EVALUATION KIT AVAILABLE MAX1836/MAX1837 24V Internal Switch, 100% Duty Cycle, Step-Down Converters General Description The MAX1836/MAX1837 high-efficiency step-down converters provide a preset 3.3V or 5V output voltage from supply voltages as high as 24V. Using external feedback resistors, the output voltage can be adjusted from 1.25V to VIN. An internal current-limited switching MOSFET delivers load currents up to 125mA (MAX1836) or 250mA (MAX1837). The unique current-limited control scheme, operating with duty cycles up to 100%, minimizes the dropout voltage (120mV at 100mA). Additionally, this control scheme reduces supply current under light loads to 12A. High switching frequencies allow the use of tiny surface-mount inductors and output capacitors. The MAX1836/MAX1837 step-down converters with internal switching MOSFETs are available in 6-pin SOT23 and 3mm x 3mm TDFN packages, making them ideal for low-cost, low-power, space-sensitive applications. For increased output drive capability, use the MAX1776 step-down converter that uses an internal 24V switch to deliver up to 500mA. For even higher currents, use the MAX1626/MAX1627 step-down controllers that drive an external P-channel MOSFET to deliver up to 20W. Applications 9V Battery Systems Notebook Computers Distributed Power Systems Backup Supplies 4mA to 20mA Loop Power Supplies Industrial Control Supplies Handheld Devices IN SHDN LX MAX1836 MAX1837 4.5V to 24V Input Voltage Range Preset 3.3V or 5V Output Adjustable Output from 1.25V to VIN Output Currents Up to 125mA (MAX1836) or 250mA (MAX1837) Efficiency Over 90% 12A Quiescent Current 3A Shutdown Current 100% Maximum Duty Cycle for Low Dropout Small 6-Pin SOT23 and TDFN Packages Ordering Information PART TEMP RANGE PINPACKAGE MAX1836ETT33-T -40C to +85C 6 TDFN-EP* AJG MAX1836ETT50-T -40C to +85C 6 TDFN-EP* AJE MAX1836EUT33-T -40C to +85C 6 SOT23 AANY MAX1836EUT50-T -40C to +85C 6 SOT23 AANW MAX1837ETT33-T -40C to +85C 6 TDFN-EP* MAX1837ETT50-T -40C to +85C 6 TDFN-EP* MAX1837EUT33-T -40C to +85C 6 SOT23 AANZ MAX1837EUT50-T -40C to +85C 6 SOT23 AANX FB NOTE: HIGH-CURRENT PATHS SHOWN WITH BOLD LINES. 19-1919; Rev 3; 7/06 AJF Selector Guide appears at end of data sheet. Pin Configurations OUTPUT 3.3V OR 5V TOP VIEW GND 2 MAX1836 MAX1837 6 OUT 5 SHDN 4 LX FB 1 GND 2 MAX1836 MAX1837 IN 3 GND AJH T = Tape and reel. FB 1 OUT TOP MARK *EP = Exposed pad. Typical Operating Circuit INPUT 4.5V TO 24V Features IN 3 SOT23 TDFN 6 OUT 5 SHDN 4 LX MAX1836/MAX1837 24V Internal Switch, 100% Duty Cycle, Step-Down Converters Absolute Maximum Ratings IN, SHDN to GND...................................................-0.3V to +25V LX to GND.......................................................-2V to (VIN + 0.3V) OUT, FB to GND.......................................................-0.3V to +6V Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70C) (Note 1) 6-Pin SOT23 (derate 8.7mW/C above +70C)...........696mW 6-Pin TDFN (derate 24.4mW/C above +70C).........1951mW Operating Temperature Range..............................-40C to +85C Junction Temperature.......................................................+150C Storage Temperature Range...............................-65C to +150C Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s)...................................+300C Stresses beyond those listed under "Absolute Maximum Ratings" may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. Note 1: Thermal properties are specified with product mounted on PC board with 1in2 of copper area and still air. Electrical Characteristics (Circuits of Figures 1 (MAX1836) and 2 (MAX1837), VIN = 12V, SHDN = IN, TA = 0C to +85C. Typical values are at TA = +25C, unless otherwise noted.) PARAMETER Input Supply Range Input Undervoltage Lockout Threshold Input Supply Current Input Supply Current in Dropout SYMBOL CONDITIONS VIN VUVLO MIN MAX UNITS 24 V VIN rising 3.55 4.0 4.4 VIN falling 3.45 