FUJITSU MICROELECTRONICS DATA SHEET DS04-29127-2E ASSP Spread Spectrum Clock Generator MB88151A DESCRIPTION MB88151A is a clock generator for EMI (Electro Magnetic Interference) reduction. The peak of unnecessary radiation noise (EMI) can be attenuated by making the oscillation frequency slightly modulate periodically with the internal modulator. It corresponds to both of the center spread which modulates frequency in modulation off as Middle Centered and down spread which modulates so as not to exceed frequency in modulation off. FEATURES MB88151A100/101 (multiply-by-1) Input frequency/ Output frequency Modulation clock cycle-cycle jitter * * * * * * * MB88151A200/201 (multiply-by-2) MB88151A400/401 (multiply-by-4) 16.6 MHz to 33.4 MHz/ 16.6 MHz to 33.4 MHz/ 16.6 MHz to 33.4 MHz/ 16.6 MHz to 33.4 MHz 33.2 MHz to 66.8 MHz 66.4 MHz to 133.6 MHz Less than100 ps Less than 100 ps Less than 150 ps MB88151A500/501 (multiply-by-1/2) MB88151A800/801 (multiply-by-8) 16.6 MHz to 33.4 MHz/ 8.3 MHz to 16.7 MHz 8.3 MHz to 16.7 MHz 66.4 MHz to 133.6 MHz Less than 200 ps Less than 150 ps Modulation rate : 0.5%, 1.5% (Center spread), - 1.0%, - 3.0% (Down spread) Equipped with oscillation circuit : Range of oscillation 8.3 MHz to 33.4 MHz Modulation clock output Duty : 40% to 60% Low current consumption by CMOS process : 5 mA (24 MHz : Typ-sample, no load) Power supply voltage : 3.3 V 0.3 V Operating temperature : - 40 C to + 85 C Package : SOP 8-pin Copyright(c)2007-2008 FUJITSU MICROELECTRONICS LIMITED All rights reserved 2008.10 MB88151A PRODUCT LINEUP MB88151A has five kinds of multiplication type. Product Input frequency range Multiplier ratio Output frequency range Multiply-by-1 16.6 MHz to 33.4 MHz Multiply-by-2 33.2 MHz to 66.8 MHz Multiply-by-4 66.4 MHz to 133.6 MHz Multiply-by-1/2 8.3 MHz to 16.7 MHz Multiply-by-8 66.4 MHz to 133.6 MHz MB88151A-100/101 MB88151A-200/201 16.6 MHz to 33.4 MHz MB88151A-400/401 MB88151A-500/501 MB88151A-800/801 8.3 MHz to 16.7 MHz PIN ASSIGNMENT TOP VIEW XIN 1 8 XOUT VSS 2 7 VDD MB88151A SEL0 3 6 ENS/XPD SEL1 4 5 CKOUT FPT-8P-M02 PIN DESCRIPTION Pin name I/O Pin no. Description XIN I 1 Resonator connection pin/clock input pin VSS 2 GND pin SEL0 I 3 Modulation rate setting pin SEL1 I 4 Modulation rate setting pin CKOUT O 5 Modulated clock output pin ENS/XPD I 6 Modulation enable setting pin (with pull-up resistance)/ Power down pin (with pull-up resistor)* VDD 7 Power supply voltage pin XOUT O 8 Resonator connection pin * : XPD = 800 k pull-up resistor at "L" 2 DS04-29127-2E MB88151A I/O CIRCUIT TYPE Pin Circuit type SEL0, SEL1 Remarks CMOS hysteresis input CMOS hysteresis input with 50 k + 800 k (Typ) pull-up resistors ENS 50 k 800 k CKOUT Note : If "L" is input to XPD when the XPD function is selected, 50 k pull-up resistor is disconnected. * CMOS output * IOL = 4 mA Note : For XIN and XOUT pins, refer to "OSCILLATION CIRCUIT". DS04-29127-2E 3 MB88151A HANDLING DEVICES Preventing Latch-up A latch-up can occur if, on this device, (a) a voltage higher than VDD or a voltage lower than VSS is applied to an input or output pin or (b) a voltage higher than the rating is applied between VDD pin and VSS pin. The latch-up, if it occurs, significantly increases the power supply current and may cause thermal destruction of an element. When you use this device, be very careful not to exceed the maximum rating. Handling unused pins Do not leave an unused input pin open, since it may cause a malfunction. Handle by, using a pull-up or pull-down resistor. Unused output pin should be opened. The attention when the