LTC2439-1 8-/16-Channel 16-Bit No Latency TM ADC FEATURES DESCRIPTION 16-Channel Single-Ended or 8-Channel Differential Inputs nn Low Supply Current (200A, 4A in Autosleep) nn Rail-to-Rail Differential Input/Reference nn 16-Bit No Missing Codes nn 1V RMS Noise, 16-ENOBS Independent of V REF nn Very Low Transition Noise: Less Than 0.02LSB nn Operates with a Reference as Low as 100mV with 1.5V LSB Step Size nn Guaranteed Modulator Stability and Lock-Up Immunity for Any Input and Reference Conditions nn Single Supply 2.7V to 5.5V Operation nn Internal Oscillator--No External Components Required nn 87dB Min, 50Hz and 60Hz Simultaneous Notch Filter nn Pin Compatible with the 24-Bit LTC2418 nn 28-Lead SSOP Packag The LTC(R)2439-1 is a 16-channel (8-differential) micropower 16-bit analog-to-digital converter. It operates from 2.7V to 5.5V and includes an integrated oscillator, 0.12LSB INL and 1V RMS noise. It uses delta-sigma technology and provides single cycle settling time for multiplexed applications. Through a single pin, the LTC2439-1 can be configured for better than 87dB differential mode rejection at 50Hz and 60Hz 2%, or it can be driven by an external oscillator for a user-defined rejection frequency. The internal oscillator requires no external frequency setting components. nn The LTC2439-1 accepts any external differential reference voltage from 0.1V to VCC for flexible ratiometric and remote sensing measurement applications. It can be configured to take 8 differential channels or 16 single-ended channels. The full-scale bipolar input range is from -0.5VREF to 0.5VREF. The reference common mode voltage, VREFCM, and the input common mode voltage, VINCM, may be independently set between GND and VCC. The DC common mode input rejection is better than 140dB. APPLICATIONS Direct Sensor Digitizer Weight Scales nn Direct Temperature Measurement nn Gas Analyzers nn Strain Gauge Transducers nn Instrumentation nn Data Acquisition nn Industrial Process Control nn nn The LTC2439-1 communicates through a flexible 4-wire digital interface that is compatible with SPI and MICROWIRE protocols. L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks and No Latency is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. TYPICAL APPLICATION Minimum Resolvable Signal vs VREF 2.7V TO 5.5V THERMOCOUPLE 21 CH0 22 CH1 * * * 28 CH7 1 CH8 * * * 8 CH15 REF + 1F 9 VCC FO 16-CHANNEL MUX + - DIFFERENTIAL 16-BIT ADC SDI SCK SDO CS 19 20 18 17 16 = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR = 50Hz and 60Hz REJECTION 4-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 10 COM 12 REF - 15 GND MINIMUM RESOLVABLE SIGNAL (V) 90 11 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 LTC2439-1 241418 TA01a 0 5 4 3 VREF (V) 24361 TA02 *FOR VREF = 0.4V RESOLUTION IS LIMITED BY STEP SIZE 1 2 24391fb For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 1 LTC2439-1 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS PIN CONFIGURATION (Notes 1, 2) TOP VIEW Supply Voltage (VCC) to GND........................ -0.3V to 7V Analog Input Voltage to GND.........-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) Reference Input Voltage to GND....-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) Digital Input Voltage to GND..........-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) Digital Output Voltage to GND........-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) Operating Temperature Range LTC2439-1C.............................................. 0C to 70C LTC2439-1I...........................................-40C to 85C Storage Temperature Range................... -65C to 150C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec).................... 300C CH8 1 28 CH7 CH9 2 27 CH6 CH10 3 26 CH5 CH11 4 25 CH4 CH12 5 24 CH3 CH13 6 23 CH2 CH14 7 22 CH1 CH15 8 21 CH0 VCC 9 20 SDI COM 10 19 FO REF+ 11 18 SCK - 17 SDO 12 REF NC 13 16 CS NC 14 15 GND GN PACKAGE 28-LEAD PLASTIC SSOP TJMAX = 125C, JA = 110C/W ORDER INFORMATION LEAD FREE FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE LTC2439-1CGN#PBF LTC2439-1CGN#TRPBF LTC2439-1CGN 28-Lead Plastic SSOP 0C to 70C LTC2439-1IGN#PBF LTC2439-1IGN#TRPBF LTC2439-1IGN 28-Lead Plastic SSOP -40C to 85C Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. Consult LTC Marketing for information on nonstandard lead based finish parts. For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/ ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Notes 3, 4) PARAMETER CONDITIONS Resolution (No Missing Codes) 0.1V VREF VCC, -0.5 * VREF VIN 0.5 * VREF, (Note 5) Integral Nonlinearity 4.5V VCC 5.5V, REF+ = 2.5V, REF- = GND, VINCM = 1.25V, (Note 6) 5V VCC 5.5V, REF+ = 5V, REF- = GND, VINCM = 2.5V, (Note 6) REF+ = 2.5V, REF- = GND, VINCM = 1.25V, (Notes 6, 15) 2.5V REF+ VCC, REF- = GND, GND IN+ = IN- VCC, (Notes 12,15) 2.5V REF+ VCC, REF- = GND, GND IN+ = IN- VCC 2.5V REF+ VCC, REF- = GND, IN+ = 0.75REF+, IN- = 0.25 * REF+ (Note 15) Offset Error Offset Error Drift Positive Full-Scale Error Positive Full-Scale Error Drift MIN 2.5V REF+ VCC, REF- = GND, IN+ = 0.75REF+, IN- = 0.25 * REF+ l TYP MAX 16 UNITS Bits l 0.06 0.12 0.30 1.25 LSB LSB LSB l 5 20 V 10 l 0.16 0.03 nV/C 1.25 LSB ppm of VREF/C 24391fb 2 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 LTC2439-1 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Notes 3, 4) PARAMETER CONDITIONS Negative Full-Scale Error 2.5V REF+ VCC, REF- = GND, IN+ = 0.25 * REF+, IN- = 0.75 * REF+ (Note 15) MIN Negative Full-Scale Error Drift 2.5V REF+ VCC, REF- = GND, IN+ = 0.25 * REF+, IN- = 0.75 * REF+ l TYP MAX UNITS 0.16 1.25 LSB 0.03 ppm of VREF/C CONVERTER CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Notes 3, 4) PARAMETER CONDITIONS Total Unadjusted Error 5V VCC 5.5V, REF+ = 2.5V, REF- = GND, VINCM = 1.25V 5V VCC 5.5V, REF+ = 5V, REF- = GND, VINCM = 2.5V REF+ = 2.5V, REF- = GND, VINCM = 1.25V, (Note 6) 5V VCC 5.5V, REF+ = 5V, VREF- = GND, GND IN- = IN+ 5V (Note 12) Output Noise MIN 2.5V REF+ VCC, REF- = GND, GND IN- = IN+ VCC, (Note 5) Input Normal Mode Rejection 49Hz to 61.2Hz (Note 5) Reference Common Mode Rejection DC 2.5V REF+ VCC, GND REF- 2.5V, VREF = 2.5V, IN- = IN+ = GND (Note 5) Power Supply Rejection, DC Power Supply Rejection, Simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz 2% MAX UNITS LSB LSB 0.20 0.20 1 Input Common Mode Rejection DC 2.5V REF+ VCC, REF- = GND, GND IN- = IN+ VCC (Note 5) Input Common Mode Rejection 49Hz to 61.2Hz TYP VRMS l 130 140 dB l 140 dB l 87 dB l 130 140 dB REF+ = 2.5V, REF- = GND, IN- = IN+ = GND 120 dB REF+ = 2.5V, REF- = GND, IN- = IN+ = GND 120 dB ANALOG INPUT AND REFERENCE The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Note 3) SYMBOL PARAMETER IN+ Absolute/Common Mode IN+ Voltage CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX l GND - 0.3 VCC + 0.3 V IN- Absolute/Common Mode IN- Voltage l GND - 0.3 VCC + 0.3 V VIN Input Differential Voltage Range (IN+ - IN-) l -VREF/2 VREF/2 V REF+ Absolute/Common Mode REF+ Voltage l 0.1 VCC V REF- Absolute/Common Mode REF- Voltage l GND VCC - 0.1 V VREF Reference Differential Voltage Range (REF+ - REF-) l 0.1 VCC V CS (IN+) IN+ Sampling Capacitance 18 pF CS (IN-) IN- Sampling Capacitance 18 pF CS (REF+) REF+ Sampling Capacitance 18 pF CS (REF-) REF- Sampling Capacitance 18 UNITS pF IDC_LEAK (IN+) IN+ DC Leakage Current CS = VCC = 5.5V, IN+ = GND l -100 1 100 nA IDC_LEAK (IN-) IN- DC Leakage Current CS = VCC = 5.5V, IN- = 5V l -100 1 100 nA l -100 1 100 nA l -100 1 100 nA (REF+) REF+ DC Leakage Current CS = VCC IDC_LEAK (REF-) REF- DC Leakage Current CS = VCC = 5.5V, REF- = GND IDC_LEAK = 5.5V, REF+ = 5V 24391fb For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 3 LTC2439-1 ANALOG INPUT AND REFERENCE The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Note 3) SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS Off Channel to On Channel Isolation (RIN = 100) DC 1Hz fS = 15,3600Hz MIN TYP 140 140 140 dB dB dB tOPEN MUX Break-Before-Make Interval 2.7V VCC 5.5V 100 ns IS(OFF) Channel Off Leakage Current Channel at VCC and GND -100 l 1 MAX UNITS 100 nA DIGITAL INPUTS AND DIGITAL OUTPUTS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Note 3) SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN VIH High Level Input Voltage CS, FO, SDI 2.7V VCC 5.5V 2.7V VCC 3.3V l VIL Low Level Input Voltage CS, FO, SDI 4.5V VCC 5.5V 2.7V VCC 5.5V l VIH High Level Input Voltage SCK 2.7V VCC 5.5V (Note 8) 2.7V VCC 3.3V (Note 8) l VIL Low Level Input Voltage SCK 4.5V VCC 5.5V (Note 8) 2.7V VCC 5.5V (Note 8) l IIN Digital Input Current CS, FO, SDI 0V VIN VCC l IIN Digital Input Current SCK 0V VIN VCC (Note 8) l CIN Digital Input Capacitance CS, FO, SDI CIN Digital Input Capacitance SCK (Note 8) VOH High Level Output Voltage SDO IO = -800A l VOL Low Level Output Voltage SDO IO = 1.6mA l VOH High Level Output Voltage SCK IO = -800A (Note 9) l VOL Low Level Output Voltage SCK IO = 1.6mA (Note 9) l IOZ Hi-Z Output Leakage SDO l TYP MAX UNITS 2.5 2.0 V V 0.8 0.6 V V 2.5 2.0 V V 0.8 0.6 V V -10 10 A -10 10 A 10 pF 10 pF VCC - 0.5 V 0.4 V VCC - 0.5 V -10 0.4 V 10 A POWER REQUIREMENTS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Note 3) SYMBOL PARAMETER VCC Supply Voltage ICC Supply Current Conversion Mode Sleep Mode Sleep Mode CONDITIONS MIN l CS = 0V (Note 11) CS = VCC (Note 11) CS = VCC, 2.7V VCC 3.3V (Note 11, 14) l l TYP 2.7 200 4 2 MAX UNITS 5.5 V 300 15 A A A 24391fb 4 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 LTC2439-1 TIMING CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Note 3) SYMBOL PARAMETER MAX UNITS fEOSC External Oscillator Frequency Range CONDITIONS l 2.56 MIN TYP 2000 kHz tHEO External Oscillator High Period l 0.25 390 s tLEO External Oscillator Low Period l 0.25 390 tCONV Conversion Time FO = 0V External Oscillator (Note 10) l l 143.8 146.7 149.6 20510/fEOSC (in kHz) ms ms fISCK Internal SCK Frequency Internal Oscillator (Note 9) External Oscillator (Notes 9, 10) 17.5 fEOSC/8 kHz kHz DISCK Internal SCK Duty Cycle (Note 9) l fESCK External SCK Frequency Range (Note 8) l tLESCK External SCK Low Period (Note 8) l 250 ns tHESCK External SCK High Period (Note 8) l 250 ns tDOUT_ISCK Internal SCK 19-Bit Data Output Time Internal Oscillator (Notes 9, 11) External Oscillator (Notes 9, 10) l l 1.06 tDOUT_ESCK External SCK 19-Bit Data Output Time (Note 7) l t1 CS to SDO Low l 0 200 ns t2 CS to SDO High Z l 0 200 ns t3 CS to SCK (Note 9) l 0 200 ns t4 CS to SCK (Note 8) l 50 tKQMAX SCK to SDO Valid tKQMIN SDO Hold After SCK t5 45 55 % 2000 kHz 1.09 1.11 152/fEOSC (in kHz) ms ms 19/fESCK (in kHz) ms ns 220 l s ns l 15 ns SCK Set-Up Before CS l 50 ns t6 SCK Hold After CS l t7 SDI Setup Before SCK (Note 5) l 100 ns t8 SDI Hold After SCK (Note 5) l 100 ns (Note 5) Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: All voltage values are with respect to GND. Note 3: VCC = 2.7V to 5.5V unless otherwise specified. VREF = REF+ - REF-, VREFCM = (REF+ + REF-)/2; VIN = IN+ - IN-, VINCM = (IN+ + IN-)/2, IN+ and IN- are defined as the selected positive and negative input respectively. Note 4: FO pin tied to GND or to VCC or to external conversion clock source with fEOSC = 153600Hz unless otherwise specified. Note 5: Guaranteed by design, not subject to test. Note 6: Integral nonlinearity is defined as the deviation of a code from a precise analog input voltage. Maximum specifications are limited by the LSB step size (VREF/216) and the single shot measurement. Typical specifications are measured from the center of the quantization band. Note 7: FO = GND (internal oscillator) or fEOSC = 139800Hz 2% (external oscillator). 