Low Power, Low Profile 1.5 g Dual Axis Accelerometer with I2C Interface MXC6232xE/F FEATURES VDD RoHS compliant I2C Slave, FAST (400 KHz.) mode interface 1.8V compatible I/O Embedded Power up/down and self-test function On-chip temperature sensor Eight, customer defined 7-bit addresses 2.7 V to 3.6 V single supply continuous operation Monolithic CMOS IC Low power consumption: typically <2 mA @ 3.0 V Resolution better than 1 mg On chip mixed signal processing >50,000 g shock survival rating Low profile LCC package: 5mm X 5mm X 1.55mm TEMP CLK PD VREF Temperature Sensor CLK No Connection TEMP Coarse Gain Adj. Heater Control Fine Gain Adj. Temp Comp. X aixs Fine Gain Adj. Temp Comp. Y aixs Acceleration Sensor CLK No Connection A/D CLK TEMP CLK CLK Coarse Gain Adj. CLKTEMP IIC Convertor SCL SDA A/D CLK CLK GND APPLICATIONS Information Appliances - Cell Phones, PDA's, Computer Peripherals, Mouse, Smart Pens Consumer - LCD Projectors, Pedometers, Blood Pressure Monitor, Digital Cameras Gaming - Joystick/RF Interface/Menu Selection/Tilt Sensing GPS - Electronic Compass Tilt Correction, Dead Reckoning Assist GENERAL DESCRIPTION The MXC6232xE/F is low cost, dual axis accelerometers fabricated on a standard, submicron CMOS process. It is a complete sensing system with on-chip mixed signal processing and integrated I2C bus, allowing the device to be connected directly to a microprocessor eliminating the need for A/D converters or timing resources. The MXC6232xE/F measures acceleration with a full-scale range of 1.5 g and a sensitivity of 512counts/g (E) or 128counts/g (F) @3.0 V at 25C. It can measure both dynamic acceleration (e.g. vibration) and static acceleration (e.g. gravity). The MXC6232xE/F design is based on heat convection and requires no solid proof mass. Information furnished by MEMSIC is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by MEMSIC for its use, or for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of MEMSIC. MEMSIC MXC6232xE/F Rev.A Internal Oscillator TP Page 1 of 9 MXC6232xE/F FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM The MXC6232xE/F is packaged in a hermetically sealed, low profile LCC surface mount package (5 mm x 5 mm x 1.55 mm) and is available in operating temperature ranges of -40C to +105C. This design eliminates the stiction problems associated with legacy technologies and provides shock survival greater than 50,000g's. Memsic's solid state design leads to significantly lower failure rates in customer applications and lower loss due to handling during manufacturing and assembly processes The MXC6232xE/F provides I2C digital output with 400 KHz, fast mode operation. The maximum noise floor is 1mg/ Hz allowing signals below 1mg to be resolved at 1 Hz bandwidth MEMSIC, Inc. One Technology Drive Suite 325,Andover MA01810,USA Tel: +1 978 738 0900 Fax: +1 978 738 0196 www.memsic.com 4/11/2010 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Measurements @ 25C, Acceleration = 0 g unless otherwise noted; VDD = 3.0V unless otherwise specified) Parameter 1 Measurement Range Nonlinearity Alignment Error2 Transverse Sensitivity3 Sensitivity Conditions Min Each Axis Best fit straight line 1.5 MXC6232xE MXC6232xF Sensitivity Change Over Temperature from 25C at -40C from 25C at +105C Zero g Offset Bias Level MXC6232xE MXC6232xF Zero g Offset TC from 25C Tout MXC6232xE MXC6232xF Tout Sensitivity MXC6232xE MXC6232xF Noise Density, RMS Resolution Frequency Response Self-test Output Drive Capability Turn-On Time4 Operating Voltage Range Supply Current Power Down Current Operating Temperature Range @ 1Hz. BW @ -3dB 486 118 Typ Max 0.5 1.0 2.0 512 128 1.0 538 138 155 Units g % of FS degrees % counts/g counts/g % -60 1996 492 3195 0.196 0.753 2048 512 0.4 3375 840 0.217 0.833 0.5 15 0.5 17 1.0 2.7 75 3.0 1.8 @ 2.7 V - 3.6 V -40 2100 532 3555 0.244 0.936 1.0 19 100 100 3.6 2.5 1.0 +105 counts counts mg/C counts counts C/count C/count mg/ Hz mg Hz G A mS V mA A C NOTES: 1 Guaranteed by measurement of initial offset and sensitivity 2 Alignment error is specified as the angle between the true and indicated axis of sensitivity 3 Cross axis sensitivity is the algebraic sum of the alignment and the inherent sensitivity errors 4 Output settled to within 17mg MEMSIC MXC6232xE/F Rev.A Page 2 of 9 4/11/2010 I2C INTERFACE I/O CHARACTERISTICS Parameter Symbol Test Condition Min. Typ. Max. Unit 0.6 V Logic Input Low Level VIL -0.5 Logic Input High Level VIH 1.4 V