3.9 4.3 12 25 IIN IIN(DROP) TYP 4.5 VIN = 5V 18 Input Shutdown Current SHDN = GND 3 7 Output Voltage (Preset Mode) VOUT FB = GND, ILOAD = 0 to 125mA (MAX1836) or 250mA (MAX1837) Output Voltage Range (Adjustable Mode) VOUT (Note 2) Feedback Set Voltage (Adjustable Mode) VFB OUT Bias Current FB Bias Current FB Dual Mode TM Threshold LX Switch Minimum Off-Time tOFF(MIN) LX Switch Maximum On-Time tON(MAX) LX Switch On-Resistance LX Current Limit RLX ILIM A A MAX183_EUT50, MAX183_ETT50 4.80 5.00 5.20 MAX183_EUT33, MAX183_ETT33 3.168 3.30 3.432 A V 1.25 1.200 VOUT = 5V IFB V 1.25 2.5 VIN V 1.300 V 7.4 A +25 nA 100 150 mV 0.2 0.4 0.6 s 7 10 13 s 1.1 2 MAX1836 250 312 450 MAX1837 500 625 850 VFB = 0 or 1.25V, TA = +25C -25 VFB rising or falling 50 VFB = 1.3V VIN = 6V LX Zero-Crossing Threshold -75 +75 mA mV Dual Mode is a trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated 2 MAX1836/MAX1837 24V Internal Switch, 100% Duty Cycle, Step-Down Converters Electrical Characteristics (continued) (Circuits of Figures 1 (MAX1836) and 2 (MAX1837), VIN = 12V, SHDN = IN, TA = 0C to +85C. Typical values are at TA = +25C, unless otherwise noted.) PARAMETER SYMBOL Zero-Crossing Timeout LX Switch Leakage Current Dropout Voltage CONDITIONS MIN LX does not rise above the threshold TYP VIN = 18V, LX = GND, TA = +25C VDROPOUT MAX 30 UNITS s 1 A IOUT = 100mA, VIN = 5V 120 mV Line Regulation VIN = 5V to 24V 0.05 % Load Regulation IOUT = 0 to 125mA (MAX1836) or 250mA (MAX1837) 0.3 % Shutdown Input Threshold VSHDN VIN = 4.5V to 24V (Note 3) 0.8 Shutdown Leakage Current ISHDN VSHDN = 0 or 24V -1 Thermal Shutdown 10C hysteresis (typ) 2.4 V +1 A 160 C Electrical Characteristics (Circuits of Figures 1 (MAX1836) and 2 (MAX1837), VIN = 12V, SHDN = IN, TA = -40C to +85C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 4) PARAMETER Input Supply Range Input Undervoltage Lockout Threshold Input Supply Current SYMBOL CONDITIONS MAX UNITS 4.5 24 V VIN rising 3.55 4.4 VIN falling 3.45 4.3 VIN VUVLO IIN Input Shutdown Current SHDN = GND Output Voltage (Preset Mode) VOUT FB = GND, ILOAD = 0 to 125mA (MAX1836) or 250mA (MAX1837) Output Voltage Range (Adjustable Mode) VOUT (Note 2) Feedback Set Voltage (Adjustable Mode) VFB OUT Bias Current VOUT = 5V FB Dual Mode Threshold VFB rising or falling LX Switch Minimum Off-Time tOFF(MIN) LX Switch Maximum On-Time tON(MAX) LX Switch On-Resistance RLX LX Current Limit ILIM www.maximintegrated.com MIN VFB = 1.3V TYP V 25 A 7 A MAX183_EUT50, MAX183_ETT50 4.80 5.20 MAX183_EUT33, MAX183_ETT33 3.168 3.432 1.25 VIN V 1.200 1.300 V 7.4 A 50 150 mV 0.2 0.6 s 7 13 s 2 V VIN = 6V MAX1836 250 450 MAX1837 500 900 mA Maxim Integrated 3 MAX1836/MAX1837 24V Internal Switch, 100% Duty Cycle, Step-Down Converters Electrical Characteristics (continued) (Circuits of Figures 1 (MAX1836) and 2 (MAX1837), VIN = 12V, SHDN = IN, TA = -40C to +85C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 4) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN LX Zero-Crossing Threshold TYP MAX UNITS -75 +75 mV Shutdown Input Threshold VSHDN VIN = 4.5V to 24V (Note 3) 0.8 2.4 V Shutdown Leakage Current ISHDN VSHDN = 0 or 24V -1 +1 A Note 2: When using the shutdown input, the maximum output voltage allowed with external feedback is 5.5V. If the output voltage is set above 5.5V, connect shutdown to the input. Note 3: Shutdown input minimum slew rate (rising or falling) is 10V/ms. Note 4: Specifications to -40C are guaranteed by design, not production tested. Typical Operating Characteristics (Circuits of Figures 1 (MAX1836) and 2 (MAX1837), VIN = 12V, SHDN = IN, TA = +25C.) 3.30 VIN = 9V to 12V 3.29 90 85 80 100 150 70 200 0.1 1 VIN = 5V VIN = 9V 85 80 FIGURE 2 VOUT = 3.3V 160 1 10 100 LOAD CURRENT (mA) www.maximintegrated.com 0 50 140 VIN = 12V 120 1000 100 80 60 0 50 100 150 200 250 LOAD CURRENT (mA) MAX1836/7 toc03 150 200 250 300 350 MAX1837EUT33 OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs. INPUT