external clock is used Input the clock to XIN pin, and XOUT pin should be opened when you use the external clock. Please pay attention so that an overshoot and an undershoot do not occur to an input clock of XIN pin. Power supply pins Please design connecting the power supply pin of this device by as low impedance as possible from the current supply source. We recommend connecting electrolytic capacitor (about 10 F) and the ceramic capacitor (about 0.01 F) in parallel between VSS pin and VDD pin near the device, as a bypass capacitor. Oscillation circuit Noise near the XIN and XOUT pins may cause the device to malfunction. Design printed circuit boards so that electric wiring of XIN or XOUT pin and the resonator do not intersect other wiring. Design the printed circuit board that surrounds the XIN and XOUT pins with ground. 4 DS04-29127-2E MB88151A BLOCK DIAGRAM VDD Modulation rate setting SEL1 Modulation rate setting SEL0 PLL block Modulation enable setting/ Modulation clock output Power down setting ENS/XPD CKOUT Reference clock XOUT Rf = 1 M XIN VSS 1 - M Phase compare Reference clock 1 - N 1 - L Charge pump V/I conversion IDAC ICO Modulation clock output Loop filter Modulation logic Modulation rate setting/ Modulation enable setting MB88151A PLL block A glitchless IDAC (current output D/A converter) provides precise modulation, thereby dramatically reducing EMI. DS04-29127-2E 5 MB88151A PIN SETTING When changing the pin setting, the stabilization wait time for the modulation clock is required. The stabilization wait time for the modulation clock take the maximum value of " ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS * AC Characteristics Lock-up time". ENS modulation enable setting (MB88151A-100/200/400/500/800) ENS Modulation L No modulation H Modulation Note : Spectrum does not spread when "L" is set to ENS. The clock with low jitter can be obtained. Because of ENS has Pull-up resistance, spectrum spread when "H" is set to it or open the terminal. XPD Power down setting (MB88151A-101/201/401/501/801) XPD Status L Power down Status H Operating status Note : CKOUT of output pins are fixed to "L" output during power down. SEL0, SEL1 Modulation rate setting SEL1 SEL0 Modulation rate Modulation type L L 1.5% Center spread L H 0.5% Center spread H L - 1.0% Down spread H H - 3.0% Down spread Note : The modulation rate can be changed at the level of the terminal. 6 DS04-29127-2E MB88151A * Center spread Spectrum is spread (modulated) by centering on the frequency in modulation off. Modulation width 3.0% Radiation level -1.5% +1.5% Frequency Frequency in modulation off Center spread example of 1.5% modulation rate * Down spread Spectrum is spread (modulated) below the frequency in modulation off. Modulation width 3.0% Radiation level -3.0% Frequency Frequency in modulation off Down spread example of - 3.0% modulation rate DS04-29127-2E 7 MB88151A ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Parameter Rating Symbol Unit Min Max VDD - 0.5 + 4.0 V Input voltage* VI VSS - 0.5 VDD + 0.5 V Output voltage* VO VSS - 0.5 VDD + 0.5 V Storage temperature TST - 55 + 125 C Operation junction temperature TJ - 40 + 125 C Output current IO - 14 + 14 mA Overshoot VIOVER VDD + 1.0 (tOVER 50 ns) V Undershoot VIUNDER VSS-1.0 (tUNDER 50 ns) V Power supply voltage* * : The parameter is based on VSS = 0.0 V. WARNING: Semiconductor devices can be permanently damaged by application of stress (voltage, current, temperature, etc.) in excess of absolute maximum ratings. Do not exceed these ratings. Overshoot/Undershoot tUNDER 50 ns