50 ns Note 8: The converter is in external SCK mode of operation such that the SCK pin is used as digital input. The frequency of the clock signal driving SCK during the data output is fESCK and is expressed in kHz. Note 9: The converter is in internal SCK mode of operation such that the SCK pin is used as digital output. In this mode of operation the SCK pin has a total equivalent load capacitance CLOAD = 20pF. Note 10: The external oscillator is connected to the FO pin. The external oscillator frequency, fEOSC, is expressed in kHz. Note 11: The converter uses the internal oscillator. FO = 0V or FO = VCC. Note 12: 1V RMS noise is independent of VREF. Since the noise performance is limited by the quantization, lowering VREF improves the effective resolution. Note 13: Guaranteed by design and test correlation. Note 14: The low sleep mode current is valid only when CS is high. Note 15: These parameters are guaranteed by design over the full supply and temperature range. Automated testing procedures are limited by the LSB Step Size (VREF/216). 24391fb For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 5 LTC2439-1 PIN FUNCTIONS CH0 to CH15 (Pin 21 to Pin 28 and Pin 1 to Pin 8): Analog Inputs. May be programmed for single-ended or differential mode. VCC (Pin 9): Positive Supply Voltage. Bypass to GND (Pin 15) with a 10F tantalum capacitor in parallel with 0.1F ceramic capacitor as close to the part as possible. COM (Pin 10): The common negative input (IN-) for all single-ended multiplexer configurations. The voltage on Channel 0 to 15 and COM input pins can have any value between GND - 0.3V and VCC + 0.3V. Within these limits, the two selected inputs (IN+ and IN-) provide a bipolar input range (VIN = IN+ - IN-) from -0.5 * VREF to 0.5 * VREF. Outside this input range, the converter produces unique overrange and underrange output codes. REF+ (Pin 11), REF- (Pin 12): Differential Reference Input. The voltage on these pins can have any value between GND and VCC as long as the positive reference input, REF+, is maintained more positive than the negative reference input, REF-, by at least 0.1V. GND (Pin 15): Ground. Connect this pin to a ground plane through a low impedance connection. CS (Pin 16): Active LOW Digital Input. A LOW on this pin enables the SDO digital output and wakes up the ADC. Following each conversion the ADC automatically enters the Sleep mode and remains in this low power state as long as CS is HIGH. A LOW-to-HIGH transition on CS during the Data Output transfer aborts the data transfer and starts a new conversion. SDO (Pin 17): Three-State Digital Output. During the Data Output period, this pin is used as the serial data output. When the chip select CS is HIGH (CS = VCC), the SDO pin is in a high impedance state. During the Conversion and Sleep periods, this pin is used as the conversion status output. The conversion status can be observed by pulling CS LOW. SCK (Pin 18): Bidirectional Digital Clock Pin. In Internal Serial Clock Operation mode, SCK is used as the digital output for the internal serial interface clock during the Data Output period. In External Serial Clock Operation mode, SCK is used as the digital input for the external serial interface clock during the Data Output period. A weak internal pull-up is automatically activated in Internal Serial Clock Operation mode. The Serial Clock Operation mode is determined by the logic level applied to the SCK pin at power up or during the most recent falling edge of CS. FO (Pin 19): Frequency Control Pin. Digital input that controls the ADC's notch frequencies and conversion time. When the FO pin is connected to GND (FO = 0V), the converter uses its internal oscillator and rejects 50Hz and 60Hz simultaneously. When FO is driven by an external clock signal with a frequency fEOSC, the converter uses this signal as its system clock and the digital filter has 87dB minimum rejection in the range fEOSC/2560 14% and 110dB minimum rejection at fEOSC/2560 4%. SDI (Pin 20): Serial Digital Data Input. During the Data Output period, this pin is used to shift in the multiplexer address started from the first rising SCK edge. During the Conversion and Sleep periods, this pin is in the DON'T CARE state. However, a HIGH or LOW logic level should be maintained on SDI in the DON'T CARE mode to avoid an excessive current in the SDI input buffers. NC (Pins 13, 14): Not Internally Connected. Do not connect or connect to ground. 24391fb 6 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 LTC2439-1 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM VCC AUTOCALIBRATION AND CONTROL REF + REF - GND CH0 CH1 * * * CH15 COM IN + MUX IN - - FO (INT/EXT) INTERNAL OSCILLATOR + DIFFERENTIAL 3RD ORDER MODULATOR SDI SCK SDO CS SERIAL INTERFACE ADDRESS DECIMATING FIR 24391 F01 Figure 1 TEST CIRCUITS VCC SDO 1.69k 1.69k CLOAD = 20pF SDO CLOAD = 20pF 241418 TC01 Hi-Z TO VOH VOL TO VOH VOH TO Hi-Z 241418 TC02 Hi-Z TO VOL VOH TO VOL VOL TO Hi-Z APPLICATIONS INFORMATION CONVERTER OPERATION POWER UP IN + = CH0, IN - = CH1 Converter Operation Cycle CONVERT The LTC2439-1 is a multichannel, low power, delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter with an easy-to-use 4wire serial interface (see Figure 1). Its operation is made up of three states. The converter operating cycle begins with the conversion, followed by the low power sleep state and ends with the data input/output (see Figure 2). The 4-wire interface consists of serial data input (SDI), serial data output (SDO), serial clock (SCK) and chip select (CS). Initially, the LTC2439-1 performs a conversion. Once the conversion is complete, the device enters the sleep state. The part remains in the sleep state as long as CS is HIGH. While in the sleep state, power consumption is reduced by nearly two orders of magnitude. The conversion result is held indefinitely in a static shift register while the converter is in the sleep state. SLEEP FALSE CS = LOW AND SCK TRUE DATA OUTPUT ADDRESS INPUT 24391 F02 Figure 2. LTC2439-1 State Transition Diagram 24391fb For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 7 LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Once CS is pulled LOW, the device exits the low power mode and enters the data output state. If CS is pulled HIGH before the first rising edge of SCK, the device returns to the low power sleep mode and the conversion result is still held in the internal static shift register. If CS remains LOW after the first rising edge of SCK, the device begins outputting the conversion result and inputting channel selection bits. Taking CS high at this point will terminate the data output state and start a new conversion. The channel selection control bits are shifted in through SDI from the first rising edge of SCK and depending on the control bits, the converter updates its channel selection immediately and is valid for the next conversion. The details of channel selection control bits are described in the Input Data Mode section. The output data is shifted out the SDO pin under the control of the serial clock (SCK). The output data is updated on the falling edge of SCK allowing the user to reliably latch data on the rising edge of SCK (see Figure 3). The data output state is concluded once 19 bits are read out of the ADC or when CS is brought HIGH. The device automatically initiates a new conversion and the cycle repeats. In order to maintain compatibility with 24-/32-bit data transfers, it is possible to clock the LTC24391 with additional serial clock pulses. This results in additional data bits which are always logic HIGH. Through timing control of the CS and SCK pins, the LTC2439-1 offers several flexible modes of operation (internal or external SCK and free-running conversion modes). These various modes do not require programming configuration registers; moreover, they do not disturb the cyclic operation described above. These modes of operation are described in detail in the Serial Interface Timing Modes section. CS SDO Hi-Z BIT18 BIT17 BIT16 BIT15 BIT14 EOC (0) SIG MSB B22 BIT13 BIT12 BIT11 BIT6 BIT5 BIT4 BIT3 BIT2 BIT1 BIT0 LSB CONVERSON RESULT SCK SDI (1) (0) EN SGL ODD/ SIGN A2 A1 SLEEP A0 DON'T CARE DATA INPUT/OUTPUT CONVERSION Figure 3a. Input/Output Data Timing CONVERSION RESULT N-1 SDO 24391 F03a CONVERSION RESULT N CONVERSION RESULT N+1 Hi-Z Hi-Z Hi-Z SCK SDI ADDRESS N OPERATION DON'T CARE DON'T CARE OUTPUT N-1 ADDRESS N+1 CONVERSION N OUTPUT N ADDRESS N+2 CONVERSION N + 1 Figure 3b. Typical Operation Sequence OUTPUT N+1 24391 F03b 24391fb 8 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Conversion Clock A major advantage the delta-sigma converter offers over conventional type converters is an on-chip digital filter (commonly implemented as a Sinc or Comb filter). For high resolution, low frequency applications, this filter is typically designed to reject line frequencies of 50Hz and 60Hz plus their harmonics. The filter rejection performance is directly related to the accuracy of the converter system clock. The LTC2439-1 incorporates a highly accurate on-chip oscillator. This eliminates the need for external frequency setting components such as crystals or oscillators. Clocked by the on-chip oscillator, the LTC24361 achieves a minimum of 87dB rejection over the range 49Hz to 61.2Hz. Ease of Use The LTC2439-1 data output has no latency, filter settling delay or redundant data associated with the conversion cycle. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the conversion and the output data. Therefore, multiplexing multiple analog voltages is easy. The LTC2439-1 performs offset and full-scale calibrations in every conversion cycle. This calibration is transparent to the user and has no effect on the cyclic operation described above. The advantage of continuous calibration is extreme stability of offset and full-scale readings with respect to time, supply voltage change and temperature drift. Power-Up Sequence The LTC2439-1 automatically enters an internal reset state when the power supply voltage VCC drops below approximately 2V. This feature guarantees the integrity of the conversion result and of the serial interface mode selection. (See the 3-wire I/O sections in the Serial Interface Timing Modes section.) When the VCC voltage rises above this critical threshold, the converter creates an internal power-on-reset (POR) signal with a typical duration of 1ms. The POR signal clears all internal registers. Following the POR signal, the LTC2439-1 starts a normal conversion cycle and follows the succession of states described above. The first conversion result following POR is accurate within the specifications of the device if the power supply voltage is restored within the operating range (2.7V to 5.5V) before the end of the POR time interval. Reference Voltage Range The LTC2439-1 accepts a truly differential external reference voltage. The absolute/common mode voltage specification for the REF+ and REF- pins covers the entire range from GND to VCC. For correct converter operation, the REF+ pin must always be more positive than the REF- pin. The LTC2439-1 can accept a differential reference voltage from 0.1V to VCC. The converter output noise is determined by the thermal noise of the front-end circuits, and as such, its value in microvolts is nearly constant with reference voltage. A decrease in reference voltage will significantly improve the converter's effective resolution, since the thermal noise (1V) is well below the quantization level of the device (75.6V for a 5V reference). At the minimum reference (100mV) the thermal noise remains constant at 1V RMS (or 6VP-P), while the quantization is reduced to 1.5V per LSB. As a result, lowering the reference improves the effective resolution for low level input voltages. Input Voltage Range The two selected pins are labeled IN+ and IN- (see Table 1). Once selected (either differential or single-ended multiplexing mode), the analog input is differential with a common mode range for the IN+ and IN- input pins extending from GND - 0.3V to VCC + 0.3V. Outside these limits, the ESD protection devices begin to turn on and the errors due to input leakage current increase rapidly. Within these limits, the LTC2439-1 converts the bipolar differential input signal, VIN = IN+ - IN-, from -FS = -0.5 * VREF to +FS = 0.5 * VREF where VREF = REF+ - REF-. Outside this range the converter indicates the overrange or the underrange condition using distinct output codes. Input signals applied to IN+ and IN- pins may extend 300mV below ground or above VCC. In order to limit any fault current, resistors of up to 5k may be added in series with the IN+ or IN- pins without affecting the performance of the device. In the physical layout, it is important to main24391fb For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 9 LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION tain the parasitic capacitance of the connection between these series resistors and the corresponding pins as low as possible; therefore, the resistors should be located as close as practical to the pins. In addition, series resistors will introduce a temperature dependent offset error due to the input leakage current. A 10nA input leakage current will develop a 1LBS offset error on an 8k resistor if VREF = 5V. This error has a very strong temperature dependency. Table 1. Channel Selection MUX ADDRESS ODD/ SGL SIGN CHANNEL SELECTION A2 A1 A0 0 1 * 0 0 0 0 0 IN+ IN- 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 IN- 2 3 IN+ IN- 4 5 IN+ IN- 6 7 IN+ IN- 8 9 IN+ IN- 10 11 IN+ IN- 12 13 IN+ IN- 14 15 IN+ IN- IN- IN+ COM IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- *Default at power up 24391fb 10 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Input Data Format When the LTC2439-1 is powered up, the default selection used for the first conversion is IN+ = CH0 and IN- = CH1 (Address = 00000). In the data input/output mode following the first conversion, a channel selection can be updated using an 8-bit word. The LTC2439-1 serial input data is clocked into the SDI pin on the rising edge of SCK (see Figure 3a). The input is composed of an 8-bit word with the first 3 bits acting as control bits and the remaining 5 bits as the channel address bits. The first 2 bits are always 10 for proper updating operation. The third bit is EN. For EN = 1, the following 5 bits are used to update the input channel selection. For EN = 0, previous channel selection is kept and the following bits are ignored. Therefore, the address is updated when the 3 control bits are 101 and kept for 100. Alternatively, the 3 control bits can be all zero to keep the previous address. This alternation is intended to simplify the SDI interface allowing the user to simply connect SDI to ground if no update is needed. Combinations other than 101, 100 and 000 of the 3 control bits should be avoided. When update operation is set (101), the following 5 bits are the channel address. The first bit, SGL, decides if the differential selection mode (SGL = 0) or the single-ended selection mode is used (SGL = 1). For SGL = 0, two adjacent channels can be selected to form a differential input; for SGL = 1, one of the 16 channels (CH0-CH15) is selected as the positive input and the COM pin is used as the negative input. For a given channel selection, the converter will measure the voltage between the two channels indicated by IN+ and IN- in the selected row of Table 1. Output Data Format The LTC2439-1 serial output data stream is 19 bits long. The first 3 bits represent status information indicating the conversion state and sign. The next 16 bits are the conversion result, MSB first. The third and fourth bit together are also used to indicate an underrange condition (both bits low means the differential input voltage is below -FS) or an overrange condition (both bits high means the differential input voltage is above +FS). Bit 18 (first output bit) is the end of conversion (EOC) indicator. This bit is available at the SDO pin during the conversion and sleep states whenever the CS pin is LOW. This bit is HIGH during the conversion and goes LOW when the conversion is complete. Bit 17 (second output bit) is a dummy bit (DMY) and is always LOW. Bit 16 (third output bit) is the conversion result sign indicator (SIG). If VIN is >0, this bit is HIGH. If VIN is <0, this bit is LOW. Bit 15 (fourth output bit) is the most significant bit (MSB) of the result. This bit in conjunction with Bit 16 also provides the underrange or overrange indication. If both Bit 16 and Bit 15 are HIGH, the differential input voltage is above +FS. If both Bit 16 and Bit 15 are LOW, the differential input voltage is below -FS. The function of these bits is summarized in Table 2. Table 2. LTC2439-1 Status Bits Bit 18 EOC Bit 17 DMY Bit 16 SIG Bit 15 MSB VIN 0.5 * VREF 0 0 1 1 0V VIN < 0.5 * VREF 0 0 1 0 -0.5 * VREF VIN < 0V 0 0 0 1 VIN < -0.5 * VREF 0 0 0 0 Input Range Bits 15-0 are the 16-Bit conversion result MSB first. Bit 0 is the least significant bit (LSB). Data is shifted out of the SDO pin under control of the serial clock (SCK), see Figure 3a. Whenever CS is HIGH, SDO remains high impedance and any externally generated SCK clock pulses are ignored by the internal data out shift register. In order to shift the conversion result out of the device, CS must first be driven LOW. EOC is seen at the SDO pin of the device once CS is pulled LOW. EOC changes real time from HIGH to LOW at the completion of a conversion. This signal may be used as an interrupt for an external microcontroller. Bit 18 (EOC) can be captured on the first rising edge of SCK. Bit 17 is shifted out of the device on the first falling edge of SCK. The final data bit (Bit 0) is shifted out on the falling edge of the 18th SCK and may be latched on the rising edge of the 19th SCK pulse. On the falling edge of the 19th SCK pulse, SDO goes HIGH indicating the initiation of a new conversion cycle. This For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 24391fb 11 LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION bit serves as EOC (Bit 18) for the next conversion cycle. Table 3 summarizes the output data format. In order to remain compatible with some SPI microcontrollers, more than 19 SCK clock pulses may be applied. As long as these clock pulses are complete before the conversion ends, they will not effect the serial data. However, switching SCK during a conversion may generate ground currents in the device leading to extra offset and noise error sources. As long as the voltage applied to any channel (CH0-CH15, COM) is maintained within the -0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) absolute maximum operating range, a conversion result is generated for any differential input voltage VIN from -FS = -0.5 * VREF to +FS = 0.5 * VREF. For differential input voltages greater than +FS, the conversion result is clamped to the value corresponding to the +FS + 1LSB. For differential input voltages below -FS, the conversion result is clamped to the value corresponding to -FS - 1LSB. Simultaneous Frequency Rejection The LTC2439-1 internal oscillator provides better than 87dB normal mode rejection over the range of 49Hz to 61.2Hz as shown in Figure 4. For simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz rejection using the internal oscillator, FO should be connected to GND. When a fundamental rejection frequency different from the range 49Hz to 61.2Hz is required or when the converter must be synchronized with an outside source, the LTC24391 can operate with an external conversion clock. The converter automatically detects the presence of an external clock signal at the FO pin and turns off the internal oscillator. The frequency fEOSC of the external signal must be at least 2560Hz to be detected. The external clock signal duty cycle is not significant as long as the minimum and maximum specifications for the high and low periods, tHEO and tLEO, are observed. While operating with an external conversion clock of a frequency fEOSC, the LTC2439-1 provides better than 110dB normal mode rejection in a frequency range fEOSC/2560 4%. The normal mode rejection as a function of the input frequency deviation from fEOSC/2560 is shown in Figure 5. Whenever an external clock is not present at the FO pin the converter automatically activates its internal oscillator and enters the Internal Conversion Clock mode. The LTC24391 operation will not be disturbed if the change of conversion clock source occurs during the sleep state or during the data output state while the converter uses an external serial clock. If the change occurs during the conversion state, the result of the conversion in progress may be outside specifications but the following conversions will not be affected. If the change occurs during the data output state and the converter is in the Internal SCK mode, the serial clock duty cycle may be affected but the serial data stream will remain valid. Table 4 summarizes the duration of each state and the achievable output data rate as a function of FO. -80 -85 -90 NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) NORMAL MODE REECTION RATIO (dB) -80 -100 -100 -120 -130 -95 -100 -105 -110 -115 -120 -125 -130 -135 -140 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 DIFFERENTIAL INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (Hz) 24391 F04 Figure 4. LTC2439-1 Normal Mode Rejection When Using an Internal Oscillator 12 -90 -140 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 DIFFERENTIAL INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY DEVIATION FROM NOTCH FREQUENCY fEOSC/2560(%) 24391 F05 Figure 5. LTC2439-1 Normal Mode Rejection When Using an External Oscillator of Frequency fEOSC For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 24391fb LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Table 3. LTC2439-1 Output Data Format Differential Input Voltage VIN* Bit 18 EOC Bit 17 DMY Bit 16 SIG Bit 15 MSB Bit 14 Bit 13 Bit 12 ... Bit 0 VIN* 0.5 * VREF** 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 ... 