VOLTAGE 3.33 300 IOUT = 10mA 3.32 3.31 IOUT = 200mA 3.30 3.29 FIGURE 2 VOUT = 3.3V L1 = 47H 3.28 VIN = 5V 0 100 LOAD CURRENT (mA) VIN = 9V 20 VIN = 12V 0.1 3.27 1000 40 75 70 180 MAX1836/7 toc04 FIGURE 2 VOUT = 3.3V VIN = 12V 3.29 MAX1837EUT33 SWITCHING FREQUENCY vs. LOAD CURRENT MAX1837EUT33 EFFICIENCY vs. LOAD CURRENT 90 100 VIN = 5V VIN = 9V 3.30 LOAD CURRENT (mA) FREQUENCY (kHz) EFFICIENCY (%) 95 10 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 50 3.31 3.28 MAX1836/7 toc05 0 FIGURE 2 3.32 75 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 100 VIN = 9V VIN = 12V 3.28 3.27 VIN = 5V 3.33 350 MAX1836/7 toc06 3.31 FIGURE 1 VOUT = 3.3V 95 EFFICIENCY (%) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) VIN = 5V MAX1837EUT33 OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs. LOAD CURRENT OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) FIGURE 1 3.32 100 MAX1836/7 toc01 3.33 MAX1836EUT33 EFFICIENCY vs. LOAD CURRENT MAX1836/7 toc02 MAX1836EUT33 OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs. LOAD CURRENT 3.27 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) Maxim Integrated 4 MAX1836/MAX1837 24V Internal Switch, 100% Duty Cycle, Step-Down Converters Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (Circuits of Figures 1 (MAX1836) and 2 (MAX1837), VIN = 12V, SHDN = IN, TA = +25C.) 85 IOUT = 200mA 80 10 IOUT = 10mA 75 70 0 4 8 IOUT = 10mA 12 16 20 1 24 0 8 12 16 20 5.00 VIN = 7V 4.98 400 200 LIMITED BY tON(MIN) 0 0 95 FIGURE 6 0 50 100 150 200 250 VIN = 9V VIN = 12V 90 250 200 150 100 20 24 VIN = 7V VIN = 18V 0.1 1 10 VIN = 24V 100 1000 NO-LOAD SUPPLY CURRENT vs. INPUT VOLTAGE 15 MAX1836/7 toc13 300 16 LOAD CURRENT (mA) SUPPLY CURRENT (A) MAX1836/7 toc12 DROPOUT VOLTAGE (mV) 350 12 80 70 300 MAX1837EUT50 DROPOUT VOLTAGE vs. LOAD CURRENT FIGURE 6 VOUT = 5V 8 85 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 400 LIMITED BY ILIM 4 FIGURE 6 VOUT = 5V 75 4.96 MAX1836/7 toc09 IOUT = 10mA MAX1837EUT50 EFFICIENCY vs. LOAD CURRENT 100 MAX1836/7 toc10 VIN = 12V TO 24V VIN = 9V IOUT = 200mA 600 24 MAX1837EUT50 OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs. LOAD CURRENT 5.02 800 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) EFFICIENCY (%) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 4 FIGURE 2 VOUT = 3.3V L1 = 47H INPUT VOLTAGE (V) INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 5.04 MAX1836/7 toc08 FIGURE 2 VOUT = 3.3V L1 = 47H 1000 MAX1836/7 toc11 90 IOUT = 200mA PEAK INDUCTOR CURRENT (mA) EFFICIENCY (%) 95 100 FREQUENCY (kHz) FIGURE 2 VOUT = 3.3V L1 = 47H MAX1836/7 toc07 100 MAX1837EUT33 PEAK INDUCTOR CURRENT vs. INPUT VOLTAGE MAX1837EUT33 SWITCHING FREQUENCY vs. INPUT VOLTAGE MAX1837EUT33 EFFICIENCY vs. INPUT VOLTAGE 14 13 12 11 50 0 0 100 200 LOAD CURRENT (mA) www.maximintegrated.com 300 10 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) Maxim Integrated 5 MAX1836/MAX1837 24V Internal Switch, 100% Duty Cycle, Step-Down Converters Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (Circuits of Figures 1 (MAX1836) and 2 (MAX1837), VIN = 12V, SHDN = IN, TA = +25C.) MAX1837EUT50 LOAD TRANSIENT 400mA MAX1837EUT50 LINE TRANSIENT MAX1836/7 toc14 200mA 20V A 0 5.02V 5.1V B 4.9V 750mA 500mA C C 0 100s/div 400s/div A: IOUT = 10mA to 250mA, 200mA/div B: VOUT = 5V, 20mV/div C: IL, 500mA/div VIN = 12V, FIGURE 6 A: VIN = 9V to 18V, 10V/div B: VOUT = 5V, ROUT = 100, 100mV/div C: IL, 500mA/div FIGURE 6 MAX1837EUT50 STARTUP WAVEFORM MAX1837EUT50 LINE TRANSIENT NEAR DROPOUT MAX1836/7 toc17 MAX1836/7 toc16 15V B 5.0V 4.98V 250mA 0 A 10V 0 5.00V MAX1836/7 toc15 10V A 2V A 0 5V 5.1V B 5.0V 4V 2V B 0 4.9V 500mA C 0 400s/div A: VIN = 5V to 12V, 5V/div B: VOUT = 5V, ROUT = 100, 100mV/div C: IL, 500mA/div FIGURE 6 www.maximintegrated.com 500mA C 0 200s/div A: VSHDN = 0 to 2V, 2V/div B: VOUT = 5V, ROUT = 100, 2V/div C: IL, 500mA/div VIN = 12V, FIGURE 6 Maxim Integrated 6 MAX1836/MAX1837 24V Internal Switch, 100% Duty Cycle, Step-Down Converters Pin Description PIN NAME FUNCTION 1 FB Dual-Mode Feedback Input. Connect to GND for the preset 3.3V (MAX183_EUT33) or 5.0V (MAX183_ EUT50) output. Connect to a resistive divider between the output and FB to adjust the output voltage between 1.25V and VIN, and connect the OUT pin to GND. When setting output voltages above 5.5V, permanently connect SHDN to IN. 2 GND 3 IN Input Voltage. 