VIOVER VDD + 1.0 V VDD Input pin VSS tOVER 50 ns 8 VIUNDER VSS - 1.0 V DS04-29127-2E MB88151A RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS (VSS = 0.0 V) Parameter Symbol Pin Conditions Power supply voltage VDD VDD "H" level input voltage VIH "L" level input voltage VIL XIN, SEL0, SEL1, ENS Input clock duty cycle tDCI Operating temperature Ta Value Unit Min Typ Max 3.0 3.3 3.6 V VDD x 0.8 VDD + 0.3 V VSS VDD x 0.2 V XIN 8.3 MHz to 33.4 MHz 40 50 60 % - 40 + 85 C WARNING: The recommended operating conditions are required in order to ensure the normal operation of the semiconductor device. All of the device's electrical characteristics are warranted when the device is operated within these ranges. Always use semiconductor devices within their recommended operating condition ranges. Operation outside these ranges may adversely affect reliability and could result in device failure. No warranty is made with respect to uses, operating conditions, or combinations not represented on the data sheet. Users considering application outside the listed conditions are advised to contact their representatives beforehand. Input clock duty cycle (tDCI = tb/ta) ta tb XIN DS04-29127-2E 1.5 V 9 MB88151A ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS * DC Characteristics (Ta = - 40 C to + 85 C, VDD = 3.3 V 0.3 V, VSS = 0.0 V) Parameter Power supply current Symbol ICC Pin Conditions VDD Typ Max No load capacitance at output 24 MHz MB88151A-100 5.0 7.0 mA At power down MB88151A-101 10 A "H" level output, IOH = - 4 mA VDD - 0.5 VDD V "L" level output, IOL = 4 mA VSS 0.4 V 45 Ta = + 25 C, VDD = VI = 0.0 V, f = 1 MHz 16 pF 8.3 MHz to 66.8 MHz 15 CKOUT 66.8 MHz to 100 MHz 10 100 MHz to 133.6 MHz 7 CKOUT VOL Output impedance Input capacitance Load capacitance Input pull-up resistance 10 ZO CIN CL Unit Min VOH Output voltage Value CKOUT 8.3 MHz to 133.6 MHz XIN, SEL0, SEL1, ENS RPUE ENS VIL = 0.0 V 25 50 200 RPUP XPD VIL = 0.0 V 500 800 1200 pF k DS04-29127-2E MB88151A * AC Characteristics (Ta = - 40 C to + 85 C, VDD = 3.3 V 0.3 V, VSS = 0.0 V) Parameter Oscillation frequency Input frequency Output frequency Symbol Pin Conditions fx XIN, XOUT XIN fin fOUT CKOUT Value Min Typ Max Fundamental oscillation 8.3 33.4 External clock input (multiply-by-1, 2, 4, divided by 2) 16.6 33.4 External clock input (multiply-by-8) 8.3 16.7 MB88151A-100/101 (Multiply by 1) 16.6 33.4 MB88151A-200/201 (Multiply by 2) 33.2 66.8 MB88151A-400/401 (Multiply by 4) 66.4 133.6 MB88151A-500/501 (2-frequency division) 8.3 16.7 MB88151A-800/801 (multiply-by-8) 66.4 133.6 Unit MHz MHz MHz Output slew rate SR CKOUT 0.4 V to 2.4 V Load capacitance 15 pF 0.4 4.0 V/ns Output clock duty cycle tDCC CKOUT 1.5 V 40 60 % MB88151A-100/101, MB88151A-200/201, MB88151A-400/401, CKOUT MB88151A-500/501 fin/2200 (2200) fin/1900 (1900) fin/1600 (1600) kHz (clks) MB88151A-800/801 fin/880 (880) fin/760 (760) fin/640 (640) kHz (clks) 8.3 MHz to 80 MHz 2 5 80 MHz to 133.6 MHz 3 8 MB88151A-100/101, MB88151A-200/201 No load capacitance, Ta = + 25 C, VDD = 3.3 V 100 MB88151A-400/401, CKOUT MB88151A-800/801 No load capacitance, Ta = + 25 C, VDD = 3.3 V 150 MB88151A-500/501 No load capacitance, Ta = + 25 C, VDD = 3.3 V 200 Modulation period (Number of input clocks per modulation) Lock-up time Cycle-cycle jitter fMOD (nMOD) tLK tJC CKOUT ms ps-rms Note : The modulation clock stabilization wait time is required after the power is turned on, the IC recovers from power saving, or after FREQ (frequency range) or ENS (modulation ON/OFF) setting is changed. For the modulation clock stabilization