0 0.5 * VREF** - 1LSB 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 ... 1 0.25 * VREF** 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 ... 0 0.25 * VREF** - 1LSB 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 ... 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ... 0 -1LSB 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 ... 1 -0.25 * VREF** 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 ... 0 -0.25 * VREF** - 1LSB 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ... 1 -0.5 * VREF** 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 ... 1 VIN* < -0.5 * VREF** *The differential input voltage VIN = IN+ - IN-. **The differential reference voltage VREF = REF+ - REF-. Table 4. LTC2439-1 State Duration State Operating Mode Duration CONVERT Internal Oscillator FO = LOW Simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz Rejection 147ms, Output Data Rate 6.8 Readings/s External Oscillator FO = External Oscillator with Frequency fEOSC kHz (fEOSC/2560 Rejection) 20510/fEOSCs, Output Data Rate fEOSC/20510 Readings/s Internal Serial Clock FO = LOW (Internal Oscillator) As Long As CS = LOW But Not Longer Than 1.09ms (19 SCK cycles) FO = External Oscillator with Frequency fEOSC kHz As Long As CS = LOW But Not Longer Than 152/fEOSCms (19 SCK cycles) SLEEP DATA OUTPUT As Long As CS = HIGH Until CS = LOW and SCK As Long As CS = LOW But Not Longer Than 19/fSCKms (19 SCK cycles) External Serial Clock with Frequency fSCK kHz Serial Interface pins The LTC2439-1 transmits the conversion results and receives the start of conversion command through a synchronous 4-wire interface. During the conversion and sleep states, this interface can be used to assess the converter status and during the data I/O state it is used to read the conversion result and write in channel selection bits. Serial Clock Input/Output (SCK) The serial clock signal present on SCK (Pin 18) is used to synchronize the data transfer. Each bit of data is shifted out the SDO pin on the falling edge of the serial clock and each input bit is shifted in the SDI pin on the rising edge of the serial clock. In the Internal SCK mode of operation, the SCK pin is an output and the LTC2439-1 creates its own serial clock by dividing the internal conversion clock by 8. In the External SCK mode of operation, the SCK pin is used as input. The Internal or External SCK mode is selected on power-up and then reselected every time a HIGH-to-LOW transition is detected at the CS pin. If SCK is HIGH or floating at power-up or during this transition, the converter enters the internal SCK mode. If SCK is LOW at power-up or during this transition, the converter enters the external SCK mode. Serial Data Input (SDI) The serial data input pin, SDI (Pin 20), is used to shift in the channel control bits during the data output state to prepare the channel selection for the following conversion. 24391fb For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 13 LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION When CS (Pin 16) is HIGH or the converter is in the conversion state, the SDI input is ignored and may be driven HIGH or LOW. When CS goes LOW and the conversion is complete, SDO goes low and then SDI starts to shift in bits on the rising edge of SCK. Serial Data Output (SDO) The serial data output pin, SDO (Pin 17), provides the result of the last conversion as a serial bit stream (MSB first) during the data output state. In addition, the SDO pin is used as an end of conversion indicator during the conversion and sleep states. When CS (Pin 16) is HIGH, the SDO driver is switched to a high impedance state. This allows sharing the serial interface with other devices. If CS is LOW during the convert or sleep state, SDO will output EOC. If CS is LOW during the conversion phase, the EOC bit appears HIGH on the SDO pin. Once the conversion is complete, EOC goes LOW. The device remains in the sleep state until the first rising edge of SCK occurs while CS = LOW. Chip Select Input (CS) The active LOW chip select, CS (Pin 16), is used to test the conversion status and to enable the data input/output transfer as described in the previous sections. In addition, the CS signal can be used to trigger a new conversion cycle before the entire serial data transfer has been completed. The LTC2439-1 will abort any serial data transfer in progress and start a new conversion cycle anytime a LOW-to-HIGH transition is detected at the CS pin after the converter has entered the data input/output state (i.e., after the first rising edge of SCK occurs with CS = LOW). If the device has not finished loading the last input bit (A0 of SDI) by the time CS pulled HIGH, the address information is discarded and the previous address is kept. Finally, CS can be used to control the free-running mode of operation, see Serial Interface Timing Modes section. Grounding CS will force the ADC to continuously convert at the maximum output rate selected by FO. Serial Interface Timing Modes The LTC2439-1's 4-wire interface is SPI and MICROWIRE compatible. This interface offers several flexible modes of operation. These include internal/external serial clock, 3- or 4-wire I/O, single cycle conversion. The following sections describe each of these serial interface timing modes in detail. In all these cases, the converter can use the internal oscillator (FO = LOW) or an external oscillator connected to the FO pin. Refer to Table 6 for a summary. External Serial Clock, Single Cycle Operation (SPI/MICROWIRE Compatible) This timing mode uses an external serial clock to shift out the conversion result and a CS signal to monitor and control the state of the conversion cycle, see Figure 6. The serial clock mode is selected on the falling edge of CS. To select the external serial clock mode, the serial clock pin (SCK) must be LOW during each CS falling edge. The serial data output pin (SDO) is Hi-Z as long as CS is HIGH. At any time during the conversion cycle, CS may be pulled LOW in order to monitor the state of the converter. While CS is pulled LOW, EOC is output to the SDO pin. EOC = 1 while a conversion is in progress and EOC = 0 if the conversion is complete. If CS is HIGH, the device automatically enters the low power sleep state once the conversion is complete. When the device is in the sleep state, its conversion result is held in an internal static shift register. The device remains in the sleep state until the first rising edge of SCK Table 6. LTC2439-1 Interface Timing Modes Configuration SCK Source Conversion Cycle Control Data Output Control Connection and Waveforms External SCK, Single Cycle Conversion External CS and SCK CS and SCK Figures 6, 7 External SCK, 3-Wire I/O External SCK SCK Figure 8 Internal SCK, Single Cycle Conversion Internal CS CS Figures 9, 10 Internal SCK, 3-Wire I/O, Continuous Conversion Internal Continuous Internal Figure 11 24391fb 14 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION 2.7V TO 5.5V 1F 9 VCC = EXTERNAL CLOCK SOURCE = INTERNAL OSC/SIMULTANEOUS 50Hz/60Hz REJECTION 19 FO LTC2439-1 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC ANALOG INPUTS REF + 12 REF - 21 * * * TEST EOC (OPTIONAL) 11 28 1 * * * 8 10 18 SCK CH0 * * * 20 SDI CH7 SDO CH8 * CS 4-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 17 16 * * CH15 COM GND 15 CS TEST EOC SDO Hi-Z BIT 18 BIT 17 BIT 16 BIT 15 EOC (0) SIG MSB BIT 14 BIT 13 BIT 12 BIT 11 BIT 6 BIT 0 TEST EOC LBS Hi-Z Hi-Z SCK (EXTERNAL) SDI DON'T CARE (1) (0) EN SGL ODD/ SIGN A2 A1 A0 DON'T CARE DATA OUTPUT CONVERSION SLEEP CONVERSION 24391 F06 SLEEP Figure 6. External Serial Clock, Single Cycle Operation is seen while CS is LOW. The input data is then shifted in via the SDI pin on the rising edge of SCK (including the first rising edge) and the output data is shifted out of the SDO pin on each falling edge of SCK. This enables external circuitry to latch the output on the rising edge of SCK. EOC can be latched on the first rising edge of SCK and the last bit of the conversion result can be latched on the 19th rising edge of SCK. On the 19th falling edge of SCK, the device begins a new conversion. SDO goes HIGH (EOC = 1) indicating a conversion is in progress. and the previous address is kept. This is useful for aborting an invalid conversion cycle or synchronizing the start of a conversion. At the conclusion of the data cycle, CS may remain LOW and EOC monitored as an end-of-conversion interrupt. Alternatively, CS may be driven HIGH setting SDO to Hi-Z. As described above, CS may be pulled LOW at any time in order to monitor the conversion status. The external serial clock mode is selected at the end of the power-on reset (POR) cycle. The POR cycle is concluded typically 1ms after VCC exceeds approximately 2V. The level applied to SCK at this time determines if SCK is internal or external. SCK must be driven LOW prior to the end of POR in order to enter the external serial clock timing mode. Typically, CS remains LOW during the data output state. However, the data output state may be aborted by pulling CS HIGH anytime between the first rising edge and the19th falling edge of SCK, see Figure 7. On the rising edge of CS, the device aborts the data output state and immediately initiates a new conversion. If the device has not finished loading the last input bit A0 of SDI by the time CS is pulled HIGH, the address information is discarded External Serial Clock, 3-Wire I/O This timing mode utilizes a 3-wire serial I/O interface. The conversion result is shifted out of the device by an externally generated serial clock (SCK) signal, see Figure 8. CS may be permanently tied to ground, simplifying the user interface or isolation barrier. Since CS is tied LOW, the end-of-conversion (EOC) can be continuously monitored at the SDO pin during the convert and sleep states. EOC may be used as an interrupt to an external controller indicating the conversion result is ready. EOC = 1 while the conversion is in progress and EOC = 0 once the conversion ends. On the falling edge of EOC, the conversion result is loaded into an internal static shift 24391fb For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 15 LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION register. The input data is then shifted in via the SDI pin on the rising edge of SCK (including the first rising edge) and the output data is shifted out of the SDO pin on each falling edge of SCK. EOC can be latched on the first rising edge of SCK. On the 19th falling edge of SCK, SDO goes HIGH (EOC = 1) indicating a new conversion has begun. 