-1256-xx 012-0482-xx SIGEXPTE Hard Carrying Case Soft Carrying Case USB Host to Device Cable, 3 ft. GPIB Cable, Double Shielded BNC Male to BNC Male, Cable Shielded, 9 ft., 50 BNC Male to BNC Male, Cable Shielded, 3 ft., 50 National Instruments SignalExpressTM Tektronix Edition Interactive Measurement Software - Professional Version TimeViewTM Modulation Domain Analysis Software TVA3000 India 000 800 650 1835 Italy 00800 2255 4835* Japan 81 (3) 6714 3010 Luxembourg +41 52 675 3777 Mexico, Central/South America & Caribbean (52) 56 04 50 90 Middle East, Asia, and North Africa +41 52 675 3777 The Netherlands 00800 2255 4835* Norway 800 16098 People's Republic of China 400 820 5835 Poland +41 52 675 3777 Portugal 80 08 12370 Republic of Korea 001 800 8255 2835 Russia & CIS +7 (495) 7484900 South Africa +41 52 675 3777 Product(s) are manufactured in ISO registered facilities. Spain 00800 2255 4835* Sweden 00800 2255 4835* Product(s) complies with IEEE Standard 488.1-1987, RS-232-C, and with Tektronix Standard Codes and Formats. Switzerland 00800 2255 4835* Taiwan 886 (2) 2722 9622 United Kingdom & Ireland 00800 2255 4835* USA 1 800 833 9200 * European toll-free number. If not accessible, call: +41 52 675 3777 Updated 25 May 2010 For Further Information. Tektronix maintains a comprehensive, constantly expanding collection of application notes, technical briefs and other resources to help engineers working on the cutting edge of technology. Please visit www.tektronix.com Copyright (c) Tektronix, Inc. All rights reserved. Tektronix products are covered by U.S. and foreign patents, issued and pending. Information in this publication supersedes that in all previously published material. Specification and price change privileges reserved. TEKTRONIX and TEK are registered trademarks of Tektronix, Inc. All other trade names referenced are the service marks, trademarks, or registered trademarks of their respective companies. 20 Jul 2010 www.tektronix.com 3CW-25556-0