4.5V to 24V input range. Connected to the internal p-channel power MOSFET's source. 4 LX Inductor Connection. Connected to the internal p-channel power MOSFET's drain. 5 SHDN 6 OUT -- EP INPUT 4.5V OR 12V CIN 10F 25V Ground Shutdown Input. A logic-low shuts down the MAX1836/MAX1837 and reduces supply current to 3A. LX is high impedance in shutdown. Connect to IN for normal operation. When setting output voltages above 5.5V, permanently connect SHDN to IN. Regulated Output Voltage High-Impedance Sense Input. Internally connected to a resistive divider. Connect to the output when using the preset output voltage. Connect to GND when using an external resistive divider to adjust the output voltage. Exposed Metal Pad. Connect to GND. This pad is internally connected to GND through a soft connect. For proper grounding and good thermal dissipation. Connect the exposed pad to GND. IN L1 47H LX D1 SHDN MAX1836 GND OUT OUTPUT 3.3V OR 5V COUT 100F 6.3V FB INPUT 4.5V OR 12V CIN 10F 25V IN LX D1 SHDN MAX1837 GND L1 22H OUT OUTPUT 3.3V OR 5V COUT 150F 6.3V FB CIN = TAIYO YUDEN TMK432BJ106KM L1 = SUMIDA CDRH5D28-470 COUT = SANYO POSCAP 6TPC100M (SMALLER CAPACITORS CAN BE USED FOR 5V) D1 = NIHON EP05Q03L CIN = TAIYO YUDEN TMK432BJ106KM L1 = SUMIDA CDRH5D28-220 COUT = SANYO OS-CON 6SA150M (SMALLER CAPACITORS CAN BE USED FOR 5V) D1 = NIHON ED05Q03L NOTE: HIGH-CURRENT PATHS SHOWN WITH BOLD LINES. NOTE: HIGH-CURRENT PATHS SHOWN WITH BOLD LINES. Figure 1. Typical MAX1836 Application Circuit Figure 2. Typical MAX1837 Application Circuit Detailed Description high switching frequency minimize PC board space and component cost. The MAX1836/MAX1837 step-down converters are designed primarily for battery-powered devices, notebook computers, and industrial control applications. A unique current-limited control scheme provides high efficiency over a wide load range. Operation up to 100% duty cycle allows the lowest possible dropout voltage, increasing the useable supply voltage range. Under no-load, the MAX1836/MAX1837 draw only 12A, and in shutdown mode, they draw only 3A to further reduce power consumption and extend battery life. Additionally, an internal 24V switching MOSFET, internal current sensing, and a www.maximintegrated.com Current-Limited Control Architecture The MAX1836/MAX1837 use a proprietary current-limited control scheme that operates with duty cycles up to 100%. These DC-DC converters pulse as needed to maintain regulation, resulting in a variable switching frequency that increases with the load. This eliminates the high supply currents associated with conventional constant-frequency pulse-width-modulation (PWM) controllers that switch the MOSFET unnecessarily. Maxim Integrated 7 MAX1836/MAX1837 INPUT 4.5V OR 24V CIN 24V Internal Switch, 100% Duty Cycle, Step-Down Converters L1 LX IN SHDN OUTPUT 3.3V OR 5V D1 COUT VSENSE OUT R Q FB MAXIMUM OFF-TIME DELAY S Q TRIG 100mV Q MAX1836 MAX1837 TRIG MAXIMUM ON-TIME DELAY VSET 1.25V GND Figure 3. Functional Diagram When the output voltage is too low, an error comparator sets a flip-flop, which turns on the internal p-channel MOSFET and begins a switching cycle (Figure 3). As shown in Figure 4, the inductor current ramps up linearly, charging the output capacitor and servicing the load. The MOSFET turns off when the current limit is reached, or when the maximum on-time is exceeded while the output voltage is in regulation. Otherwise, the MOSFET remains on, allowing a duty cycle up to 100% to ensure the lowest possible dropout voltage. Once the MOSFET turns off, the flip-flop resets, diode D1 turns on, and the current through the inductor ramps back down, transferring the stored energy to the output capacitor and load. The MOSFET remains off until the 0.5s minimum off-time expires and the inductor current ramps down to zero, and the output voltage drops back below the set point. 