2.7V TO 5.5V 1F 9 VCC FO = EXTERNAL CLOCK SOURCE = INTERNAL OSC/SIMULTANEOUS 50Hz/60Hz REJECTION 19 LTC2439-1 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC REF + SDI 12 REF - SCK 21 * * * 28 1 ANALOG INPUTS TEST EOC (OPTIONAL) 11 * * * 8 10 CH0 * * * CH7 SDO CH8 * CS 20 18 4-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 17 16 * * CH15 COM GND 15 CS BIT 0 SDO TEST EOC BIT 18 BIT 17 BIT 16 BIT 15 EOC "O" SIG MSB EOC Hi-Z Hi-Z BIT 14 BIT 13 BIT 12 BIT 11 BIT 5 TEST EOC BIT 4 Hi-Z Hi-Z SCK (EXTERNAL) SDI SLEEP DON'T CARE DATA OUTPUT (1) (0) EN ODD/ SIGN SGL CONVERSION A2 A1 DON'T CARE A0 DATA OUTPUT CONVERSION 24391 F07 SLEEP SLEEP Figure 7. External Serial Clock, Reduced Data Output Length 2.7V TO 5.5V 1F 9 VCC = EXTERNAL CLOCK SOURCE = INTERNAL OSC/SIMULTANEOUS 50Hz/60Hz REJECTION 19 FO LTC2439-1 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC REF + SDI 12 REF - SCK 21 * * * ANALOG INPUTS 11 28 1 * * * 8 10 CH0 * * * CH7 SDO CH8 * CS 20 18 3-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 17 16 * * CH15 COM GND 15 CS SDO BIT 18 BIT 17 BIT 16 BIT 15 EOC "O" SIG MSB (1) (0) BIT 14 BIT 13 BIT 12 BIT 11 BIT 6 BIT 0 LSB SCK (EXTERNAL) SDI DON'T CARE CONVERSION EN SGL ODD/ SIGN A2 A1 A0 DATA OUTPUT DON'T CARE CONVERSION 24391 F08 Figure 8. External Serial Clock, CS = 0 Operation 24391fb 16 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Internal Serial Clock, Single Cycle Operation edge of SCK. In the internal SCK timing mode, SCK goes HIGH and the device begins outputting data at time tEOCtest after the falling edge of CS (if EOC = 0) or tEOCtest after EOC goes LOW (if CS is LOW during the falling edge of EOC). The value of tEOCtest is 23s if the device is using its internal oscillator (FO = logic LOW or HIGH). If FO is driven by an external oscillator of frequency fEOSC, then tEOCtest is 3.6/fEOSC. If CS is pulled HIGH before time tEOCtest, the device returns to the sleep state and the conversion result is held in the internal static shift register. This timing mode uses an internal serial clock to shift out the conversion result and a CS signal to monitor and control the state of the conversion cycle, see Figure 9. In order to select the internal serial clock timing mode, the serial clock pin (SCK) must be floating (Hi-Z) or pulled HIGH prior to the falling edge of CS. The device will not enter the internal serial clock mode if SCK is driven LOW on the falling edge of CS. An internal weak pull-up resistor is active on the SCK pin during the falling edge of CS; therefore, the internal serial clock timing mode is automatically selected if SCK is not externally driven. If CS remains LOW longer than tEOCtest, the first rising edge of SCK will occur and the conversion result is serially shifted out of the SDO pin. The data I/O cycle concludes after the 19th rising edge. The input data is then shifted in via the SDI pin on the rising edge of SCK (including the first rising edge) and the output data is shifted out of the SDO pin on each falling edge of SCK. The internally generated serial clock is output to the SCK pin. This signal may be used to shift the conversion result into external circuitry. EOC can be latched on the first rising edge of SCK and the last bit of the conversion result on the 19th rising edge of SCK. After the 19th rising edge, SDO goes HIGH (EOC = 1), SCK stays HIGH and a new conversion starts. The serial data output pin (SDO) is Hi-Z as long as CS is HIGH. At any time during the conversion cycle, CS may be pulled LOW in order to monitor the state of the converter. Once CS is pulled LOW, SCK goes LOW and EOC is output to the SDO pin. EOC = 1 while a conversion is in progress and EOC = 0 if the conversion is complete. When testing EOC, if the conversion is complete (EOC =0), the device will exit the low power mode during the EOC test. In order to allow the device to return to the low power sleep state, CS must be pulled HIGH before the first rising 2.7V TO 5.5V 1F 9 VCC FO = EXTERNAL CLOCK SOURCE = INTERNAL OSC/SIMULTANEOUS 50Hz/60Hz REJECTION VCC 19 LTC2439-1 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC REF + SDI 12 REF - SCK 21 * * * ANALOG INPUTS 11 CH0 * * * 28 1 * * * SDO CH8 * CS 10k 4-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 17 16 * * 8 CH15 10 TEST EOC CH7 20 18 COM GND 15 <tEOCtest CS SDO Hi-Z BIT 18 BIT 17 BIT 16 BIT 15 EOC "O" SIG MSB BIT 14 BIT 13 BIT 12 BIT 11 BIT 6 BIT 0 TEST EOC LSB Hi-Z Hi-Z Hi-Z SCK (INTERNAL) SDI DON'T CARE (1) CONVERSION (0) EN SGL ODD/ SIGN A2 A1 A0 DATA OUTPUT SLEEP DON'T CARE CONVERSION 24391 F09 SLEEP Figure 9. Internal Serial Clock, Single Cycle Operation For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 24391fb 17 LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION However, certain applications may require an external driver on SCK. If this driver goes Hi-Z after outputting a LOWsignal, the LTC2439-1's internal pull-up remains disabled. Hence, SCK remains LOW. On the next falling edge of CS, the device is switched to the external SCK timing mode. By adding an external 10k pull-up resistor to SCK, this pin goes HIGH once the external driver goes Hi-Z. On the next CS falling edge, the device will remain in the internal SCK timing mode. Typically, CS remains LOW during the data output state. However, the data output state may be aborted by pulling CS HIGH anytime between the first and 19th rising edge of SCK, see Figure 10. On the rising edge of CS, the device aborts the data output state and immediately initiates a new conversion. If the device has not finished loading the last input bit (A0 of SDI) by the time CS is pulled HIGH, the address information is discarded and the previous address is still kept. This is useful for aborting an invalid conversion cycle, or synchronizing the start of a conversion. If CS is pulled HIGH while the converter is driving SCK LOW, the internal pull-up is not available to restore SCK to a logic HIGH state. This will cause the device to exit the internal serial clock mode on the next falling edge of CS. This can be avoided by adding an external 10k pull-up resistor to the SCK pin or by never pulling CS HIGH when SCK is LOW. A similar situation may occur during the sleep state when CS is pulsed HIGH-LOW-HIGH in order to test the conversion status. If the device is in the sleep state (EOC = 0), SCK will go LOW. Once CS goes HIGH (within the time period defined above as tEOCtest), the internal pull-up is activated. For a heavy capacitive load on the SCK pin, the internal pull-up may not be adequate to return SCK to a HIGH level before CS goes low again. This is not a concern under normal conditions where CS remains LOW after detecting EOC = 0. This situation is easily overcome by adding an external 10k pull-up resistor to the SCK pin. Whenever SCK is LOW, the LTC2439-1's internal pull-up at pin SCK is disabled. Normally, SCK is not externally driven if the device is in the internal SCK timing mode. 2.7V TO 5.5V 1F 9 VCC FO = EXTERNAL CLOCK SOURCE = INTERNAL OSC/SIMULTANEOUS 50Hz/60Hz REJECTION V 19 CC LTC2439-1 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC TEST EOC (OPTIONAL) > tEOCtest REF + SDI 12 REF - SCK 21 * * * ANALOG INPUTS 11 28 1 * * * 8 10 CH0 * * * CH7 SDO CH8 * CS 20 10k 18 4-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 17 16 * * CH15 COM GND 15 <tEOCtest CS TEST EOC BIT 0 SDO EOC Hi-Z Hi-Z Hi-Z BIT 18 BIT 17 BIT 16 BIT 15 EOC "O" SIG MSB BIT 14 BIT 13 BIT 12 BIT 11 Hi-Z BIT 4 TEST EOC Hi-Z SCK (INTERNAL) SDI SLEEP DON'T CARE DATA OUTPUT (1) CONVERSION (0) EN SGL ODD/ SIGN A2 A1 DATA OUTPUT SLEEP A0 DON'T CARE CONVERSION 24391 F10 SLEEP Figure 10. Internal Serial Clock, Reduced Data Output Length 24391fb 18 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Internal Serial Clock, 3-Wire I/O, Continuous Conversion immediately begins outputting data. The data input/output cycle begins on the first rising edge of SCK and ends after the 19th rising edge. The input data is then shifted in via the SDI pin on the rising edge of SCK (including the first rising edge) and the output data is shifted out of the SDO pin on each falling edge of SCK. The internally generated serial clock is output to the SCK pin. This signal may be used to shift the conversion result into external circuitry. EOC can be latched on the first rising edge of SCK and the last bit of the conversion result can be latched on the 19th rising edge of SCK. After the 19th rising edge, SDO goes HIGH (EOC = 1) indicating a new conversion is in progress. SCK remains HIGH during the conversion. This timing mode uses a 3-wire interface. The conversion result is shifted out of the device by an internally generated serial clock (SCK) signal, see Figure 11. CS may be permanently tied to ground, simplifying the user interface or isolation barrier. The internal serial clock mode is selected at the end of the power-on reset (POR) cycle. The POR cycle is concluded approximately 1ms after VCC exceeds 2V. An internal weak pull-up is active during the POR cycle; therefore, the internal serial clock timing mode is automatically selected if SCK is not externally driven LOW (if SCK is loaded such that the internal pull-up cannot pull the pin HIGH, the external SCK mode will be selected). PRESERVING THE CONVERTER ACCURACY The LTC2439-1 is designed to reduce as much as possible the conversion result sensitivity to device decoupling, PCB layout, anti-aliasing circuits, line frequency perturbations and so on. Nevertheless, in order to preserve the accuracy capability of this part, some simple precautions are desirable. During the conversion, the SCK and the serial data output pin (SDO) are HIGH (EOC = 1). Once the conversion is complete, SCK