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Root Memory Usage Redu cti o n Tips
Customers with programs that are near the limits of root code and/or root data space usage will be inter-
ested in these tips for saving root space. The usage of root code and data by the BIOS in Dynamic C 7.20
increased from previous versions. A follow-on release will reduce BIOS root space usage, but probably
not to the level of usage in previous versions.
Increasing Available Root Code Space
Increasing the available amount of root code space may be done in the following ways:
• Use #memmap xmem
This will cause C functions that are not explicitly declared as “root” to be placed in xmem.
Note that the only reason to locate a C function in root is because it modifies the XPC register
(in embedded assembly code), or it is an ISR. The only performance difference in running code
in xmem is in getting there and returning. It takes a total of 12 additional machine cycles
because of the differences between call/lcall, and ret/lret.
• Increase DATAORG
Root code space can be increased by increasing DATAORG in RabbitBios.c in incr emen ts o f
0x1000. Unfortunately, this comes at the expense of root data space, but there are ways of
reducing that too.
• Reduce usage of root constants and string literals
Shortening literal strings and reusing them will save root space. The compiler, starting with
version 7.20, automatically reuses identical string literals.
These two statements :
printf (“This is a literal string”);
sprintf (buf, “This is a literal string”);
will share the same literal string space whereas:
sprintf (buf, “this is a literal string”);
will use its own space since the string is different.
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• Use xdata to declare large tables of initialized data
If you have lar ge tables of initiali zed data, consider using the keyword xdata to declare them.
The disadvantage is that data cannot be accessed directly with pointers. The function
xmem2root() allows xdata to be copied to a root buffer when needed.
// This uses root code space
const int root_table[8] =
{300,301,302,103,304,305,306,307};
// This does not
xdata xdata_table {300,301,302,103,304,305,306,307};
main(){
// this only uses temporary stack space
auto int table[8];
xmem2root(table, xdata_table, 16);
// now the xmem data can be accessed
// via a 16 bit pointer into the table
}
Both methods, const and xdata, create initialized data in flash at compile time, so the data
cannot be rewritten directly.
• Use xstring to declare a table of strings
The keyword xstring declares a table of strings in extended flash memory. The disadvantage
is that the strings cannot be accessed directly with pointers, since the table entries are 20-bit
physical addresses. As illustrated above, the function xmem2root() may be used to store the
table in temporary stack space.
// This uses root code space
const char * name[] =
{“string_1”, . . . “string_n”};
// This does not
xstring name {“string_1”, . . . “string_n”};
Both methods, const and xstring, create initialized data in flash at compile time, so the
data cannot be rewritten directly.
• Turn off selected debugging features
Starting with Dynamic C 7.20, watch expressions, breakpoints, and single-stepping can be
selectively disabled to save some root code space. From Dynamic C’s main menu, select
“Options” and then “Project Options.” Look on the Debugger tab in the resulting Options dia-
log.
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• Place assembly language code into xmem
Pure assembly language code functions can go into xmem starting with Dynamic C 7.20:
#asm
foo_root::
[some instructions]
ret
#endasm
The same function in xmem:
#asm xmem
foo_xmem::
[some instructions]
lret ; use lret inst ead of ret
#endasm
The correct calls are call foo_root and lcall foo_xmem. If the assembly function
modifies the XPC register with
LD XPC, A
it should not be placed in xmem. If it accesses data on the stack directly, the data will be one
byte away from where it would be with a root function because lcall pushes the value of
XPC onto the stack.
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Increasing Available Root Data Space
Increasin g the availabl e amount of root data space may be done in the following w ays:
• Decrease DATAORG
Root data space can be increased by decreasing DATAORG in RabbitBios.c in increments of
0x1000. This comes at the expense of root code space.
• Use #class auto
The default storage class of Dynamic C is static. This can be changed to auto using the direc-
tive #class auto. This will make local variables with no explicit storage class specified in
functions default to auto. If you need the value in a local function to be retained between calls,
it should be static. The default program stack size is 2048 (0x800) bytes if not using µC/OS-II.
This could be increased to 0x1000 at most. It already is increased if the TCP/IP stack is used.
The code to change it is in program.lib:
#ifndef MCOS
#define DEFAULTSTACKSIZE 0x1000 ; increased from 0x800
#else
#define DEFAULTSTACKSIZE 0x200
#endif
Deeply nested calls with a lot of local auto arrays could exceed this limit, but 0x1000 should
ordinarily be plenty of space. Using more temporary stack space for variables frees up static
root data space for global and local static variables.
• Use xmem for large RAM buffers
xalloc() can be used to allocate chunks of RAM in extended memory. The memory cannot
be accessed by a 16 bit pointer, so using it can be more di f ficult. The functions xmem2root()
and root2xmem() are available for moving from root to xmem and xmem to root. Large buf f-
ers used by Dynamic C libraries are already allocated from RAM in extended memory.
