TQL9063
Ultra Low Noise Bypass LNA
Advanced Datasheet: Rev E 4-11-16
- 1 of 11 -
Disclaimer: Subject to change without notice
© 2016 TriQuint Semiconductor, Inc
www.triquint.com / www.qorvo.com
RFMD + TriQuint = Qorvo
Applications
Base Station Receivers
Tower Mount Amplifiers
Repeaters
FDD-LTE, TDD-LTE, WCDMA
General Purpose Wireless
8-pin 2x2 mm DFN Package
Ordering Information
Part No.
TQL9063
7004000 MHz Bypass LNA
TQL9063-PCB
7004000 MHz Evaluation Board
Standard T/R size = 2500 pieces on a 7 reel
Functional Block Diagram
Backside Paddle - RF/DC GND
Pin 1 Reference Mark
8
7
6
5
1
2
3
4
VDD
RF Out
VSD
N/C
GND
RF In
VBYP
N/C
Product Features
0.7 4.0 GHz Operational bandwidth
LNA with integrated bypass mode
Ability to turn LNA and bypass mode OFF
Ultra low noise, 0.7 dB at 1.95GHz
19 dB Gain at 1.95GHz
+36.3 dBm Output IP3 in LNA Mode
+39 dBm Input IP3 in Bypass Mode
Internally matched
Positive supply only, +3.3 to +5V
2x2 mm 8-pin DFN plastic package
Pin Configuration
Pin No.
Label
1
GND
2
RFin
3
VBYP
4, 5
N/C
6
VSD
7
RFout
8
VDD
Backside Paddle
RF/DC GND
General Description
The TQL9063 is a high-linearity, ultra-low noise gain
block amplifier with a bypass mode functionality
integrated in the product. At 1.95GHz, the amplifier
typically provides 19 dB gain, +36.3 dBm OIP3, and 0.7
dB noise figure while drawing 77 mA current from a +5V
supply. The component also provides high linearity in the
bypass mode with +39 dBm IIP3.
The TQL9063 is internally matched using a high
performance E-pHEMT process and only requires four
external components for operation from a single positive
supply: an external RF choke and blocking/bypass
capacitors. This low noise amplifier contains an internal
active bias to maintain high performance over
temperature.
The TQL9063 covers the 0.7 – 4.0 GHz frequency band
and is targeted for wireless infrastructure. The TQL9063
is packaged in a 2x2mm DFN.
TQL9063
Ultra Low Noise Bypass LNA
Advanced Datasheet: Rev E 4-11-16
- 2 of 11 -
Disclaimer: Subject to change without notice
© 2016 TriQuint Semiconductor, Inc
www.triquint.com / www.qorvo.com
RFMD + TriQuint = Qorvo
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Parameter
Rating
Storage Temperature
65 to 150°C
Drain Voltage (VDD)
+7 V
Input Power (CW)
+22 dBm
Operation of this device outside the parameter ranges
given above may cause permanent damage.
Recommended Operating Conditions
Parameter
Min
Typ
Max
Units
Drain Voltage (VDD)
+3.3
+5.0
+5.25
V
Operating Temp. Range
40
+85
°C
Tch (for>106 hrs MTTF)
+190
°C
Electrical specifications are measured at specified test
conditions. Specifications are not guaranteed over all
recommended operating conditions.
Electrical Specifications
Test conditions unless otherwise noted: VDD = +5 V, Temp.=+25°C.