10V A 0 B 3.3V 500mA C 0 4s/div CIRCUIT OF FIGURE 2, VIN = 12V A. VLX, 5V/div B. VOUT = 3.3V, 20mV/div, 200mA LOAD C. INDUCTOR CURRENT, 500mA/div Figure 4. Discontinuous-Conduction Operation www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated 8 MAX1836/MAX1837 24V Internal Switch, 100% Duty Cycle, Step-Down Converters Input-Output (Dropout) Voltage the Selector Guide. For example, the MAX1836EUT33 has a preset 3.3V output voltage. A step-down converter's minimum input-to-output voltage differential (dropout voltage) determines the lowest useable input supply voltage. In battery-powered systems, this limits the useful end-of-life battery voltage. To maximize battery life, the MAX1836/MAX1837 operate with duty cycles up to 100%, which minimizes the inputto-output voltage differential. When the supply voltage approaches the output voltage, the P-channel MOSFET remains on continuously to supply the load. Dropout voltage is defined as the difference between the input and output voltages when the input is low enough for the output to drop out of regulation. For a step-down converter with 100% duty cycle, the dropout voltage depends on the MOSFET drain-to-source on-resistance (RDS(ON)) and inductor series resistance; therefore, it is proportional to the load current: ( VDROPOUT = I OUT x R DS(ON) + R INDUCTOR ) Shutdown (SHDN) A logic-level low voltage on SHDN shuts down the MAX1836/MAX1837. When shut down, the supply current drops to 3A to maximize battery life, and the internal P-channel MOSFET turns off to isolate the output from the input. The output capacitance and load current determine the rate at which the output voltage decays. A logic-level high voltage on SHDN activates the MAX1836/MAX1837. Do not leave SHDN floating. If unused, connect SHDN to IN. When setting output voltages above 5.5V, the shutdown feature cannot be used, so SHDN must be permanently connected to IN. The SHDN input voltage slew rate must be greater than 10V/ms. Thermal-Overload Protection Thermal-overload protection limits total power dissipation in the MAX1836/MAX1837. When the junction temperature exceeds TJ = +160C, a thermal sensor turns off the pass transistor, allowing the IC to cool. The thermal sensor turns the pass transistor on again after the IC's junction temperature cools by 10C, resulting in a pulsed output during continuous thermal-overload conditions. The MAX1836/MAX1837 output voltage may be adjusted by connecting a voltage divider from the output to FB (Figure 5). When externally adjusting the output voltage, connect OUT to GND. Select R2 in the 10k to 100k range. Calculate R1 with the following equation: V = R1 R2 OUT - 1 V FB where VFB = 1.25V, and VOUT may range from 1.25V to VIN. When setting output voltages above 5.5V, the shutdown feature cannot be used, so SHDN must be permanently connected to IN. Inductor Selection When selecting the inductor, consider these four parameters: inductance value, saturation current rating, series resistance, and size. The MAX1836/MAX1837 operate with a wide range of inductance values. For most applications, values between 10H and 100H work best with the controller's switching frequency. Calculate the minimum inductance value as follows: L (MIN) = The feedback input features dual-mode operation. Connect the output to OUT and FB to GND for the preset output voltage. The MAX1836/MAX1837 are supplied with factory-set output voltages of 3.3V or 5V. The twodigit part number suffix identifies the output voltage. See www.maximintegrated.com ILIM where tON(MIN) = 1.0s. Inductor