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ATAN0103 [APPLICATION NOTE]
9310E–AUTO–10/16
5.2.2.1 Common-Mode Choke
A common-mode choke provides high impedance for common-mode signals and low impedance for differential signals.
Because of this, common-mode signals produced by RF noise and/or by non-perfect transceiver driver symmetry are
effectively reduced while passing the choke. In fact, a common-mode choke helps to reduce emission and to improve
immunity against common-mode disturbances. Earlier transceiver devices usually needed a common-mode choke to comply
with stringent emission and immunity requirements of the automotive industry when using unshielded twisted-pair cables.
The Atmel ATA6560/ATA6561 makes it possible to build in-vehicle bus systems without chokes. Whether a choke is needed
or not ultimately depends on the specific system implementation such as the wiring harness and the symmetry of the two bus
lines (matching tolerances of resistors and capacitors). Besides the RF noise reduction, the stray inductance (non-coupled
portion of inductance) may establish a resonant circuit together with pin capacitance. This can result in unwanted oscillations
between the bus pins and the choke both with differential and common-mode signals as well as result in extra emission
around the resonant frequency. To avoid oscillations of this kind, it is highly recommended to use only chokes with a stray
inductance lower than 500nH. Bifilar wound chokes typically show an even lower stray inductance. The choke should be
placed nearest to the transceiver bus pins.
The use of common-mode chokes in CAN systems might cause extremely high transient voltages at the bus pins of the
transceiver. These transients are generated by the change in current through the inductance of the common-mode chokes if
the CAN bus is shorted to DC voltages. The actual transients that might be generated are highly dependent on the common-
mode type and value but also depend on the CAN system architecture, termination, components, and location and the
severity of the short circuit.
For systems where common-mode chokes are required, care should be used in the choice of the common-mode choke and
the system circuit to avoid the introduction of severe transients during DC short-circuit conditions on the bus.
The best methods to avoid transients generated from common-mode chokes during CAN bus line shorts to DC voltages are:
●Remove common-mode chokes from systems, where applicable
●Move transient suppression circuits between the common-mode choke and the CAN bus pins on the transceiver
●Choose a dedicated common-mode choke and a CAN termination scheme to minimize transients
5.2.2.2 Capacitors
Matched capacitors (in pairs) at CANH and CANL to GND are frequently used to enhance immunity against electromagnetic
interferences. Along with the impedance of corresponding noise sources (RF), capacitors at CANH and CANL to GND form
an RC low-pass filter. Regarding immunity, the capacitor value should be as large as possible to achieve a low corner
frequency. The overall capacitive load and impedance of the output stage establish an RC low-pass filter for the data
signals. The associated corner frequency must be well above the data transmission frequency. This results in a limit for the
capacitor value depending on the number of nodes and the data transmission frequency. Notice that capacitors increase the
signal loop delay due to longer rise and fall times. Due to these time reductions, bit timing requirements, especially at
1Mbit/s, call for a value lower than 100pF (see also SAE J2284 and ISO11898). At a bit rate of 125kBit/s the capacitor value
should not exceed 470pF. Typically, the capacitors are placed between the common-mode choke (if applied at all) and the
ESD clamping diodes.
5.2.2.3 ESD Protection
The Atmel ATA6560/61 is designed to withstand ESD pulses of up to 8kV according to the human body model at the CANH
and CANL bus pins and thus typically does not need any additional external protection methods. Nevertheless, if a higher
protection level is required, external clamping devices can be applied to the CANH and CANL lines.
Care must be taken when selecting the right protection devices. The transient protectors must be fast enough to clamp the
transient voltages. In addition, their capacitance must be considered. If the capacitance is too high, it can work together with
the choke’s inductance and cause ringing on the bus signals. Although this ringing does not corrupt the CAN signals, it might
show up as electromagnetic emission at higher frequencies.