Parameter
Conditions
Min
Typ
Max
Units
Operational Frequency Range
700
4000
MHz
Test Frequency
1950
MHz
Gain
LNA ON, Bypass OFF
19
dB
Input Return Loss
LNA ON, Bypass OFF
12
dB
Output Return Loss
LNA ON, Bypass OFF
9.5
dB
Noise Figure
LNA ON, Bypass OFF
0.7
dB
Output P1dB
LNA ON, Bypass OFF
+21.2
dBm
Output IP3
LNA ON, Bypass OFF,
Pout=+0 dBm/tone, Δf=1 MHz
+36.3
dBm
Insertion Loss
LNA OFF, Bypass ON
1.4
dB
Return Loss
LNA OFF, Bypass ON
18
dB
Input IP3
LNA OFF, Bypass ON
Pin=+3 dBm/tone, Δf=1 MHz
+39
dBm
Isolation
LNA OFF, Bypass OFF
17
dB
Control Voltage, V1, V2 (1)
VIH
1.6
VDD
V
VIL
0
0.5
V
Current, ID
Bypass OFF
77
mA
Bypass ON
3
mA
Switching Speed(2)
Bypass to LNA Mode
983
ns
LNA to Bypass Mode
1.9
µs
LNA to OFF
200
ns
Thermal Resistance, θjc
Channel to case
44
°C/W
Notes:
1. These voltages are reference at the turrets labelled V1 and V2 on the circuit schematic on page 3.
2. To achieve these fast switching speeds it is required to place a 91K shunt resistor at the RFout pin 7. Refer pg. 6.
Control Truth Table
VBYP
VSD
State
0
0
LNA ON, Bypass OFF
0
1
LNA OFF, Bypass OFF
1
x
LNA OFF, Bypass ON
TQL9063
Ultra Low Noise Bypass LNA
Advanced Datasheet: Rev E 4-11-16
- 3 of 11 -
Disclaimer: Subject to change without notice
© 2016 TriQuint Semiconductor, Inc
www.triquint.com / www.qorvo.com
RFMD + TriQuint = Qorvo
De-embedded S-Parameters (LNA Mode)
Test Conditions: VDD=+5 V, IDD=75 mA (typ.), T=+25°C, unmatched 50 ohm system, calibrated to device leads
Freq (GHz)
S11 (dB)
S11 (ang)
S21 (dB)
S21 (ang)
S12 (dB)
S12 (ang)
S22 (dB)
S22 (ang)
0.1
-0.34
-18.46
10.47
-40.24
-49.61
153.06
-0.20
-49.20
0.3
-2.46
-56.16
25.14
-126.62
-33.50
92.83
-4.56
-154.92
0.4
-4.03
-65.89
26.03
-156.47
-31.84
74.30
-8.52
162.29
0.6
-5.84
-77.87
25.55
166.99
-30.62
57.06
-14.43
89.93
0.7
-6.38
-83.02
25.03
154.63
-30.24
52.96
-15.50
58.24
0.8
-6.80
-87.84
24.47
144.39
-29.91
50.25
-15.55
32.10
1
-7.45
-96.37
23.34
127.97
-29.31
47.05
-14.41
-4.20
1.2
-7.92
-103.39
22.23
114.95
-28.74
45.37
-13.04
-27.33
1.3
-8.11
-106.38
21.70
109.30
-28.47
44.80
-12.41
-36.16
1.4
-8.27
-109.05
21.18
104.07
-28.20
44.35
-11.83
-43.80
1.5
-8.41
-111.43
20.67
99.21
-27.93
43.96
-11.30
-50.53
1.6
-8.52
-113.55
20.18
94.65
-27.67
43.62
-10.81
-56.56
1.7
-8.62
-115.44
19.69
90.36
-27.42
43.31
-10.36
-62.02
1.8
-8.71
-117.11
19.23
86.30
-27.17
43.01
-9.95
-67.01
1.9
-8.78
-118.58
18.77
82.44
-26.92
42.72
-9.57
-71.62
2
-8.83
-119.88
18.33
78.75
-26.68
42.42
-9.22
-75.91
2.1
-8.88
-121.03
17.90
75.22
-26.45