wait time, assign the maximum value for lock-up time. DS04-29127-2E 11 MB88151A <Definition of modulation frequency and number of input clocks per modulation> f (Output frequency) Modulation waveform t fMOD (Min) Clock time nMOD (Max) fMOD (Max) Clock time nMOD (Min) t MB88151A contains the modulation period to realize the efficient EMI reduction. The modulation period fMOD depends on the input frequency and changes between fMOD (Min) and fMOD (Max) . Furthermore, the average value of fMOD equals the typical value of the electrical characteristics. 12 DS04-29127-2E MB88151A OUTPUT CLOCK DUTY CYCLE (tDCC = tb/ta) ta tb 1.5 V CKOUT INPUT FREQUENCY (fin = 1/tin) tin 0.8 VDD XIN OUTPUT SLEW RATE (SR) 2.4 V 0.4 V CKOUT tr tf Note : SR = (2.4 - 0.4) /tr, SR = (2.4 - 0.4) /tf CYCLE-CYCLE JITTER (tJC = | tn - tn+1 |) CKOUT tn tn+1 Note : Cycle-cycle jitter is defined the difference between a certain cycle and immediately after (or, immediately before) . DS04-29127-2E 13 MB88151A MODULATION WAVEFORM * 1.5% modulation rate, Example of center spread CKOUT Output frequency + 1.5 % Frequency at modulation OFF Time - 1.5 % fMOD * -1.0% modulation rate, Example of down spread CKOUT Output frequency Frequency at modulation OFF Time - 0.5 % - 1.0 % fMOD 14 DS04-29127-2E MB88151A LOCK-UP TIME 3.0 V VDD Internal clock stabilization wait time XIN Setting pin SEL0, SEL1, ENS VIH tLK (lock-up time ) CKOUT If the setting pin is fixed at the "H" or "L" level, the maximum time after the power is turned on until the set clock signal is output from CKOUT pin is (the stabilization wait time of input clock to XIN pin) + (the lock-up time "tLK"). For the input clock stabilization time, check the characteristics of the resonator or oscillator used. XIN ENS VIH VIL tLK (lock-up time ) tLK (lock-up time ) CKOUT For modulation enable control using the ENS pin during normal operation, the set clock signal is output from CKOUT pin at most the lock-up time (tLK) after the level at the ENS pin is determined. Note : When the pin setting is changed, the CKOUT pin output clock stabilization time is required. Until the output clock signal becomes stable, the output frequency, output clock duty cycle, modulation period, and cyclecycle jitter cannot be guaranteed. It is therefore advisable to perform processing such as cancelling a reset of the device at the succeeding stage after the lock-up time. DS04-29127-2E 15 MB88151A XIN Internal clock stabilization wait time XPD tLK (lock-up time) CKOUT When the power down is controlled by XPD pin, the desired clock is obtained after the pin is set to H level until the maximum lock-up time tLK is elapsed. 16 DS04-29127-2E MB88151A OSCILLATION CIRCUIT The figure below shows the connection example about general resonator. The oscillation circuit has the built-in resistance (1 M) . The value of capacity (C1 and C2) is required adjusting to the most suitable value of individual resonator. The most suitable value is different by individual resonator. Please refer to the resonator manufacturer which you use for the most suitable value. Input the clock to XIN pin, and do not connect anything with XOUT pin if you use the external clock (you do not use the resonator). * When using the resonator MB88151A LSI Internal Rf (1 M) XIN Pin XOUT Pin MB88151A LSI External C2 C1 * When using an external clock MB88151A LSI Internal Rf (1 M) XIN Pin XOUT Pin MB88151A LSI External External clock OPEN Note : Note that a jitter characteristic of an input clock may cause an affect a cycle-cycle jitter characteristic. DS04-29127-2E 17 MB88151A