and SDO go LOW (EOC = 0) indicating the conversion has finished and the device has entered the low power sleep state. The part remains in the sleep state a minimum amount of time (1/2 the internal SCK period) then 2.7V TO 5.5V 1F 9 VCC FO = EXTERNAL CLOCK SOURCE = INTERNAL OSC/SIMULTANEOUS 50Hz/60Hz REJECTION 19 LTC2439-1 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC REF + 12 - 21 * * * ANALOG INPUTS 11 28 1 * * * 8 10 CS BIT 18 SDO EOC BIT 17 BIT 16 SIG "O" BIT 15 BIT 14 REF SDI SCK CH0 * * * CH7 SDO CH8 * CS 20 18 3-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 17 16 * * CH15 COM BIT 13 GND BIT 12 15 BIT 11 BIT 6 BIT 0 LSB MSB SCK (INTERNAL) SDI DON'T CARE CONVERSION (1) (0) EN SGL ODD/ SIGN A2 A1 A0 DON'T CARE DATA OUTPUT CONVERSION 24391 F11 Figure 11. Internal Serial Clock, CS = 0 Continuous Operation 24391fb For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 19 LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Digital Signal Levels The LTC2439-1's digital interface is easy to use. Its digital inputs (SDI, FO, CS and SCK in External SCK mode of operation) accept standard TTL/CMOS logic levels and the internal hysteresis receivers can tolerate edge rates as slow as 100s. However, some considerations are required to take advantage of the accuracy and low supply current of this converter. The digital output signals (SDO and SCK in Internal SCK mode of operation) are less of a concern because they are not generally active during the conversion state. While a digital input signal is in the range 0.5V to (VCC - 0.5V), the CMOS input receiver draws additional current from the power supply. It should be noted that, when any one of the digital input signals (SDI, FO, CS and SCK in External SCK mode of operation) is within this range, the power supply current may increase even if the signal in question is at a valid logic level. For micropower operation, it is recommended to drive all digital input signals to full CMOS levels [VIL < 0.4V and VOH > (VCC - 0.4V)]. During the conversion period, the undershoot and/or overshoot of a fast digital signal connected to the pins may severely disturb the analog to digital conversion process. Undershoot and overshoot can occur because of the impedance mismatch at the converter pin when the transition time of an external control signal is less than twice the propagation delay from the driver to LTC2439-1. For reference, on a regular FR-4 board, signal propagation velocity is approximately 183ps/inch for internal traces and 170ps/inch for surface traces. Thus, a driver generating a control signal with a minimum transition time of 1ns must be connected to the converter pin through a trace shorter than 2.5 inches. This problem becomes particularly difficult when shared control lines are used and multiple reflections may occur. The solution is to carefully terminate all transmission lines close to their characteristic impedance. Parallel termination near the LTC2439-1 pin will eliminate this problem but will increase the driver power dissipation. A series resistor between 27 and 56 placed near the driver or near the LTC2439-1 pin will also eliminate this problem without additional power dissipation. The actual resistor value depends upon the trace impedance and connection topology. An alternate solution is to reduce the edge rate of the control signals. It should be noted that using very slow edges will increase the converter power supply current during the transition time. The differential input and reference architecture reduce substantially the converter's sensitivity to ground currents. Particular attention must be given to the connection of the FO signal when the LTC2439-1 is used with an external conversion clock. This clock is active during the conversion time and the normal mode rejection provided by the internal digital filter is not very high at this frequency. A normal mode signal of this frequency at the converter reference terminals may result into DC gain and INL errors. A normal mode signal of this frequency at the converter input terminals may result into a DC offset error. Such perturbations may occur due to asymmetric capacitive coupling between the FO signal trace and the converter input and/or reference connection traces. An immediate solution is to maintain maximum possible separation between the FO signal trace and the input/reference signals. When the FO signal is parallel terminated near the converter, substantial AC current is flowing in the loop formed by the FO connection trace, the termination and the ground return path. Thus, perturbation signals may be inductively coupled into the converter input and/or reference. In this situation, the user must reduce to a minimum the loop area for the FO signal as well as the loop area for the differential input and reference connections. Driving the Input and Reference The input and reference pins of the LTC2439-1 converter are directly connected to a network of sampling capacitors. Depending upon the relation between the differential input voltage and the differential reference voltage, these capacitors are switching between these four pins transferring small amounts of charge in the process. A simplified equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 12. For a simple approximation, the source impedance RS driving an analog input pin (IN+, IN-, REF+ or REF-) can be considered to form, together with RSW and CEQ (see 24391fb 20 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Figure 12), a first order passive network with a time constant = (RS + RSW) * CEQ. The converter is able to sample the input signal with better than 1LSB accuracy if the sampling period is at least 11 times greater than the input circuit time constant . The sampling process on the four input analog pins is quasi-independent so each time constant should be considered by itself and, under worst-case circumstances, the errors may add. When using the internal oscillator (FO = LOW), the LTC24391's front-end switched-capacitor network is clocked at 69900Hz corresponding to a 14.3s sampling period. Thus, for settling errors of less than 1LSB, the driving source impedance should be chosen such that 14.3s/11 = 1.3s. When an external oscillator of IREF+ VCC ILEAK VIN+ RSW (TYP) 20k CEQ 18pF (TYP) ILEAK VCC VIN - VREF - VCC RSW (TYP) 20k I REF + ( ) ( ) I REF - VIN + VINCM - VREFCM 0.5*REQ = -VIN + VINCM - VREFCM 0.5*REQ AVG AVG = 2 1.5* VREF - VINCM + VREFCM VIN - 0.5*REQ VREF *REQ = 2 -1.5* VREF - VINCM + VREFCM VIN + 0.5*REQ VREF *REQ where: REF + +REF - VREFCM = 2 ILEAK ILEAK AVG = VREF = REF + -REF - RSW (TYP) 20k ILEAK AVG - ILEAK IREF - If complete settling occurs on the input, conversion results will be unaffected by the dynamic input current. An incomplete settling of the input signal sampling process may result in gain and offset errors, but it will not degrade the INL performance of the converter. Figure 12 shows the mathematical expressions for the average bias currents flowing through the IN+ and IN- pins as a result of the sampling charge transfers when integrated over a substantial time period (longer than 64 internal clock cycles). ( ) I(IN ) RSW (TYP) 20k ILEAK VREF+ IIN - Input Current I IN+ VCC IIN+ frequency fEOSC is used, the sampling period is 2/fEOSC and, for a settling error of less than 1LSB, 0.18/fEOSC. VIN =IN+ -IN- 24391 F12 ILEAK SWITCHING FREQUENCY fSW = 69900Hz INTERNAL OSCILLATOR (FO = LOW) fSW = 0.5 * fEOSC EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR IN+ -IN- VINCM = 2 REQ = 3.97M INTERNAL OSCILLATOR 50Hz/60Hz Notch (FO = LOW ) ( ) REQ = 0.555*1012 /fEOSC EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR Figure 12. LTC2439-1 Equivalent Analog Input Circuit 24391fb For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 21 LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Larger values of input capacitors (CIN > 0.01F) may be required in certain configurations for anti-aliasing or general input signal filtering. Such capacitors will average the input sampling charge and the external source resistance will see a quasi constant input differential impedance. When FO = LOW (internal oscillator and 50Hz/60Hz notch), the typical differential input resistance is 2M which will generate a gain error of approximately 1LSB at full scale for each 60 of source resistance driving IN+ or IN-. When FO is driven by an external oscillator with a frequency fEOSC (external conversion clock operation), the typical differential input resistance is 0.28 * 1012/fEOSC and each ohm of source resistance driving IN+ or IN- will result in VINCM + 0.5VIN IN + CIN CPAR 20pF RSOURCE VINCM - 0.5VIN LTC2439-1 IN - CIN CPAR 20pF 24361 F13 Figure 13. An RC Network at IN+ and IN- 3 CIN = 0.01F CIN = 0.001F +FS ERROR (LSB) For relatively small values of input capacitance (CIN < 0.01F), the voltage on the sampling capacitor settles almost completely and relatively large values for the source impedance result in only small errors. Such values for CIN will deteriorate the converter offset and gain performance without significant benefits of signal filtering and the user is advised to avoid them. Nevertheless, when small values of CIN are unavoidably present as parasitics of input multiplexers, wires, connectors or sensors, the LTC2439-1 can maintain its accuracy while operating with relative large values of source resistance as shown in Figures 14 and 15. These measured results may be slightly different from the first order approximation suggested earlier because they include the effect of the actual second order input network together with the nonlinear settling process of the input amplifiers. For small CIN values, the settling on IN+ and IN- occurs almost independently and there is little benefit in trying to match the source impedance for the two pins. RSOURCE CIN = 100pF 2 CIN = 0pF VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF - = GND IN + = 5V IN - = 2.5V FO = GND TA = 25C 1 0 1 10 100 1k RSOURCE () 10k 100k 24361 F14 Figure 14. +FS Error vs RSOURCE at IN+ or IN- (Small CIN) 0 -FS ERROR (LSB) The effect of this input dynamic current can be analyzed using the test circuit of Figure 13. The CPAR capacitor includes the LTC2439-1 pin capacitance (5pF typical) plus the capacitance of the test fixture used to obtain the results shown in Figures 14 and 15. A careful implementation can bring the total input capacitance (CIN + CPAR) closer to 5pF thus achieving better performance than the one predicted by Figures 14 and 15. For simplicity, two distinct situations can be considered. VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF - = GND IN + = GND IN - = 2.5V FO = GND TA = 25C -1 CIN = 0.01F -2 CIN = 0.001F CIN = 100pF -3 CIN = 0pF 1 10 100 1k RSOURCE () 10k 100k 24361 F15 Figure 15. -FS