42.13
-8.90
-79.92
2.2
-8.91
-122.03
17.48
71.83
-26.22
41.83
-8.60
-83.70
2.3
-8.93
-122.92
17.07
68.57
-26.00
41.51
-8.33
-87.26
2.4
-8.94
-123.69
16.66
65.42
-25.78
41.19
-8.08
-90.64
2.5
-8.94
-124.36
16.27
62.37
-25.56
40.86
-7.85
-93.86
2.6
-8.92
-124.95
15.89
59.42
-25.35
40.52
-7.64
-96.93
2.7
-8.91
-125.47
15.52
56.55
-25.15
40.17
-7.45
-99.87
2.8
-8.88
-125.92
15.15
53.76
-24.95
39.81
-7.27
-102.69
3
-8.80
-126.67
14.45
48.39
-24.56
39.06
-6.97
-108.03
3.2
-8.69
-127.26
13.77
43.26
-24.18
38.26
-6.73
-113.00
3.4
-8.56
-127.74
13.12
38.32
-23.82
37.41
-6.53
-117.68
3.6
-8.41
-128.16
12.50
33.56
-23.46
36.52
-6.39
-122.10
3.8
-8.24
-128.54
11.90
28.94
-23.12
35.57
-6.30
-126.30
4
-8.05
-128.93
11.32
24.43
-22.78
34.56
-6.26
-130.29
Noise Parameters (LNA Mode)
Test conditions unless otherwise noted: VDD=+5 V, IDD=75 mA (typ.), Temp=+25°C, 50 Ohm system
Freq (GHz)
NFmin (dB)
GammaOpt (mag)
GammaOpt (deg)
Rn (Ω)
1.5
0.46
0.27
73.07
3.17
1.6
0.47
0.27
76.39
3.15
1.7
0.47
0.28
79.57
3.14
1.8
0.48
0.28
82.63
3.12
1.9
0.49
0.29
85.57
3.11
2
0.50
0.29
88.39
3.10
2.1
0.50
0.30
91.10
3.08
2.2
0.51
0.31
93.70
3.07
2.3
0.52
0.31
96.20
3.06
2.4
0.53
0.32
98.60
3.04
2.5
0.54
0.33
100.91
3.03
2.6
0.55
0.33
103.13
3.02
2.7
0.56
0.34
105.27
3.00
TQL9063
Ultra Low Noise Bypass LNA
Advanced Datasheet: Rev E 4-11-16
- 4 of 11 -
Disclaimer: Subject to change without notice
© 2016 TriQuint Semiconductor, Inc
www.triquint.com / www.qorvo.com
RFMD + TriQuint = Qorvo
TQL9063-PCB Evaluation Board
L1
C5
C6
R3
U1
C4C3
C2
R2
R1
C1
C7 C8
J2
RF
Output
J8 GND
J3 VDD
J1
RF
Input
L1
68 nH
(0603)
C2
27 pF
C1
100 pF
C6
1000 pF
C5
1 uF
R3
0
8
7
6
5
1
2
3
4
J5 V1
J4 V2
R2
0
R1
0
U1
C8
100 pF
C7
100 pF
See Evaluation Board PCB Information section for PCB material and stack-up.
Bill of Material TQL9063-PCB
Reference Des.
Value
Manuf.
Part Number
U1
n/a
Bypass LNA
Qorvo
TQL9063
C2
27 pF
CAP, chip, 0402
Various
C1, C3, C4, C7, C8
100 pF
CAP, 0402, +/-5%, 50V
Panasonic
ECJ-0EC1H101J
C6
1000 pF
CAP, 0402
various
C5
1.0 uF
Cap., Chip, 0402, 10%, 10V, X5R
various
R1, R2, R3
0
RES, 0402, +/-5%, 1/10W
various
L1
68 nH
IND, 0603, +/-5%
Coilcraft
0603CS-68NXJL
TQL9063
Ultra Low Noise Bypass LNA
Advanced Datasheet: Rev E 4-11-16
- 5 of 11 -
Disclaimer: Subject to change without notice
© 2016 TriQuint Semiconductor, Inc
www.triquint.com / www.qorvo.com
RFMD + TriQuint = Qorvo
Typical Performance (LNA Mode)
Test conditions unless otherwise noted: VDD = +5 V, V1 = 0.5V, V2 = 0.5V, ID = 77 mA, Temp.=+25°C.