INTERCONNECTION CIRCUIT EXAMPLE C2 C1 Xtal 1 8 7 2 MB88151A SEL0 3 6 4 5 + ENS R1 SEL1 C4 C1, C2 C3 C4 R1 18 C3 : Oscillation stabilization capacitance (refer to "OSCILLATION CIRCUIT".) : Capacitor of 10 F or higher : Capacitor about 0.01 F (connect a capacitor of good high frequency property (ex. laminated ceramic capacitor) to close to this device.) : Impedance matching resistor for board pattern DS04-29127-2E MB88151A SPECTRUM EXAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS The condition of the examples of the characteristic is shown as follows : Input frequency = 20 MHz (Output frequency = 20 MHz : Using MB88151A-100 (Multiply-by-1)), Power - supply voltage = 3.3 V, None load capacity, Modulation rate = 1.5% (center spread). Spectrum analyzer HP4396B is connected with CKOUT. The result of the measurement with RBW = 1 kHz (ATT use for - 6dB). CH B Spectrum 10 dB /REF 0 dBm No modulation -6.54 dBm Avg 4 1.5% modulation -24.45 dBm RBW# 1 kHZ VBW 1 kHZ CENTER 20 MHZ DS04-29127-2E ATT 6 dB SWP 2.505 s SPAN 4 MHZ 19 MB88151A ORDERING INFORMATION Part number Input frequency Multiplier range ratio Multiplyby-1 MB88151APNF-G-100-JNE1 MB88151APNF-G-101-JNE1 MB88151APNF-G-200-JNE1 MB88151APNF-G-201-JNE1 MB88151APNF-G-400-JNE1 MB88151APNF-G-401-JNE1 16.6 MHz to 33.4 MHz MB88151APNF-G-500-JNE1 MB88151APNF-G-501-JNE1 MB88151APNF-G-800-JNE1 MB88151APNF-G-801-JNE1 8.3 MHz to 16.7 MHz MB88151APNF-G-100-JNEFE1 MB88151APNF-G-101-JNEFE1 MB88151APNF-G-200-JNEFE1 MB88151APNF-G-201-JNEFE1 MB88151APNF-G-400-JNEFE1 MB88151APNF-G-401-JNEFE1 16.6 MHz to 33.4 MHz MB88151APNF-G-500-JNEFE1 MB88151APNF-G-501-JNEFE1 MB88151APNF-G-800-JNEFE1 MB88151APNF-G-801-JNEFE1 8.3 MHz to 16.7 MHz MB88151APNF-G-100-JNERE1 MB88151APNF-G-101-JNERE1 MB88151APNF-G-200-JNERE1 MB88151APNF-G-201-JNERE1 MB88151APNF-G-400-JNERE1 MB88151APNF-G-401-JNERE1 16.6 MHz to 33.4 MHz MB88151APNF-G-500-JNERE1 MB88151APNF-G-501-JNERE1 MB88151APNF-G-800-JNERE1 MB88151APNF-G-801-JNERE1 20 8.3 MHz to 16.7 MHz Multiplyby-2 Multiplyby-4 Output frequency range 8-pin plastic SOP (FPT-8P-M02) Emboss taping (EF type) 33.2 MHz to 66.8 MHz 66.4 MHz to 133.6 MHz 8.3 MHz to 16.7 MHz Multiplyby-8 66.4 MHz to 133.6 MHz Multiplyby-1 16.6 MHz to 33.4 MHz 33.2 MHz to 66.8 MHz 66.4 MHz to 133.6 MHz Multiplyby-1/2 8.3 MHz to 16.7 MHz Multiplyby-8 66.4 MHz to 133.6 MHz Multiplyby-1 16.6 MHz to 33.4 MHz Multiplyby-2 Multiplyby-4 Remarks 16.6 MHz to 33.4 MHz Multiplyby-1/2 Multiplyby-2 Multiplyby-4 Package 33.2 MHz to 66.8 MHz 66.4 MHz to 133.6 MHz Multiplyby-1/2 8.3 MHz to 16.7 MHz Multiplyby-8 66.4 MHz to 133.6 MHz Emboss taping (ER type) DS04-29127-2E MB88151A PACKAGE DIMENSION 8-pin plastic SOP Lead pitch 1.27 mm Package width x package length 3.9 x 5.05 mm Lead shape Gullwing Sealing method Plastic mold Mounting height 1.75 mm MAX Weight 0.06 g (FPT-8P-M02) 8-pin plastic SOP (FPT-8P-M02) +0.25 Note 1) *1 : These dimensions include resin protrusion. Note 2) *2 : These dimensions do not include resin protrusion. Note 3) Pins width and pins thickness include plating thickness. Note 4) Pins width do not include tie bar cutting remainder. +.010 +0.03 *1 5.05 -0.20 .199 -.008 0.22 -0.07 +.001 .009 -.003 8 5 *2 3.900.30 6.000.40 (.154.012) (.236.016) Details of "A" part 45 1.550.20 (Mounting height) (.061.008) 0.25(.010) 0.40(.016) 1 "A" 4 1.27(.050) 0.440.08 (.017.003) 0.13(.005) 0~8 M 0.500.20 (.020.008) 0.600.15 (.024.006) 0.150.10 (.006.004) (Stand off) 0.10(.004) (c)2002-2008 FUJITSU MICROELECTRONICS LIMITED F08004S-c-4-8 C 2002 FUJITSU LIMITED F08004S-c-4-7 Dimensions in mm (inches). Note: The