values up to six times L(MIN) are acceptable. Low-value inductors may be smaller in physical size and less expensive, but they result in higher peak-current overshoot due to current-sense comparator propagation delay (300ns). Peak-current overshoot reduces efficiency and could exceed the current ratings of the internal switching MOSFET and external components. INPUT 4.5V OR 24V CIN IN OUTPUT 1.25V TO VIN L1 LX D1 SHDN R1 COUT FB Design Information Output Voltage Selection (VIN(MAX) - VOUT ) t ON(MIN) MAX1836 MAX1837 GND R2 OUT NOTE: HIGH-CURRENT PATHS SHOWN WITH BOLD LINES. Figure 5. Adjustable Output Voltage Maxim Integrated 9 MAX1836/MAX1837 24V Internal Switch, 100% Duty Cycle, Step-Down Converters The inductor's saturation current rating must be greater than the peak switching current, which is determined by the switch current limit plus the overshoot due to the 300ns current-sense comparator propagation delay: capacitor selection, but final values should be set by testing a prototype or evaluation circuit. As a general rule, a smaller amount of charge delivered in each pulse results in less output ripple. Since the amount of charge delivered in each oscillator pulse is determined by the inductor value and input voltage, the voltage ripple increases with larger inductance but decreases with lower input voltages. IPEAK = ILIM + (VIN - VOUT ) 300ns L where the switch current-limit (ILIM) is typically 312mA (MAX1836) or 625mA (MAX1837). Saturation occurs when the inductor's magnetic flux density reaches the maximum level the core can support, and the inductance starts to fall. Inductor series resistance affects both efficiency and dropout voltage. See the Input-Output (Dropout) Voltage section. High series resistance limits the maximum current available at lower input voltages and increases the dropout voltage. For optimum performance, select an inductor with the lowest possible DC resistance that fits in the allotted dimensions. Typically, the inductor's series resistance should be significantly less than that of the internal P-channel MOSFET's on-resistance (1.1 typ). Inductors with a ferrite core, or equivalent, are recommended. The maximum output current of the MAX1836/MAX1837 current-limited converter is limited by the peak inductor current. For the typical application, the maximum output current is approximately: I OUT(MAX) IPEAK Output Capacitor Choose the output capacitor to supply the maximum load current with acceptable voltage ripple. The output ripple has two components: variations in the charge stored in the output capacitor with each LX pulse, and the voltage drop across the capacitor's equivalent series resistance (ESR) caused by the current into and out of the capacitor: VRIPPLE VRIPPLE(ESR) + VRIPPLE(C) The output voltage ripple as a consequence of the ESR and output capacitance is: VRIPPLE(ESR) = IPEAKESR VRIPPLE(C) = 2 L(IPEAK - I OUT ) VIN 2C OUT VOUT VIN - VOUT With low-cost aluminum electrolytic capacitors, the ESRinduced ripple can be larger than that caused by the current into and out of the capacitor. Consequently, highquality low-ESR aluminum-electrolytic, tantalum, polymer, or ceramic filter capacitors are required to minimize output ripple. Best results at reasonable cost are typically achieved with an aluminum-electrolytic capacitor in the 100F range, in parallel with a 0.1F ceramic capacitor. Input Capacitor The input filter capacitor reduces peak currents drawn from the power source and reduces noise and voltage ripple on the input caused by the circuit's switching. The input capacitor must meet the ripple-current requirement (IRMS) imposed by the switching currents defined by the following equation: IRMS = ILOAD VOUT (VIN - VOUT ) VIN For most applications, nontantalum chemistries (ceramic, aluminum, polymer, or OS-CON) are preferred due to their robustness with high inrush currents typical of systems with low-impedance battery