High Power Film Capacitors FILFIM Series DC FILTERING 26 High Power Film Capacitors DC FILTERING FILFIM Series In 1979, TPC (formerly LCC, then THOMSON-CSF PASSIVE COMPONENTS) developed the CONTROLLED SELF-HEALING technology for high power capacitors. In 1988, TPC further evolved the CONTROLLED SELF-HEALING technology for use in impregnated DC filtering capacitor (TRAFIM series). This product range has been a great success with several companies buying the TRAFIM license. These capacitors made great advances over previous technologies by combining the benefits of the Controlled Self-Healing process and superior energy densities due to impregnation, making it one of the most compact capacitors on the market for 1/2 CV2. Today, TPC produces impregnated capacitors for high voltage filtering, on the voltage range from 6kV to 32kV, using the same technology as used in the TRAFIM series: "FIM technology". In the past, such filtering capacitors used foil electrodes. Any defect or weak point in the film could provoke the catastrophic failure of the capacitor involving a short-circuit with risk of explosion. Now with the CONTROLLED SELF-HEALING, the capacitance is divided into several millions elementary capacitances protected by "fuse gates". Weak points of the dielectric are insulated and the capacitor continues functioning normally without any short circuit or explosion. The capacitor acts like a battery while working, it "consumes" a certain amount of the capacitance through the gradual breakdown of the individual capacitance "cells". Over the life of the capacitor, the capacitance gradually decreases. At the end of the capacitor's life, the nominal capacitance will decrease down to 2%. 27 High Power Film Capacitors FILFIM Controlled Self-Healing Technology DC FILTERING DC FILTERING CONTROLLED SELF-HEALING TECHNOLOGY The FILFIM technology is based on the controlled selfhealing properties of the segmented metallized film. The capacitance is divided into several million elementary capacitance cells protected by "fuse gates". The combined effect of metallization resistivity and segmentation design induces two sensitivities of fuse effect. This can be schematized (equivalent circuit) in the figure below. * Small weak point leading to low self-healing energy then few mm2 are insulated. * Greater defect requiring higher self-healing energy. In that case an elementary cell is insulated. below is an example of a simple regeneration and an example of a cell insulation The capacitor acts like a battery. While working, it consumes a certain amount of the capacitance through the gradual breakdown of the individual capacitance "cells". At the end of the capacitor life, the decrease of the initial capacitance reaches 2%. 28 High Power Film Capacitors FILFIM General Description FILFIM capacitors are segmented metallized film capacitors impregnated with vegetable oil. The FIM technology name stands for: F ilm polypropylene I mpregnant rapeseed oil Metallization aluminum APPLICATIONS PACKAGING High DC voltage filtering: Active compensating - (FACTS, STATCOM, SVC, UPFC...) HVDC High power DC supply Substation Rectangular stainless steel case. Two terminals with connection specially designed for customers applications. Normally, grounding is via nuts located on the top of the case. On option one terminal and case connection. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Capacitance range Cn Tolerance on Cn (for 5% see specific requirements) DC voltage range Standard reference 8.2F to 475F 10% 5.9 kVdc to 31.7 kVdc Conforms with IEC 1071 The catalog shows a standard product range. If your requirement is different from the values shown here, either mechanically or electrically, our technical department is at your disposal to design a capacitor specifically suited to your particular specification. On page 39, a guide can help you make your request. Please send it to your local AVX representative. PART NUMBER / HOW TO ORDER D L I F A B C D M A 2 M Cross Section and Option Terminal Type(1) 185 x 350 2 terminals 1-2 185 x 515 2 terminals 185 x 350 