Parameter
Typical Value
Units
Frequency
700
1950
2600
3500
MHz
Gain
+24.3
19.2
17.3
14
dB
Noise Figure
0.64
0.7
0.8
1.1
dB
Input Return Loss
7.8
12
15.3
13.7
dB
Output Return Loss
9.4
9.3
9.5
6
dB
OIP3 (Pout/tone=+0 dBm, Δf = 1 MHz)
+35.5
+36.3
+36.1
+36.4
dBm
P1dB
+21.7
+21.2
+21.6
+19.8
dBm
Typical Performance (LNA OFF, Bypass OFF Mode)
Test conditions unless otherwise noted: VDD = +5 V, V1 = 1.6V, V2 = 0.5V, Temp. = +25°C.
Parameter
Typical Value
Units
Frequency
700
1950
2600
3500
MHz
Isolation
23
17
15
15
dB
Typical Performance (Bypass Mode)
Test conditions unless otherwise noted: VDD = +5 V, V1 = 0.5V or 1.6V, V2 = 1.6V, Id = 3 mA, Temp.=+25°C.
Parameter
Typical Value
Units
Frequency
700
1950
2600
3500
MHz
Insertion Loss
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
dB
Input Return Loss
13.6
20
25
20
dB
Output Return Loss
13.6
18
18
17
dB
Input IP3 (Pin/tone=+3 dBm, Δf = 1 MHz)
+38.2
+39
+39
+36.6
dBm
TQL9063
Ultra Low Noise Bypass LNA
Advanced Datasheet: Rev E 4-11-16
- 6 of 11 -
Disclaimer: Subject to change without notice
© 2016 TriQuint Semiconductor, Inc
www.triquint.com / www.qorvo.com
RFMD + TriQuint = Qorvo
Performance Plots
Test conditions unless otherwise noted: VDD = +5 V
5
10
15
20
25
30
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Gain (dB)
Frequency (MHz)
Gain vs. Frequency (LNA Mode)
+85°C
+25°C
−40°C
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Input Return Loss (dB)
Frequency (MHz)
Input Return Loss vs. Frequency (LNA Mode)
+85°C
+25°C
−40°C
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Output Return Loss (dB)
Frequency (MHz)
Output Return Loss vs. Frequency (LNA Mode)
+85°C
+25°C
−40°C
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Gain (dB)
Frequency (MHz)
Gain vs. Frequency (Bypass Mode)
+85°C
+25°C
−40°C
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Input Return Loss (dB)
Frequency (MHz)
Input Return Loss vs. Frequency (Bypass Mode)
+85°C
+25°C
−40°C
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Gain (dB)
Frequency (MHz)
Gain vs. Frequency (OFF Mode)
+85°C
+25°C
−40°C
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Input Return Loss (dB)
Frequency (MHz)
Input Return Loss vs. Frequency (OFF Mode)
+85°C
+25°C
−40°C
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Output Return Loss (dB)
Frequency (MHz)
Output Return Loss vs. Frequency (OFF Mode)
+85°C
+25°C
−40°C
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Noise Figure (dB)
Frequency (MHz)
Noise Figure vs. Frequency
+85°C
+25°C
−40°C
34
35
36
37
38
39
-4 -2 02468
OIP3 (dBm)
Pout/tone (dBm)
OIP3 vs Pout (LNA Mode)
700MHz
1950MHz
2600Mhz
3500MHz
Temp.=+25°C
30
33
36
39
42
45
-4 -2 02468
OIP3 (dBm)
Pout/tone (dBm)
OIP3 vs Pout (LNA Mode)
+85°C
+25°C
−40°C
Frequency = 1950 MHz
30
33
36
39
42
45
-4 -2 0 2 4 6
OIP3 (dBm)
Pout/tone (dBm)
OIP3 vs Pout (Bypass Mode)
700MHz
1950MHz
2600Mhz
3500MHz
Temp.=+25°C
30
33