Hysteresis of Schmitt input Vhys 0.2 V Logic Output Low Level VOL Input Leakage Current Ii SCL Clock Frequency fSCL START Hold Time tHD;STA 0.6 S START Setup Time tSU;STA 0.6 S LOW period of SCL tLOW 1.3 S HIGH period of SCL tHIGH 0.6 S Data Hold Time tHD;DAT 0 Data Setup Time tSU;DAT 0.1 Rise Time tr From VIL to VIH 0.3 S Fall Time tf From VIH to VIL 0.3 S Bus Free Time Between STOP and START STOP Setup Time tBUF 1.3 S tSU;STO 0.6 S 0.4 0.1Vdd<Vin<0.9Vdd -10 10 A 0 400 kHz 0.9 S S SDA tf tLOW tr tf tSU;DAT tHD;STA tSP tr tBUF SCL tHD;STA S tHD;DAT tHIGH tSU;STA Sr tSU;STO P S Timing Definition MEMSIC MXC6232xE/F Rev.A Page 3 of 9 4/11/2010 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS* Supply Voltage (VDD) .....................-0.5 V to +7.0V Storage Temperature ......................-65C to +150C Acceleration ............................................50,000 g *Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only; the functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. Pin Description: LCC-8 Package Pin Name Description 1 NC Do Not Connect 2 COM Connected to Ground 3 GND Connected to Ground 4 TEST Do Not Connect 5 VDD2 Power Supply for I2C bus 6 SCL Serial Clock Line for I2C bus 7 SDA Serial Data Line for I2C bus 8 VDD 2.7 V to 3.6 V I/O NC I I NC I I I/O I Note: The MEMSIC logo's arrow indicates the -X sensing direction of the device. The +Y sensing direction is rotated 90 away from the +X direction following the right-hand rule. Small circle indicates pin one (1). Ordering Guide MXC6232xEP Package type: Code P B Type LCC8 RoHS compliant LCC8, Pb-free RoHS compliant Performance Grade: Code Temp E -40~105C F -40~105C Resolution 12bits 10bits Address code: 0~7 Number Address 0 20H 1 22H 2 24H 3 26H 4 28H 5 2AH 6 2CH 7 2EH All parts are shipped in tape and reel packaging. Caution: ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. MEMSIC MXC6232xE/F Rev.A Page 4 of 9 4/11/2010 THEORY OF OPERATION The MEMSIC device is a complete dual-axis acceleration measurement system fabricated on a monolithic CMOS IC process. The device operation is based on heat transfer by natural convection and operates like other accelerometers except that the proof mass in the MEMSIC sensor is a gas. A single heat source, centered in the silicon chip is suspended across a cavity. Equally spaced aluminum/polysilicon thermopiles (groups of thermocouples) are located equidistantly on all four sides of the heat source (dual axis). Under zero acceleration, a temperature gradient is symmetrical about the heat source, so that the temperature is the same at all four thermopiles, causing them to output the same voltage. COMPENSATION FOR THE CHANGE IN SENSITIVITY OVER TEMPERATURE All thermal accelerometers display the same sensitivity change with temperature. The sensitivity change depends on variations in heat transfer that are governed by the laws of physics. The sensitivity change is governed by the following equation (and shown in following figure in C): Si x Ti3.50 = Sf x Tf3.50 where Si is the sensitivity at any initial temperature Ti, and Sf is the sensitivity at any other final temperature Tf with the temperature values in K. Acceleration in any direction will disturb the temperature profile, due to free convection heat transfer, causing it to be asymmetrical. The temperature, and hence voltage output of the four thermopiles will then be different. The differential voltage at the thermopile outputs is directly proportional to the acceleration. There are two identical acceleration signal paths on the accelerometer, one to measure acceleration in the x-axis and one to measure acceleration in the y-axis. Please visit the MEMSIC website at www.memsic.com for a picture/graphic description of the free convection heat transfer principle. MXC6232xE/F PIN DESCRIPTIONS VDD - This is the supply input for the circuits and the sensor heater in the accelerometer. The DC voltage should be between 2.7 and 3.6 volts. Refer to the section on PCB layout and fabrication suggestions for guidance on external parts and connections recommended. GND- This is the ground pin for the accelerometer. COM- This pin should be connected to ground. TEST- Do Not Connect, factory use only. VDD2- This pin is the I2C input digital power supply, the voltage on this pin determines the I2C bus logic voltage, and is 1.8V compatible. Note: The voltage on this pin should never go higher than the voltage on VDD, if VDD2 has a