1 terminal + case (see drawings 185 x 515 1 terminal + case on page 35) (1) Terminal 1 used from voltage A - 1 Terminal 2 used from voltage J - R Fixing M = brackets J A 5920 B 6640 C 7920 D 8890 E 9680 F 10,600 3 4 Voltage G 11,800 M17,760 H 13,300 N 19,900 I 15,800 O 23,800 J 17,800 P 26,700 K 19,400 Q 29,000 L 21,100 R 31,700 8 5 Capacitance EIA Code (2) (2) The first three digits are the capacitance and the last digit is the number of 0 to add to obtain the value of the capacitance in pF. For example a 29.4 F is coded as 2945 and a 41 F is coded as 0416. MARKING The color of the case is gray with the following information on the label usually located 50mm from top of the case and centered on the length: Logo Part number Capacitance and tolerance in clear Rated voltage in clear Test voltage between terminals and case Batch and serial number Date of manufacture 29 DC FILTERING DC FILTERING High Power Film Capacitors DC Filtering Definitions (According to IEC 1071-1) ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS DC FILTERING Capacitance Cn Working current Irms Maximum current Imax DC voltage Rated DC voltage Vn Working voltage Vw Ripple voltage Vr Working frequency f Equivalent series resistance Rs Stray inductance Ls Tangent of loss angle tan Insulation voltage VI Nominal value of the capacitance. r.m.s. value current for continuous operation. Maximum r.m.s. current for continuous operation. Continuous voltage value. Maximum operating peak voltage of either polarity (non-reversing type waveform), for which the capacitor has been designed for continuous operation. Value of the maximum operating recurrent voltage for a given hot spot temperature and expected lifetime. Peak-to-peak alternating component of the unidirectional voltage. Ripple voltage frequency. An effective resistance which, if connected in series with an ideal capacitor of capacitance value equal to that of the capacitor in question, would have a power loss equal to active power dissipated in that capacitor under specified operating conditions. Capacitor serial self-inductance. Ratio between the equivalent series resistance and the capacitive reactance of a capacitor at a specified sinusoidal alternating voltage and frequency. r.m.s. rated value of the insulation voltage of capacitive elements and terminals to case. THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS Cooling air temperature amb (C) Hot spot temperature HS (C) Operating temperature (C) Minimum operating temperature min (C) Maximum operating temperature max (C) 30 Temperature of the cooling air measured at the hottest position in the bank, under steady-state conditions, midway between two units. If only one is involved, it is the temperature measured at a point approximately 0.1 away from the capacitor container and two-thirds of the height from its base. Highest temperature obtained inside the case of the capacitor in thermal equilibrium. Temperature of the hottest point on the case of the capacitor in thermal equilibrium. Lowest temperature of the case at which the capacitor may be energized. Highest temperature of the case at which the capacitor may operate. High Power Film Capacitors FILFIM Electrical Design VN DETERMINATION CHARACTERISTICS The choice is based upon the operating voltage Vw Vw = DC voltage + ur/2 where Vr = 2 x Irms / ( f Cn) Test voltage between terminals: Vt = 1.5 Vn during 10 s Test voltage between shorted terminals and case (if applicable): Vt-case = 1.5 Vrms for 1 min. Maximum permissible voltage: These capacitors may be subjected to the following surge voltages without any significant reduction in lifetime expectancy. According to the tables of values, you should find a capacitor with required capacitance Cn and voltage Vn (provided that Vn Vw) is recommended. Choosing Vn < Vw will significantly decrease the expected lifetime (see the thermal design chapter). You must also verify that the maximum r.m.s. current for continuous operation can be accepted by the capacitor: Imax 120 A EXAMPLE OF DETERMINATION C = 100 F DC voltage = 10,000 V f = 100 Hz Irms = 25 A According to data: Vr = 1125 V peak-to-peak Vw = 10,000 + 1125/2 Vw = 10,560 V Example: Cn = 107 F (page 6) Vn = 10,600 V L = 350mm H = 470mm Repetitive surge voltage 1.10 Vn 1.15 Vn 1.20 Vn 1.30 Vn 1.50 Vn Maximum duration per day 30% of on-load duration 30 min 5 min 1 min 100 ms Capacitance between terminals and case (if applicable): Ct-case < 5 nF Maximum inductance for standard products: Ls = 0.18 Ls = 0.27 x H (mm) +280 x H (mm) +400 (nH) (nH) for L = 350mm for L = 515mm This inductance can be reduced upon request. Time constant: Time constants are established between 600 s < < 800 s by internal paralleled resistors. 12000 11500 1/f 11000 10500 10000 Vr 9500 9000 f = 100 Hz 8500 VN 8000 Vdc 7500 Vw 7000 31 DC FILTERING DC FILTERING High Power Film Capacitors FILFIM Table of Values - DC Filtering DC FILTERING L x Wmm (inches) Hmm (inches) Weight (kg) S (dm2) Vn (V) 285 (11.220) 26 37 C (F) 720 (28.346) 58.5 83 C (F) Rs (m) Rs (m) Rs (m) Rs (m) Rs (m) Rs (m) 5920 143 214 285 357 428 475 2.65 2.14 1.93 1.83 1.78 1.76 6640 112 169 225 281 337 375 2.9 2.3 2.05 1.93 1.87 1.84 7920 96.2 144 191 240 287 320 3.07 2.42 2.15 2.01 1.94 1.91 8890 76.2 114 152 190 229 253 3.36 2.62 2.26 2.11 2.04 2.01 9680 63.8 96.2 129 160 192 213 3.6 2.77 2.41 2.23 2.13 2.09 10,600 53.8 81.3 107 135 161 180 3.86 2.94 2.55 2.34 2.22 2.17 11,800 32.5 48.8 65.1 81.4 97.7 109 2.65 2.14 1.93 1.83 1.78 1.76 13,300 25.8 38.7 51.6 64.5 77.4 86 2.88 2.3 2.05 1.93 1.87 1.84 22 32.9 43.8 54.8 65.7 73 3.06 2.42 2.14 2.01 1.94 1.91 15,800 L x Wmm (inches) Hmm (inches) Weight (kg) S (dm2) Vn (V) 335 (13.189) 32 42 C (F) Base 350 (13.780) x 185 (7.283) Stainless Steel Case with type [2] terminals 430 (16.929) 520 (20.472) 615 (24.213) 710 (27.953) 39 45.5 53 60 52 62 72 82 C (F) C (F) C (F) C (F) 770 (30.315) 64.5 89 C (F) Rs (m) Rs (m) Rs (m) Rs (m) Rs (m) 17,800 17.4 26.1 34.8 43.5 52.2 58 3.51 2.77 2.45 2.28 2.2 2.16 19,400 14.7 22 29.4 36.7 44.1 49 3.74 2.92 2.56 2.39 2.29 2.24 21,100 12.3 18.5 24.6 30.7 36.9 41 3.21 3.1 2.7 2.5 2.38 2.33 L x Wmm (inches) Hmm (inches) Weight (kg) S (dm2) Vn (V) 335 (13.189) 44.5 56 C (F) Base 515 (20.276) x 185 (7.283) Stainless Steel Case with type [2] terminals 430 (16.929) 520 (20.472) 615 (24.213) 710 (27.953 55 65 75 85.5 70 82 96 109 C (F) C (F) C (F) C (F) Rs (m) 770 (30.315) 92 117 C (F) Rs (m) Rs (m) Rs (m) Rs (m) Rs (m) Rs (m) 17,760 21.7 32.5 43.4 54.2 65.9 72.4 3.91 3.15 2.83 2.69 2.62 2.58 19,900 17.2 25.8 34.4 43 51.6 57.3 4.27 3.39 3.02 2.84 2.74 2.71 23,800 14.6 21.9 29.2 36.5 43.8 48.7 4.54 3.57 3.16 2.95 2.85 2.8 26,700 11.6 17.4 23.2 29 34.8 38.7 4.97 3.86 3.38 3.13 3 2.95 29,000 9.8 14.7 19.6 24.5 29.4 32.7 31,700 5.31 4.09 3.55 3.28 3.13 3.07 8.2 12.3 16.4 20.5 24.6 27.3 5.96 4.48 3.81 3.45 3.25 3.16 Unless specified Imax = 120 A 32 Base 350 (13.780) x 185 (7.283) Stainless Steel Case with type [1] terminals 380 (14.961) 470 (18.504) 565 (22.224) 660 (25.984) 33 40 47 54 47 57 67 77 C (F) C (F) C (F) C (F) High Power Film Capacitors FILFIM Thermal Design HOT SPOT TEMPERATURE THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS Total losses are calculated as follow: Minimum working temperature: min = -55C Maximum hot spot temperature: See Curves 1, 2 and example below. The capacitors are designed for a lifetime expectancy of 100,000 hours under a hot spot temperature of 70C. Storage temperature: Range = [-55C to +85C] Normative measurement temperature: The capacitance value is given at amb = 25 10C (VW)2 x Cn P = S x H x ( - amb) + __________ 600 where H is the exchange coefficient. S is the exchange surface of case. See dm2 in table of values. A formula can be derived: (HS - amb) (VW)2 x Cn (Irms)2 P = S x H x ___________ + _________ = ____ x tg 2 600 Cn EXAMPLE OF THERMAL DESIGN where tg = tg0 + Rs Cn tg 0 represents the dielectric losses of the polypropylene + rapeseed oil (tg 0 = 4 x 10-4) for natural convection H = 0.125 W/dm2/C for forced air (velocity > 2m/s) H = 0.167 W/dm2/C So a formula giving the hot spot temperature is: [ 2 tg0 (VW)2 x Cn HS = amb + _____ Rs + _______ x (I )2 + _________ 2 fCn rms 600 SxH Rs () S (dm2) Irms (A) (C) Cn (F) f (Hz) VW (V) where ] given in the tables given in the tables Using the previous example: f = 100 Hz Cn = 107F Vn = 10,600 V Irms = 25 A Vw = 10,560 V Introducing the cooling air temperature: amb = 40C In the tables you find the following constants: S = 57 dm2 Rs = 2.55 m The hot spot temperature in this example is therefore: HS = 47.1C CURVE 1 CURVE 2 Vw/Vn vs Lifetime expectancy V W/V N Vw/Vn vs Hot spot temperature V W/V N 1.1 1.6 1.5 1.05 1.4 1 ( hot spot temperature of 70C) 1.3 1.2 0.95 ( hot spot temperature of 47.1C) 1.1 max 1 (Lifetime expectancy : 100 000 hours) 0.9 0.85 0.9 0.8 0.8 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 (C) The highest Vw/Vn ratio (= max) for a lifetime of 100,000 hours can be derived from Curve 1. max = VWma /Vn = 1.06 so VWmax = 11,200 V (= 1.06 x 10,560) (for HS = 47.1C and 100,000 hours) 10 100 1 000 10 000 100 000 1 000 000 Lifetime expectancy (ho urs) According to Curve 2, theoretical lifetime at Vw = 10,560 V and HS = 47.1C can be determined. This gives a lifetime of 250,000 hours for this capacitor under working conditions. 33 DC FILTERING DC FILTERING High Power Film Capacitors FILFIM Characteristic Curves CURVE 1 CURVE 4 Vw/Vn vs Hot spot temperature Tangent of loss angle vs frequency 70 tg (10-4) 1.1 1.05 60 50 1 (Typical Curve at 1V/ 25C) 40 0.95 (Lifetime expectancy: 100 000 hours) 30 0.9 20 0.85 10 0.8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 (C) 10 100 1000 CURVE 2 CURVE 5 Vw/Vn vs Lifetime expectancy Tangent of loss angle vs temperature 30 1.6 tg (10-4) V W/V N f(Hz) 1.5 25 1.4 20 1.3 (Typical Curve at 50Hz) on Sheering Bridge 1.2 15 1.1 (hot spot temperature of 70C) 10 1 5 0.9 0.8 1 10 100 1 000 10 000 100 000 0 1 000 0 Lif etime expectancy (h ours) 10 CURVE 3 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 (C) CURVE 6 C/C vs Hot spot temperature Lifetime expectancy vs Hot spot temperature 4 C/C(%) 1000000 Lif etime expectancy ( hours ) DC FILTERING V W/V N DC FILTERING 3 (typical curve at 1V /100 Hz) 2 100000 1 (at V W = V N) 0 -55 -35 -15 5 -1 10000 -2 -3 1000 0 34 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 (C) -4 25 45 65 (C) 85 High Power Film Capacitors DC FILTERING DIMENSIONS MOUNTING Dimensions are indicated in the value tables as well as the weight for standard products. Dimensional tolerances are: H 3mm, W 3mm Initially, the large faces of the capacitor may be slightly convex. At the delivery the maximum width is: W'max = W +20mm Standard material is stainless steel. Vertical mounting is the preferred, and horizontal is acceptable. Please contact AVX for up-side down mounting configurations. In order to enable air convection, it is necessary to maintain at least 40mm between the large faces of adjacent capacitors. TERMINALS AND CONNECTIONS CASE CONNECTION OPTION Figure 1 shows drawings of the terminals offered. The terminals type 1 is used on the range from 6-16 kV, the type 2 from 16-32 kV. Standard connection is via 2 terminals (see Figure 2). It is possible to have a connection on the case as an option with only one terminal. If only one terminal is preferred, one connection can be on the case via 2 threaded screws which must be connected externally. Weight will be decreased by approximately 0.5 kg for type [1] equipped capacitors and by 1 kg for type [2]. BRACKETS The capacitors are equipped with mounting brackets. They are shown on Figure 2. STANDARD TERMINALS FIGURE 2 FIGURE 1 Type [1] Standard design M16 (0.630) 45 (1.772) 100 (3.937) Case connection option L-200 (7.874) 10 (0.394) 100 L-200 (7.874) (3.937) 10 (0.394) M12 (0.472) 140 (5.512) 35 (1.378) M10 (0.394) deep 15 (0.591) M10 (0.394) deep 15 (0.591) o25 (0.984) o25 (0.984) Creepage distance Air distance Applicable for Vn 16 kV Type [2] 195mm 93mm 80 (3.150) 80 (3.150) H H 0.66 (0.026) xH 0.66 (0.026) xH M16 (0.630) 30 (1.181) 45 (1.772) 30 (1.181) 30 (1.181) 30 (1.181) 18 (0.709) 18 (0.709) 240 (9.449) 185 (7.283) 100 (3.937) 13 (0.512) 100 (3.937) 185 (7.283) 80 (3.150) 13 (0.512) 30 (1.181) 30 (1.181) L