inputs. Alternatively, two (or more) smaller-value low-ESR capacitors can be connected in parallel for lower cost. Choose an input capacitor that exhibits < +10C temperature rise at the RMS input current for optimal circuit longevity. Diode Selection The current in the external diode (D1) changes abruptly from zero to its peak value each time the LX switch turns off. To avoid excessive losses, the diode must have a fast turn-on time and a low forward voltage. Use a diode with an RMS current rating of 0.5A or greater, and with a breakdown voltage > VIN. Schottky diodes are preferred. For high-temperature applications, Schottky diodes may be inadequate due to their high leakage currents. In such cases, ultra-high-speed silicon rectifiers are recommended, although a Schottky diode with a higher reverse voltage rating can often provide acceptable performance. where IPEAK is the peak inductor current. See the Inductor Selection section. These equations are suitable for initial www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated 10 MAX1836/MAX1837 24V Internal Switch, 100% Duty Cycle, Step-Down Converters Table 1. Component Suppliers SUPPLIER PHONE FAX WEBSITE Coilcraft 847-639-6400 847-639-1469 www.coilcraft.com Coiltronics 561-241-7876 561-241-9339 www.coiltronics.com Sumida USA 847-956-0666 847-956-0702 www.sumida.com Toko 847-297-0070 847-699-1194 www.tokoam.com AVX 803-946-0690 803-626-3123 www.avxcorp.com Kemet 408-986-0424 408-986-1442 www.kemet.com Panasonic 847-468-5624 847-468-5815 www.panasonic.com Sanyo 619-661-6835 619-661-1055 www.secc.co.jp Taiyo Yuden 408-573-4150 408-573-4159 www.t-yuden.com Central Semiconductor 516-435-1110 516-435-1824 www.centralsemi.com International Rectifier 310-322-3331 310-322-3332 www.irf.com Nihon 847-843-7500 847-843-2798 www.niec.co.jp On Semiconductor 602-303-5454 602-994-6430 www.onsemi.com Zetex 516-543-7100 516-864-7630 www.zetex.com INDUCTORS CAPACITORS DIODES MAX1836/MAX1837 Stability Commonly, instability is caused by excessive noise on the feedback signal or ground due to poor layout or improper component selection. When seen, instability typically manifests itself as "motorboating," which is characterized by grouped switching pulses with large gaps and excessive low-frequency output ripple during no-load or lightload conditions. PC Board Layout and Grounding High switching frequencies and large peak currents make PC board layout an important part of the design. Poor layout may introduce switching noise into the feedback path, resulting in jitter, instability, or degraded performance. High-power traces, bolded in the typical application circuits (Figure 1 and Figure 2), should be as short and wide as possible. Additionally, the current loops formed by the power components (CIN, COUT, L1, and D1) should be as tight as possible to avoid radiated noise. Connect the ground pins of these power components at a common node in a star-ground configuration. Separate the noisy traces, such as the LX node, from the feedback network with grounded copper. Furthermore, keep the extra copper on the board, and integrate it into a pseudoground plane. When using external feedback, place the resistors as close to the feedback pin as possible to minimize noise www.maximintegrated.com coupling. The MAX1837 evaluation kit shows the recommended layout. Applications Information High-Voltage Step-Down Converter The typical application circuits' (Figure 1 and Figure 2) components were selected for 9V battery applications. However, the MAX1836/MAX1837 input voltage range allows supply voltages up to 24V. Figure 6 shows a modified application circuit for high-voltage applications. When using higher input voltages, verify that the input capacitor's voltage rating exceeds VIN(MAX) and that the inductor value exceeds the minimum inductance recommended in the Inductor Selection section. Inverter Configuration Figure 7 shows the MAX1836/MAX1837 in a