lower power supply voltage than VDD, power should be applied to VDD first. SDA- This pin is the I2C serial data line, and operates in FAST (400 KHz.) mode. Sensitivity (normalized) 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Temperature (C) Thermal Accelerometer Sensitivity In gaming applications where the game or controller is typically used in a constant temperature environment, sensitivity might not need to be compensated in hardware or software. Any compensation for this effect could be done instinctively by the game player. For applications where sensitivity changes of a few percent are acceptable, the above equation can be approximated with a linear function. Using a linear approximation, an external circuit that provides a gain adjustment of - 1.1%/C would keep the sensitivity within 10% of its room temperature value over a 0C to +50C range. For applications that demand high performance, a low cost micro-controller can be used to implement the above equation. A reference design using a Microchip MCU (p/n 16F873/04-SO) and MEMSIC developed firmware is available by contacting the factory. With this reference design, the sensitivity variation over the full temperature range (-40C to +105C) can be kept below 3%. Please visit the MEMSIC web site at www.memsic.com for reference design information on circuits and programs including look up tables for easily incorporating sensitivity compensation. SCL- This pin is the I2C serial clock line, and operates in FAST (400 KHz.) mode. MEMSIC MXC6232xE/F Rev.A Page 5 of 9 4/11/2010 DISCUSSION OF TILT APPLICATIONS AND RESOLUTION Tilt Applications: One of the most popular applications of the MEMSIC accelerometer product line is in tilt/inclination measurement. An accelerometer uses the force of gravity as an input to determine the inclination angle of an object. A MEMSIC accelerometer is most sensitive to changes in position, or tilt, when the accelerometer's sensitive axis is perpendicular to the force of gravity, or parallel to the Earth's surface. Similarly, when the accelerometer's axis is parallel to the force of gravity (perpendicular to the Earth's surface), it is least sensitive to changes in tilt. Noise (mg rms) = Noise(mg/ Hz ) * ( Bandwidth( Hz ) *1.6) The peak-to-peak noise is approximately equal to 6.6 times the rms value (for an average uncertainty of 0.1%). HARDWARE DESIGN CONSIDERATION 1. One capacitor is recommended for best rejection of power supply noise (reference figure below). The capacitor should be located as close as possible to the device supply pin (VDD). The capacitor lead length should be as short as possible, and a surface mount capacitor is preferred. For typical applications, the capacitor can be ceramic 0.1 F. MEMSIC Following table and figure help illustrate the output changes in the X- and Y-axes as the unit is tilted from +90 to 0. Notice that when one axis has a small change in output per degree of tilt (in mg), the second axis has a large change in output per degree of tilt. The complementary nature of these two signals permits low cost accurate tilt sensing to be achieved with the MEMSIC device (reference application note AN-00MX-007). RESOLUTION The accelerometer resolution is limited by noise. The output noise will vary with the measurement bandwidth. With the reduction of the bandwidth, by applying an external low pass filter, the output noise drops. Reduction of bandwidth will improve the signal to noise ratio and the resolution. The output noise scales directly with the square root of the measurement bandwidth. The maximum amplitude of the noise, its peak- to- peak value, approximately defines the worst case resolution of the measurement. With a simple RC low pass filter, the rms noise is calculated as follows: Accelerometer Position Relative to Gravity X-Axis X-Axis Orientatio n To Earth's Surface (deg.) 90 85 80 70 60 45 30 20 10 5 0 X Output (g) Change per deg. of tilt (mg) Y-Axis Y Output (g) 1.000 0.15 0.000 0.996 1.37 0.087 0.985 2.88 0.174 0.940 5.86 0.342 0.866 8.59 0.500 0.707 12.23 0.707 0.500 15.04 0.866 0.342 16.35 0.940 0.174 17.16 0.985 0.087 17.37 0.996 0.000 17.45 1.000 Changes in Tilt for X- and Y-Axes MEMSIC MXC6232xE/F Rev.A Change per deg. of tilt (mg) 17.45 17.37 17.16 16.35 15.04 12.23 8.59 5.86 2.88 1.37 0.15 Power supply noise rejection 2. 3. 4. 