values in parentheses are reference values. Please confirm the latest Package dimension by following URL. http://edevice.fujitsu.com/package/en-search/ DS04-29127-2E 21 MB88151A MAIN CHANGES IN THIS EDITION 22 Page Section Change Results Preliminary Data Sheet Data Sheet DS04-29127-2E MB88151A MEMO DS04-29127-2E 23 MB88151A FUJITSU MICROELECTRONICS LIMITED Shinjuku Dai-Ichi Seimei Bldg., 7-1, Nishishinjuku 2-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-0722, Japan Tel: +81-3-5322-3347 Fax: +81-3-5322-3387 http://jp.fujitsu.com/fml/en/ For further information please contact: North and South America FUJITSU MICROELECTRONICS AMERICA, INC. 1250 E. Arques Avenue, M/S 333 Sunnyvale, CA 94085-5401, U.S.A. Tel: +1-408-737-5600 Fax: +1-408-737-5999 http://www.fma.fujitsu.com/ Asia Pacific FUJITSU MICROELECTRONICS ASIA PTE. LTD. 151 Lorong Chuan, #05-08 New Tech Park 556741 Singapore Tel : +65-6281-0770 Fax : +65-6281-0220 http://www.fmal.fujitsu.com/ Europe FUJITSU MICROELECTRONICS EUROPE GmbH Pittlerstrasse 47, 63225 Langen, Germany Tel: +49-6103-690-0 Fax: +49-6103-690-122 http://emea.fujitsu.com/microelectronics/ FUJITSU MICROELECTRONICS SHANGHAI CO., LTD. Rm. 3102, Bund Center, No.222 Yan An Road (E), Shanghai 200002, China Tel : +86-21-6146-3688 Fax : +86-21-6335-1605 http://cn.fujitsu.com/fmc/ Korea FUJITSU MICROELECTRONICS KOREA LTD. 206 Kosmo Tower Building, 1002 Daechi-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 135-280, Republic of Korea Tel: +82-2-3484-7100 Fax: +82-2-3484-7111 http://kr.fujitsu.com/fmk/ FUJITSU MICROELECTRONICS PACIFIC ASIA LTD. 10/F., World Commerce Centre, 11 Canton Road, Tsimshatsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong Tel : +852-2377-0226 Fax : +852-2376-3269 http://cn.fujitsu.com/fmc/en/ Specifications are subject to change without notice. For further information please contact each office. All Rights Reserved. The contents of this document are subject to change without notice. Customers are advised to consult with sales representatives before ordering. The information, such as descriptions of function and application circuit examples, in this document are presented solely for the purpose of reference to show examples of operations and uses of FUJITSU MICROELECTRONICS device; FUJITSU MICROELECTRONICS does not warrant proper operation of the device with respect to use based on such information. When you develop equipment incorporating the device based on such information, you must assume any responsibility arising out of such use of the information. FUJITSU MICROELECTRONICS assumes no liability for any damages whatsoever arising out of the use of the information. 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The products described in this document are designed, developed and manufactured as contemplated for general use, including without limitation, ordinary industrial use, general office use, personal use, and household use, but are not designed, developed and manufactured as contemplated (1) for use accompanying fatal risks or dangers that, unless extremely high safety is secured, could have a serious effect to the public, and could lead directly to death, personal injury, severe physical damage or other loss (i.e., nuclear reaction control in nuclear facility, aircraft flight control, air traffic control, mass transport control, medical life support system, missile launch control in weapon system), or (2) for use requiring extremely high reliability (i.e., submersible repeater and artificial satellite). 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