L + 45 (1.772) 30 (1.181) 30 (1.181) L L + 45 (1.772) L + 90 (3.543) L + 90 (3.543) Creepage distance Air distance Applicable for Vn > 16 kV 440mm 191mm 35 DC FILTERING FILFIM Mechanical Design High Power Film Capacitors FILFIM Reliability DC FILTERING DC FILTERING Based on 10 years of tests results, the following relationship has been established. The failure rate depends on the hot spot temperature HS and the charge ratio : = 10 xe [2.087 15 ( _________ HS +273) 343 ] M.T.B.F. = 1/ hours SURVIVAL FUNCTION N = No. exp(-t) N is the number of pieces still working after t hours, No is the number of pieces at the origin (t=0). = Vw/Vn 4.425 ( - 1) MEAN TIME BETWEEN FAILURE (MTBF) x 10 -9 EXAMPLE in failures/hour GENERAL FAILURE RATE = x Q x x E failures/hour Where Q and E are factors found in the following tables. Qualification Qualification factor Q Product qualified on IEC 1071 and internal qualification 1 Product qualified on IEC 1071 2 Product answering on another norm 5 Product without qualification 15 Environment On ground (good conditions) Environment factor E 1 On ground (fixed materials) 2 On ground (on board) 4 On ship 9 On plane 15 Environment Environment factor Favorable 1 Unfavorable 5 To request custom designs, please refer to worksheet on page 39. 36 Here is an example of failure rate determination of a fixed capacitor (2) in favorable conditions (1) in accordance to IEC 1071 (2). for Vw = 0.95 x Vn (200,000 hours of lifetime expectancy) HS = 70C = = x 2 x 2 x 1 = 10-7 failures/hour M.T.B.F. = 10,000,000 hours High Power Film Capacitors FILFIM Caution Features HANDLING SAFETY When unpacking, it is important that no mechanical shocks occur that might deform the cans and damage the output connection. The capacitors include, unless otherwise specified, one or several gripping elements (mass screws, jack rings or other hoisting devices); they should be exclusively handled by means of these elements. In no case should the electrical output terminals be used to lift the capacitor. The grounding wire should be kept in place until the capacitor is mounted. As stated, the TRAFIM technology is based on the controlled self-healing property of the segmented film. This unique technology provides excellent safety: there is no risk of explosion in case of defect throughout the life of the capacitor. This explains why there is no need to equip these capacitors with pressure switch. Rapeseed oil is not explosive or flammable at normal conditions, therefore capacitors can be transported without being subjected to safety rules. Rapeseed oil flash point is about 317C and the polypropylene flash point is near 300C, so the melting certifies a temperature of security above 300C. In case of fire above this temperature, it is recommended to use dust or CO2 . The use of water is contra-indicated. The possible rejected products during fire are CO2, H2O, CO (in case of non-complete combustion), hydrocarbons and some others gazes. Carrying mask is required for protection. ASSEMBLY AND INSTALLATION To check for the absence of excessive mechanical stresses. The mechanical stresses in assembly should remain compatible with the characteristics of the capacitor. The method of mounting should not lead to the deformation of the capacitor case. Tightening torques are given below: Output through threaded connections: max = 25 N-m Output on flats: Tightening of the nut is realized by blocking the screw head to avoid wrench on the terminal head. Mechanical mounting Considering the manufacturing tolerances for the cans and the frames on which they are mounted, avoid: 4 anchoring points (or more) in the same plane. 