5. Page 6 of 9 Robust low inductance ground wiring should be used. Care should be taken to ensure there is "thermal symmetry" on the PCB immediately surrounding the MEMSIC device and that there is no significant heat source nearby. Based on the experiment, with a 120degC heating source at 11mm away of MEMSIC device, the offset change will be within 5mg. A metal ground plane should be added directly beneath the MEMSIC device. The size of the plane should be similar to the MEMSIC device's footprint and be as thick as possible. Vias can be added symmetrically around the ground plane. These vias will increase the thermal isolation of the device from the rest of the PCB and improve performance. 4/11/2010 SOFTWARE DESIGN CONSIDERATION A register or flag is required between I2C MCU (the master device) and any system level CPU/MCU (if there exists any system level controller (such as a PC based system). The potential issue will be that system level controller may read in MSB and LSB of the same axis from different events of on-chip A/D conversions, since I2C data length is 8 bits while the sensor has data length of 12 bits. I2C INTERFACE DESCRIPTION A slave mode I2C circuit has been implemented into the Memsic thermal accelerometer as a standard interface for customer applications. The A/D converter and MCU functionality have been added to the Memsic sensor, thereby increasing ease-of-use, and lowering power consumption, footprint and total solution cost. The I2C (or Inter IC bus) is an industry standard bidirectional two-wire interface bus. A master I2C device can operate READ/WRITE controls to an unlimited number of devices on the bus by proper addressing. The Memsic accelerometer operates only in a slave mode, i.e. only responding to calls by a master device I2C BUS DATA TRANSFER A data transfer is started with a "START" condition and ended with a "STOP" condition. A "START" condition is defined by a HIGH to LOW transition on the SDA line while SCL line is HIGH. A "STOP" condition is defined by a LOW to HIGH transition on the SDA line while SCL line is HIGH. All data transfer in I2C system is 8-bits long. Each byte has to be followed by an acknowledge bit. Each data transfer involves a total of 9 clock cycles. Data is transferred starting with the most significant bit (MSB). After a "START" condition, master device calls a specific slave device, in our case, the Memsic accelerometer with a 7-bit device address. To avoid potential address conflict, either by ICs from other manufacturers or by other Memsic accelerometers on the same bus, a total of 8 different addresses can be programmed into a Memsic device at the factory. Following the 7-bit address, the 8th bit determines the direction of data transfer: [1] for READ and [0] for WRITE. After being addressed, the available Memsic device being called will respond by an "Acknowledge" signal, which is pulling SDA line LOW. In order to read an acceleration signal, the master device should operate a WRITE action with a code of [xxxxxxx0] into the Memsic device 8-bit internal register. I2C BUS CHARACTERISTICS VDD Bit 0 1 2 3 Name Function PD (Power Down) Power down [1]/on [0] ST (Self-test) Self-test on [1]/off [0] BGTST (bandgap test) Bandgap test [1]/normal[0] TOEN (temperature Temp Out EN [1]/disable[0] out enable) The ST bit serves as a self-test function to verify the Memsic accelerometer is operating properly. BGTST is used to calibrate the temperature output signal's initial offset. By flipping the BGTST bit and taking the average of two readings, the temperature output initial offset will be calibrated to within datasheet specifications. Rp Rp SDA (Serial Data Line) SCL (Serial Clock Line) DEVICE 1 DEVICE 2 I2C bus The two wires in I2C bus are called SDA (serial data line) and SCL (serial clock line). In order for a data transfer to start, the bus has to be free, which is defined by both wires in a HIGH output state. Due to the open-drain/pull-up resistor structure and wire-AND operation, any device on the bus can pull lines low and overwrite a HIGH signal. The data on the SDA line has to be stable during the HIGH period of the SCL line. In other words, valid data can only change when the SCL line is LOW. MEMSIC MXC6232xE/F Rev.A Page 7 of 9 After writing code of [xxxxxxx0] into the control register, if a "READ" signal is received, during next 9 clock cycles, the Memsic device being called will transfer 8-bits of data to the I2C bus. If an "Acknowledge" by master device is received, the Memsic device will continue to transfer the next byte. The same procedure