Error vs RSOURCE at IN+ or IN- (Small CIN) 24391fb 22 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION If possible, it is desirable to operate with the input signal common mode voltage very close to the reference signal common mode voltage as is the case in the ratiometric measurement of a symmetric bridge. This configuration eliminates the offset error caused by mismatched source impedances. The magnitude of the dynamic input current depends upon the size of the very stable internal sampling capacitors and upon the accuracy of the converter sampling clock. The accuracy of the internal clock over the entire temperature and power supply range is typically better than 0.5%. Such a specification can also be easily achieved by an external clock. When relatively stable resistors (50ppm/C) are used for the external source impedance seen by IN+ and IN-, VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF - = GND IN + = 3.75V IN - = 1.25V FO = GND TA = 25C +FS ERROR (LSB) 16 12 CIN = 1F, 10F CIN = 0.1F 8 CIN = 0.01F 4 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 RSOURCE () 24361 F16 Figure 16. +FS Error vs RSOURCE at IN+ or IN- (Large CIN) 0 CIN = 0.01F -4 -FS ERROR (LSB) In addition to this gain error, an offset error term may also appear. The offset error is proportional with the mismatch between the source impedance driving the two input pins IN+ and IN- and with the difference between the input and reference common mode voltages. While the input drive circuit nonzero source impedance combined with the converter average input current will not degrade the INL performance, indirect distortion may result from the modulation of the offset error by the common mode component of the input signal. Thus, when using large CIN capacitor values, it is advisable to carefully match the source impedance seen by the IN+ and IN- pins. When FO = LOW (internal oscillator and 50Hz/60Hz notch), every 60 mismatch in source impedance transforms a fullscale common mode input signal into a differential mode input signal of 1LSB. When FO is driven by an external oscillator with a frequency fEOSC, every 1 mismatch in source impedance transforms a full-scale common mode input signal into a differential mode input signal of 1.11 * 10-7 * fEOSCLSB. Figure 18 shows the typical offset error due to input common mode voltage for various values of source resistance imbalance between the IN+ and IN- pins when large CIN values are used. 20 -8 CIN = 0.1F VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF - = GND IN + = 1.25V IN - = 3.75V FO = GND TA = 25C -12 -16 -20 CIN = 1F, 10F 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 RSOURCE () 24361 F17 Figure 17. -FS Error vs RSOURCE at IN+ or IN- (Large CIN) 8 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF - = GND IN + = IN - = VINCM A OFFSET ERROR (LSB) 1.11 * 10-7 * fEOSCLSB gain error at full scale. The effect of the source resistance on the two input pins is additive with respect to this gain error. The typical +FS and -FS errors as a function of the sum of the source resistance seen by IN+ and IN- for large values of CIN are shown in Figures 16 and 17. 4 B C D 0 E F -4 -8 FO = GND TA = 25C RSOURCEIN - = 500 CIN = 10F G 0 0.5 1 1.5 A: RIN = +400 B: RIN = +200 C: RIN = +100 D: RIN = 0 2 2.5 3 VINCM (V) 3.5 4 4.5 5 E: RIN = -100 F: RIN = -200 G: RIN = -400 24361 F18 Figure 18. Offset Error vs Common Mode Voltage (VINCM = IN+ = IN-) and Input Source Resistance Imbalance (RIN = RSOURCEIN+ - RSOURCEIN-) for Large CIN Values (CIN 1F) 24391fb For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 23 LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION the expected drift of the dynamic current, offset and gain errors will be insignificant (about 1% of their respective values over the entire temperature and voltage range). Even for the most stringent applications, a one-time calibration operation may be sufficient. In addition to the input sampling charge, the input ESD protection diodes have a temperature dependent leakage current. This current, nominally 1nA (10nA max), results in a small offset shift. A 15k source resistance will create a 0LSB typical and 1LSB maximum offset voltage. Reference Current In a similar fashion, the LTC2439-1 samples the differential reference pins REF+ and REF- transferring small amount of charge to and from the external driving circuits thus producing a dynamic reference current. This current does not change the converter offset, but it may degrade the gain and INL performance. The effect of this current can be analyzed in the same two distinct situations. For relatively small values of the external reference capacitors (CREF < 0.01F), the voltage on the sampling capacitor settles almost completely and relatively large values for the source impedance result in only small errors. Such values for CREF will deteriorate the converter offset and gain performance without significant benefits of reference filtering and the user is advised to avoid them. Larger values of reference capacitors (CREF > 0.01F) may be required as reference filters in certain configurations. Such capacitors will average the reference sampling 3 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF - = GND IN + = 5V IN - = 2.5V FO = GND TA = 25C -1 In addition to this gain error, the converter INL performance is degraded by the reference source impedance. When FO = LOW (internal oscillator and 50Hz/60Hz notch), every 1000 of source resistance driving REF+ or REF- translates into about 1LSB additional INL error. When FO is driven by an external oscillator with a frequency fEOSC, every 100 of source resistance driving REF+ or REF- translates into about 5.5 * 10-7 * fEOSCLSB additional INL error. Figure 23 shows the typical INL error due to the source resistance driving the REF+ or REF- pins when large CREF values are used. The effect of the source resistance on the two reference pins is additive with respect to this INL error. In general, matching of source impedance for CREF = 0.01F CREF = 0.001F -FS ERROR (LSB) +FS ERROR (LSB) 0 charge and the external source resistance will see a quasi constant reference differential impedance. When FO = LOW (internal oscillator and 50Hz/60Hz notch), the typical differential reference resistance is 1.4M which will generate a gain error of approximately 1LSB full scale for each 40 of source resistance driving REF+ or REF-. When FO is driven by an external oscillator with a frequency fEOSC (external conversion clock operation), the typical differential reference resistance is 0.20 * 1012/fEOSC and each ohm of source resistance driving REF+ or REF- will result in 1.54 * 10-7 * fEOSCLSB gain error at full scale. The effect of the source resistance on the two reference pins is additive with respect to this gain error. The typical +FS and -FS errors for various combinations of source resistance seen by the REF+ and REF- pins and external capacitance CREF connected to these pins are shown in Figures 19, 20, 21 and 22. CREF = 0.01F -2 CREF = 100pF 2 CREF = 0pF VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF - = GND IN + = GND IN - = 2.5V FO = GND TA = 25C 1 CREF = 0.001F CREF = 100pF -3 CREF = 0pF 1 10 100 1k RSOURCE () 10k 100k 0 1 24361 F19 Figure 19. +FS Error vs RSOURCE at REF+ or REF- (Small CIN) 24 10 100 1k RSOURCE () 10k 100k 2412 F19 Figure 20. -FS Error vs RSOURCE at REF+ or REF- (Small CIN) For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 24391fb LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION 0 30 CREF = 0.01F 22 11 17 22 30 -FS ERROR (LSB) +FS ERROR (LSB) 6 CREF = 0.1F VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF - = GND IN + = 3.75V IN - = 1.25V FO = GND TA = 25C 17 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF - = GND IN + = 1.25V IN - = 3.75V FO = GND TA = 25C CREF = 0.1F 11 CREF = 0.01F 6 CREF = 1F, 10F 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 RSOURCE () 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 RSOURCE () 24361 F21 Figure 21. +FS Error vs RSOURCE at REF+ and REF- (Large CREF) INL (LSB) 1 RSOURCE = 1000 0 -1 -0.5 -0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 VINDIF/VREFDIF VCC = 5V FO = GND REF+ = 5V CREF = 10F - = GND REF TA = 25C 24361 F23 VINCM = 0.5 * (IN + + IN -) = 2.5V Figure 23. INL vs Differential Input Voltage (VIN = IN+ - IN-) and Reference Source Resistance (RSOURCE at REF+ and REF- for Large CREF Values (CREF 1F) the REF+ and REF- pins does not help the gain or the INL error. The user is thus advised to minimize the combined source impedance driving the REF+ and REF- pins rather than to try to match it. The magnitude of the dynamic reference current depends upon the size of the very stable internal sampling capacitors and upon the accuracy of the converter sampling clock. The accuracy of the internal clock over the entire temperature and power supply range is typical better than 0.5%. Such a specification can also be easily achieved by an external clock. When relatively stable resistors (50ppm/C) are used for the external source impedance seen by REF+ and REF-, the expected drift of the dynamic current gain CREF = 1F, 10F 24361 F22 Figure 22. -FS Error vs RSOURCE at REF+ and REF- (Large CREF) error will be insignificant (about 1% of its value over the entire temperature and voltage range). Even for the most stringent applications a one-time calibration operation may be sufficient. In addition to the reference sampling charge, the reference pins ESD protection diodes have a temperature dependent leakage current. This leakage current, nominally 1nA (10nA max), results in a small gain error. A 100 source resistance will create a 0.05V typical and 0.5V maximum full-scale error. Output Data Rate When using its internal oscillator, the LTC2439-1 can produce up to 6.8 readings per second. The actual output data rate will depend upon the length of the sleep and data output phases which are controlled by the user and which can be made insignificantly short. When operated with an external conversion clock (FO connected to an external oscillator), the LTC2439-1 output data rate can be increased as desired. The duration of the conversion phase is 20510/ fEOSC. If fEOSC = 139,800Hz, the converter behaves as if the internal oscillator is used with simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz. There is no significant difference in the LTC24391 performance between these two operation modes. An increase in fEOSC over the nominal 139,800Hz will translate into a proportional increase in the maximum output data rate. This substantial advantage is nevertheless accompanied by three potential effects, which must be carefully considered. For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 24391fb 25 LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION First, a change in fEOSC will result in a proportional change in the internal notch position and in a reduction of the converter differential mode rejection at the power line frequency. In many applications, the subsequent performance degradation can be substantially reduced by relying upon the LTC2439-1's exceptional common mode rejection and by carefully eliminating common mode to differential mode conversion sources in the input circuit. The user should avoid single-ended input filters and should maintain a very high degree of matching and symmetry in the circuits driving the IN+ and IN- pins. Second, the increase in clock frequency will increase proportionally the amount of sampling charge transferred through the input and the reference pins. If large external input and/or reference capacitors (CIN, CREF) are used, the previous section provides formulae for evaluating the effect of the source resistance upon the converter performance for any value of fEOSC. If small external input and/ or reference capacitors (CIN, CREF) are used, the effect of the external source resistance upon the LTC2439-1 typical performance can be inferred from Figures 14, 15, 19 and 20 in which the horizontal axis is scaled by 139,800/fEOSC. Third, an increase in the frequency of the external oscillator above 460800Hz (a more than 3x increase in the output data rate) will start to decrease the effectiveness of the internal auto-calibration circuits. This will result in a progressive degradation in the converter accuracy and linearity. Typical measured performance curves for output data rates up to 100 readings per second are shown in Figures 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29. In order to obtain the highest possible level of accuracy from this converter at output data rates above 20 readings per second, the user is advised to maximize the power supply voltage used and to limit the maximum ambient operating temperature. In certain circumstances, a reduction of the differential reference voltage may be beneficial. Increasing Input Resolution by Reducing Reference Voltage The resolution of the LTC2439-1 can be increased by reducing the reference voltage. It is often necessary to amplify low level signals to increase the voltage resolution of ADCs that cannot operate with a low reference voltage. The LTC2439-1 can be used with reference voltages as low as 100mV, corresponding to a 50mV input range with full 16-bit resolution. Reducing the reference voltage is functionally equivalent to amplifying the input signal, however no amplifier is required. The LTC2439-1 has a 76V LSB when used with a 5V reference, however the thermal noise of the inputs is 1VRMS and is independent of reference voltage. Thus reducing the reference voltage will increase the resolution at the inputs as long as the LSB voltage is significantly larger than 1VRMS. A 325mV reference corresponds to a 5V LSB, which is approximately the peak-to-peak value of the 1VRMS input thermal noise. At this point, the output code will be stable to 1LSB for a fixed input. As the reference is decreased further, the measured noise will approach 1VRMS. Figure 30 shows two methods of dividing down the reference voltage to the LTC2439-1. Where absolute accuracy is required, a precision divider such as the Vishay MPM series dividers in a SOT-23 package may be used. A 51:1 divider provides a 98mV reference to the LTC24391 from a 5V source. The resulting 49mV input range and 1.5V LSB is suitable for thermocouple and 10mV full-scale strain gauge measurements. If high initial accuracy is not critical, a standard 2% resistor array such as the Panasonic EXB series may be used. Single package resistor arrays provide better temperature stability than discrete resistors. An array of eight resistors can be configured as shown to provide a 294mV reference to the LTC2439-1 from a 5V source. The fully differential property of the LTC2439-1 reference terminals allow the reference voltage to be taken from four central resistors in the network connected in parallel, minimizing drift in the presence of thermal gradients. This is an ideal reference for medium accuracy sensors such as silicon micromachined pressure and force sensors. These devices typically have accuracies on the order of 2% and full-scale outputs of 50mV to 200mV. 24391fb 26 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 LTC2439-1 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION 420 15 360 TA = 85C TA = 25C 0 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF - = GND IN + = 3.75V IN - = 1.25V FO = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR 300 60 -FS ERROR (LSB) VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF - = GND VINCM = 2.5V VIN = 0V FO = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR +FS ERROR (LSB) OFFSET ERROR (LSB) 30 240 180 TA = 85C 120 TA = 25C 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 0 13 0 TA = 85C 14 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF - = GND VINCM = 2.5V -2.5V < VIN < 2.5V FO = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR RESOLUTION = LOG2(VREF/INLMAX) 12 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 24361 F27 Figure 27. Resolution (NoiseRMS 1LSB) vs Output Data Rate and Temperature TA = 25C OFFSET ERROR (LSB) RESOLUTION (BITS) RESOLUTION (BITS) 14 12 24361 F26 16 16 16 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF - = GND VINCM = 2.5V VIN = 0V FO = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR RESOLUTION = LOG2(VREF/NOISERMS) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) Figure 26. -FS Error vs Output Data Rate and Temperature 18 TA = 85C 0 Figure 25. +FS Error vs Output Data Rate and Temperature 17 15 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF - = GND IN + = 1.25V IN - = 3.75V FO = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR 300 24361 F25 Figure 24. Offset Error vs Output Data Rate and Temperature TA = 25C 240 420 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 24361 F24 TA = 25C 180 360 60 0 TA = 85C 120 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 24361 F28 Figure 28. Resolution (INLMAX 1LSB) vs Output Data Rate and Temperature VCC = 5V REF + = GND VINCM = 2.5V VIN = 0V FO = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR TA = 25C 8 VREF = 5V VREF = 2.5V 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 24361 F29 Figure 29. Offset Error vs Output Data Rate and Reference Voltage 24391fb For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 27 LTC2439-1 PACKAGE DESCRIPTION Please refer to http://www.linear.com/designtools/packaging/ for the most recent package drawings. GN Package 28-Lead Plastic SSOP (Narrow .150 Inch) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1641 Rev B) .386 - .393* (9.804 - 9.982) .045 .005 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 1615 .033 (0.838) REF .150 - .165 .254 MIN .229 - .244 (5.817 - 6.198) .150 - .157** (3.810 - 3.988) .0250 BSC .0165 .0015 1 RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT .015 .004 x 45 (0.38 0.10) .0075 - .0098 (0.19 - 0.25) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 .0532 - .0688 (1.35 - 1.75) 9 10 11 12 13 14 .004 - .0098 (0.102 - 0.249) 0 - 8 TYP .016 - .050 (0.406 - 1.270) NOTE: 1. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCHES INCHES 2. DIMENSIONS ARE IN (MILLIMETERS) .008 - .012 (0.203 - 0.305) TYP .0250 (0.635) BSC GN28 REV B 0212 3. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 4. PIN 1 CAN BE BEVEL EDGE OR A DIMPLE *DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.006" (0.152mm) PER SIDE **DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH. INTERLEAD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.010" (0.254mm) PER SIDE 24391fb 28 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 LTC2439-1 REVISION HISTORY (Revision history begins at Rev B) REV DATE DESCRIPTION B 09/15 Reformatted Order Information. PAGE NUMBER 2 24391fb Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of itsinformation circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. For more www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 29 LTC2439-1 TYPICAL APPLICATION PANASONIC EXB-2HV202G REF + 5V 5V 8 x 2k ARRAY 0.1F 9 REF - VREF = 294mV 147mV INPUT RANGE 4.5V LSB 11 5V VISHAY MPM1001/5002B 5V 50k REF + 1k HONEYWELL FSL05N2C 500 GRAM FORCE SENSOR 12 21 22 4.7F VCC FO REF + REF - SD1 8 10 15 REF - 20 CH0 LTC2439-1 CH1 SCK SDO THERMOCOUPLE 19 CH15 CS 18 17 16 CH10 GND 24391 F30 VREF = 95.04mV 49mV INPUT RANGE 1.5V LSB Figure 30. Increased Resolution Bridge/Temperature Measurement RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LTC1043 Dual Precision Instrumentation Switched Capacitor Building Block Precise, Charge Balanced Switching, Low Power LT1236 Precision Bandgap Reference, 5V 0.05% Max, 5ppm/C Drift LT1461 Micropower Precision LDO Reference High Accuracy 0.04% Max, 3ppm/C Max Drift LTC2400 24-Bit, No Latency ADC in SO-8 0.3ppm Noise, 4ppm INL, 10ppm Total Unadjusted Error, 200A LTC2401/LTC2402 1-/2-Channel, 24-Bit, No Latency ADC in MSOP 0.6ppm Noise, 4ppm INL, 10ppm Total Unadjusted Error, 200A LTC2404/LTC2408 4-/8-Channel, 24-Bit, No Latency ADC 0.3ppm Noise, 4ppm INL, 10ppm Total Unadjusted Error, 200A LTC2410 24-Bit, Fully Differential, No Latency ADC 0.16ppm Noise, 2ppm INL, 3ppm Total Unadjusted Error, 200A LTC2411 24-Bit, No Latency ADC in MSOP 1.45VRMS Noise, 2ppm INL LTC2411-1 24-Bit, Simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz Rejection ADC 0.3ppm Noise, 2ppm INL, Pin Compatible with LTC2411 LTC2412 2-Channel, 24-Bit, Pin Compatible with LTC2439-1 800nV Noise, 2ppm INL, 3ppm TUE, 200A LTC2413 24-Bit, No Latency ADC Simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz Rejection, 800nVRMS Noise LTC2414/LTC2418 8-/16-Channel, 24-Bit No Latency ADC 0.2ppm Noise, 2ppm INL, 3ppm Total Unadjusted Error, 200A LTC2415 24-Bit, No Latency ADC with 15Hz Output Rate Pin Compatible with the LTC2410 LTC2420 20-Bit, No Latency ADC in SO-8 1.2ppm Noise, 8ppm INL, Pin Compatible with LTC2400 LTC2424/LTC2428 4-/8-Channel, 20-Bit, No Latency ADCs 1.2ppm Noise, 8ppm INL, Pin Compatible with LTC2404/LTC2408 LTC2433-1 Differential Single Channel 16-Bit ADC Low Noise, 16-Bits at 50mV Input Range LTC2436-1 2-Channel Differential 16-Bit ADC Low Noise, 16-Bits at 50mV Input Range LTC2440 High Speed, Low Noise 24-Bit ADC 4kHz Output Rate, 200nV Noise, 24.6 ENOBs LTC2444/LTC2445/ 8-/16-Channel High Speed, Low Noise 24-Bit ADC LTC2448/LTC2449 4kHz MUX Rate, 200nV Noise 24391fb 30 Linear Technology Corporation 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 (408) 432-1900 FAX: (408) 434-0507 www.linear.com/LTC2439-1 LT 0915 REV B * PRINTED IN USA LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2005