floating ground configuration. By connecting what would normally be the output to the supply-voltage ground, the IC's ground pin is forced to regulate to -5V (MAX183_EUT50) or -3.3V (MAX183_EUT33). Avoid exceeding the maximum ratings of 24V between IN and GND, and 5.5V between OUT and GND. Other negative voltages may be generated by placing a resistive divider across the output capacitor and connecting the tap to FB in the same manner as the normal step-down configuration. Maxim Integrated 11 MAX1836/MAX1837 INPUT 4.5V TO 24V CIN 10F 25V IN SHDN 24V Internal Switch, 100% Duty Cycle, Step-Down Converters L1 47H LX OUTPUT 5V COUT 68F 10V D1 MAX1837 OUT INPUT 3.6V TO 18V CIN 10F IN L1 47H LX OUT SHDN OUTPUT -3.3V OR -5V GND FB GND COUT 100F D1 MAX1836 MAX1837 FB NOTE: HIGH-CURRENT PATHS SHOWN WITH BOLD LINES. CIN = TAIYO YUDEN TMK432BJ106KM L1 = SUMIDA CDRH5D28-470 COUT = SANYO POSCAP 10TPC68M D1 = NIHON EP05Q03L Figure 7. MAX1836/MAX1837 Inverter Configuration NOTE: HIGH-CURRENT PATHS SHOWN WITH BOLD LINES. Chip Information Figure 6. High-Voltage Application TRANSISTOR COUNT: 731 Selector Guide PRESET OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) LOAD CURRENT (mA) MAX1836ETT33 3.3 125 MAX1836ETT50 5 125 MAX1836EUT33 3.3 125 MAX1836EUT50 5 125 MAX1837ETT33 3.3 250 MAX1837ETT50 5 250 MAX1837EUT33 3.3 250 MAX1837EUT50 5 250 PART www.maximintegrated.com PROCESS: BiCMOS Maxim Integrated 12 MAX1836/MAX1837 24V Internal Switch, 100% Duty Cycle, Step-Down Converters Package Information For the latest package outline information and land patterns (footprints), go to www.maximintegrated.com/packages. Note that a "+", "#", or "-" in the package code indicates RoHS status only. Package drawings may show a different suffix character, but the drawing pertains to the package regardless of RoHS status. www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated 13 MAX1836/MAX1837 24V Internal Switch, 100% Duty Cycle, Step-Down Converters Package Information (continued) For the latest package outline information and land patterns (footprints), go to www.maximintegrated.com/packages. Note that a "+", "#", or "-" in the package code indicates RoHS status only. Package drawings may show a different suffix character, but the drawing pertains to the package regardless of RoHS status. www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated 14 MAX1836/MAX1837 24V Internal Switch, 100% Duty Cycle, Step-Down Converters Package Information (continued) For the latest package outline information and land patterns (footprints), go to www.maximintegrated.com/packages. Note that a "+", "#", or "-" in the package code indicates RoHS status only. Package drawings may show a different suffix character, but the drawing pertains to the package regardless of RoHS status. Revision History Pages changed at Rev 3: 1, 7, 8, 12 For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim Direct at 1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim Integrated's website at www.maximintegrated.com. Maxim Integrated cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim Integrated product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maxim Integrated reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. The parametric values (min and max limits) shown in the Electrical Characteristics table are guaranteed. Other parametric values quoted in this data sheet are provided for guidance. Maxim Integrated and the Maxim Integrated logo are trademarks of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. (c) 2006 Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. 15 Mouser Electronics Authorized Distributor Click to View Pricing, Inventory, Delivery & Lifecycle Information: Maxim Integrated: MAX1836ETT33+T MAX1836EUT50+T MAX1837EUT33+T MAX1837EUT50+T MAX1836ETT50+T MAX1836EUT50#TG16 MAX1837ETT33+T MAX1837ETT50+T MAX1837EUT50#TG16 MAX1837EUT33#TG16 MAX1836EUT33#TG16 MAX1837EUT50-T MAX1837EUT50