36
39
42
45
-4 -2 0 2 4 6
OIP3 (dBm)
Pout/tone (dBm)
OIP3 vs Pout (Bypass Mode)
+85°C
+25°C
−40°C
Frequency = 1950 MHz
10
15
20
25
30
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
P1dB (dBm)
Frequency (MHz)
P1dB vs. Frequency (LNA Mode)
+85°C
+25°C
−40°C
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Output Return Loss (dB)
Frequency (MHz)
Output Return Loss vs. Frequency (Bypass Mode)
+85°C
+25°C
−40°C
TQL9063
Ultra Low Noise Bypass LNA
Advanced Datasheet: Rev E 4-11-16
- 7 of 11 -
Disclaimer: Subject to change without notice
© 2016 TriQuint Semiconductor, Inc
www.triquint.com / www.qorvo.com
RFMD + TriQuint = Qorvo
Switching Speed
J1 J2
J6 J7
L1
C5
C6
R3
U1
C4C3
C2
R2
R1
C1
C7 C8
R4
J2
RF
Output
J8 GND
J3 VDD
J1
RF
Input
L1
18 nH
(0603)
C2
100 pF
C1
100 pF
C6
1 uF
C5
1000 pF
R3
0
8
7
6
5
1
2
3
4
J5 V1
J4 V2
R2
0
R1
0
U1
C8
100 pF
C7
100 pF
R4
91K
Transition
Value
Units
Bypass to LNA mode
983
ns
LNA to Bypass mode
1.9
µs
R4, valued 91K, is required to achieve the fast switching speeds listed above. The placement of R4 is shown on the
Qorvo EVB above.
Bypass to LNA mode transition LNA to Bypass mode transition
TQL9063
Ultra Low Noise Bypass LNA
Advanced Datasheet: Rev E 4-11-16
- 8 of 11 -
Disclaimer: Subject to change without notice
© 2016 TriQuint Semiconductor, Inc
www.triquint.com / www.qorvo.com
RFMD + TriQuint = Qorvo
TQL9063 B7 Output RL Tune
See Evaluation Board PCB Information section for PCB material and stack-up.
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
2600 2620 2640 2660 2680 2700
|S11|, |S22| (dB)
Frequency (MHz)
Return Loss vs. Frequency
Input Return Loss
Output Return Loss
LNA Mode
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
2600 2620 2640 2660 2680 2700
|S11|, |S22| (dB)
Frequency (MHz)
Return Loss vs. Frequency
Input Return Loss
Output Return Loss
Bypass Mode
33
34
35
36
37
38
-4 -3 -2 -1 0123456
OIP3 (dBm)
Pout/Tone (dBm)
OIP3 vs. Pout/tone
2600 MHz
2650 MHz
2700 MHz
LNA Mode
TQL9063
Ultra Low Noise Bypass LNA
Advanced Datasheet: Rev E 4-11-16
- 9 of 11 -
Disclaimer: Subject to change without notice
© 2016 TriQuint Semiconductor, Inc
www.triquint.com / www.qorvo.com
RFMD + TriQuint = Qorvo
Pin Configuration and Description
Backside Paddle - RF/DC GND
Pin 1 Reference Mark
8
7
6
5
1
2
3
4
VDD
RF Out
VSD
N/C
GND
RF In
VBYP
N/C
Pin No.
Label
Description
1
GND
RF/DC Ground pin.
2
RFin
RF input pin. DC block required.
3
VBYP
Control pin for bypass mode. The LNA is automatically turned off when the
bypass mode is activated. Refer to truth table.
4, 5
N/C
No internal connection. Provide grounded PCB land pads for mounting
integrity.
6
VSD
Control pin to disable the LNA. Refer to truth table.
7
RFout
RF output pin. DC block required.
8
VDD
Supply voltage pin.
Backside Paddle
RF/DC GND
RF/DC Ground. Follow recommended via pattern and ensure good solder
attach for best thermal and electrical performance.