repeats until 5 bytes of data are transferred to master device. Those 5 bytes of data are defined as following ("T" is temperature output): 1. Internal register 2. MSB X/T axis 3. LSB X/T axis 4. MSB Y axis 5. LSB Y axis 4/11/2010 Even though each axis consists of two bytes, which are 16bits of data, the actual accelerometer resolution is limited to either 12 bits or 10 bits, which depends on an internal output register refresh rate. Unused MSB's will be simply filled by "0"s. Note that temperature output shares the same registers with X channel output. Customer can select which signal needs to be read out by using TOEN bit. Resolution Refreshing rate Zero-G Offset 10 bits 400Hz 512 12 bits 100Hz 2048 Note: 20mS (MXC6232xE) and 5mS (MXC6232xF) typical waiting time is necessary between each data acquisition. The master can stop slave data transfer after any of the five bytes by not sending an acknowledge command and followed by a "STOP" condition. POWER DOWN MODE The Memsic accelerometer can enter a power down mode by the master device writing a code of [xxxxxxx1] into the accelerometer's internal register. A wake up operation is performed when the master writes into the same register a code of [xxxxxxx0]. Note that the MXC6232xE/F needs about 75mS (typical) for power up time. EXAMPLE OF DATA COMMUNICATION First cycle: START followed by a calling to slave address [0010xxx] to WRITE (8th SCL, SDA keep low). [xxx] Is determined by factory programming, a total of 8 different addresses are available. Second cycle: After an acknowledge signal is received by the master device (Memsic device pulls SDA line low during 9th SCL pulse), master device sends "[00000000]" as the target address to be written into. Memsic device should acknowledge at the end (9th SCL pulse). Note: since Memsic device has only one internal register that can be written into, user should always indicate "[00000000]" as the write address. Third cycle: Master device writes to internal Memsic device memory code "[xxxxxxx0]" as a wake-up call. The Memsic device should send acknowledge signal. A STOP command indicates the end of write operation. A 75msS MEMSIC MXC6232xE/F Rev.A Page 8 of 9 (typical) wait period should be given to Memsic device to return from a power-down mode. The delay value depends on the type of Memsic device. Generally speaking, low power products tend to have longer startup time. Fourth cycle: Master device sends a START command followed by calling Memsic device address with a WRITE (8th SCL, SDA keep low). An "acknowledge" should be sent by Memsic device at the end. Fifth cycle: Master device writes to Memsic device a "[00000000]" as the starting address for which internal memory is to be read. Since "[00000000]" is the address of internal control register, reading from this address can serve as a verification of operation and to confirm the write command has been successful. Note: the starting address in principle can be any of the 5 addresses. For example, user can start read from address [0000001], which is X channel MSB. Sixth cycle: Master device calls Memsic device address with a READ (8th SCL cycle SDA line high). Memsic device should acknowledge at the end. Seventh cycle: Master device cycles SCL line, first addressed memory data appears on SDA line. If in step 7, "[00000000]" was sent, internal control register data should appear (in the following steps, this case is assumed). Master device should send acknowledge at the end. Eighth cycle: Master device continues cycle SCL line, next byte of internal memory should appear on SDA line (MSB of X channel). The internal memory address pointer automatically moves to the next byte. Master acknowledges. Ninth cycle: LSB of X channel. In the case that TOEN bit of internal register was set to "1", the MSB and LSB of TOUT (temperature) should appear in last two steps. Tenth cycle: MSB of Y channel. Eleventh cycle: LSB of Y channel. Master ends communications by sending NO acknowledge and followed by a STOP command. Note: if mater device continues to cycle SCL line, the memory pointer will go to sixth and seventh positions, which always have "[00000000]". After seventh position, pointer will go to zero again. Optional: Master powers down Memsic device by writing into internal control register. (See step 1 through 4 for WRITE operation) 4/11/2010 LCC-8 PACKAGE DRAWING Hermetically Sealed Package Outline MEMSIC MXC6232xE/F Rev.A Page 9 of 9 4/11/2010