2 or several separate parallel anchoring planes. Whenever possible, priority should be given to anchoring by flanging or binding with a damping element placed in between. Connections They should not induce any force on the output terminals. Flexible connections should be used (braided or thin metal). The cross section should not be less than: S = 0.2 x Imax where S (mm2) and Imax (A) The skin effect which occurs at high frequencies, must also be taken into account. CALORIFIC VALUE We have established a simplified formula that gives the calorific value of a standard FILFIM capacitor: CV (MJ) = 0.0137W(mm) x H(mm) -0.0044 H(mm) + 0.2718 W(mm) + 15.46 + 6.2 x N x T Where H is height and W is width, N is the number of terminal (2 if normal, 1 in case of option) and T is code of terminal type. EXAMPLE For a standard capacitor (N = 2) of 107 F / 10,600 V: W = 185mm H = 470mm L = 350mm then CV = 1280 MJ as weight = 40 kg then the calorific value per weight is cv = 32 MJ/kg 37 DC FILTERING DC FILTERING High Power Film Capacitors FILFIM Environment Protection OIL DC FILTERING The only impregnant used in FILFIM capacitors is rapeseed oil (otherwise known as Canola oil) and then is fully environmentally compatible. It does not emit toxic or carcinogenic gases, nor is it harmful to soil, water or humans in the event of accidental spillages. As a natural product derived from foodstuff, it is even edible. Of all the vegetable oils, rapeseed oil has one of the best thermal stabilities and lowest acidity levels. NON-TOXIC COMPOSITION Our capacitors are free of: Arsenic, Asbestos, Beryllium, Brominated flame retardants (PBB and PBDE), Cadmium, CFC, HCFC, Cobalt, Formaldehyde, Halon, Isocyanatos, Mercury, Nickel PCB, PCT, Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), Phtalates, PVC, PTFE and Thirams. Lead is only found in soldering (for approximately 0.3% of the capacitor weight). Free of SF6. DESTROYING CAPACITORS The destruction of the capacitors and leaking products are subject to the laws in force in each country. In practice, today, please contact AVX for a list of companies who can take charge of the products to be destroyed. 38 High Power Film Capacitors FILFIM - Guide for Customer's Specific Requirements Company _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Name ______________________________________________________Phone number ______________________________ Department ________________________________________________Fax number _________________________________ Address ____________________________________________________E-mail ______________________________________ Here is a guide to help you in making your request. Please inform the available characteristics and design specifications. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIPTION Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C) ______ F Required shape (rectangular or cylindrical case, mounted unit, etc.) Tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (%) ______ % DC voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Vdc) ______ V Ripple voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Vr) ______ V Working frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . (f) ______ Hz Working current. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Irms) ______ A Maximum current . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Imax) ______ A Maximum peak current . . . . . . . . . (Ipeak) ______ A Maximum inductance. . . . . . . . . . . (Ls) ______ nH Max/Min Dimensions Cross Section: _____mm x _____mm _____(in.) x _____(in.) Low inductance option Height: _____mm Height: _____(in.) yes no Required terminals type Test voltage between shorted terminals and case . . . . . . . . . . . . (Vt-case) ______ V Test voltage between terminals. . . . (Vt) ______ V Maximum surge voltages . . . . . . . . ______ V (voltage Vs/duration t/times N) . . . . ___s__/year THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS Number: ________________ Type: _____________________ Operating position vertical horizontal inclined __________ Environment ________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Average temperature Operating temperature Storage temperature ------- C Drawing max/min ______/______ C smax/smin ______/______ C Natural convection Forced air Other information and drawing (provide if possible the block diagram of the circuit): ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Please send this guide back to your local AVX representative. 39 DC FILTERING DC FILTERING