Evaluation Board PCB Information
Qorvo PCB 1121181 Material and Stack-up
Rogers 4350B
1 oz. Cu bottom layer
Rogers 4350B
Rogers 4450F
1 oz. Cu top layer
1 oz. Cu inner layer
1 oz. Cu inner layer
0.062" ± 0.006"
Finished Board
Thickness
0.010"
0.010"
50 ohm line dimensions: width = .020”, spacing = .032”
TQL9063
Ultra Low Noise Bypass LNA
Advanced Datasheet: Rev E 4-11-16
- 10 of 11 -
Disclaimer: Subject to change without notice
© 2016 TriQuint Semiconductor, Inc
www.triquint.com / www.qorvo.com
RFMD + TriQuint = Qorvo
Mechanical Information
Package Marking and Dimensions
Marking: Part number 9063
Year/Week YYWW
Lot Code aXXXX
NOTES:
1. All dimensions are in millimeters. Angles are in degrees.
2. Except where noted, this part outline conforms to JEDEC standard MO-229.
3. Dimension and tolerance formats conform to ASME Y14.4M-1994.
4. The terminal #1 identifier and terminal numbering conform to JESD 95-1 SPP-012.
PCB Mounting Pattern
NOTES:
1. All dimensions are in millimeters. Angles are in degrees.
2. Use 1 oz. copper minimum for top and bottom layer metal.
3. Vias are required under the backside paddle of this device for proper RF/DC grounding and thermal dissipation. We
recommend a 0.35mm (#80/.0135") diameter bit for drilling via holes and a final plated thru diameter of 0.25 mm (0.10”).
4. Ensure good package backside paddle solder attach for reliable operation and best electrical performance.
TOP VIEW SIDE VIEW
BOTTOM VIEW
Pin 1 Identifier 0.200x45°
2.000±0.050
2.000±0.050
0.800±0.050
Exp. DAP
0.300±0.050
1.600±0.050
Exp. DAP 0.500 BSC
0.250±0.050 0.203 Ref
0.00-0.05
Pin 1 Identifier
0.850±0.050
9063
YYWW
aXXXX
3X
3
0.64
0.35
PACKAGE
OUTLINE
Ø.254 (.010) PLATED
THRU VIA HOLES 1.60
8X 0.67
0.50 PITCH, TYP 8X 0.30
2X 0.20
0.70
TQL9063
Ultra Low Noise Bypass LNA
Advanced Datasheet: Rev E 4-11-16
- 11 of 11 -
Disclaimer: Subject to change without notice
© 2016 TriQuint Semiconductor, Inc
www.triquint.com / www.qorvo.com
RFMD + TriQuint = Qorvo
Product Compliance Information
ESD Sensitivity
Caution! ESD-Sensitive Device
ESD Rating: Class 1B
Value: 500V to < 1000V
Test: Human Body Model (HBM)
Standard: JEDEC Standard JS-001-2012
ESD Rating: Class C3
Value: > 1000V
Test: Charged Device Model (CDM)
Standard: JEDEC Standard JESD22-C101F
Solderability
Compatible with both lead-free (260°C max. reflow
temperature) and tin/lead (245°C max. reflow
temperature) soldering processes.
Package contact plating: NiPdAu
RoHs Compliance
This part is compliant with EU 2002/95/EC RoHS
directive (Restrictions on the Use of Certain Hazardous
Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
This product also has the following attributes:
Lead Free
Halogen Free (Chlorine, Bromine)
Antimony Free
TBBP-A (C15H12Br402) Free
PFOS Free
SVHC Free
MSL Rating
MSL Rating: Level 1
Test: 260°C convection reflow
Standard: JEDEC Standard IPC/JEDEC J-STD-020
Contact Information
For the latest specifications, additional product information, worldwide sales and distribution locations:
Web: www.triquint.com Tel: 877-800-8584
Email: customer.support@qorvo.com
For information about the merger of RFMD and TriQuint as Qorvo:
Web: www.qorvo.com
For technical questions and application information:
Email: sjcapplications.engineering@qorvo.com
Important Notice
The information contained herein is believed to be reliable. TriQuint makes no warranties regarding the information
contained herein. TriQuint assumes no responsibility or liability whatsoever for any of the information contained
herein. TriQuint assumes no responsibility or liability whatsoever for the use of the information contained herein. The
information contained herein is provided "AS IS, WHERE IS" and with all faults, and the entire risk associated with
such information is entirely with the user. All information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Customers should obtain and verify the latest relevant information before placing orders for TriQuint products. The
information contained herein or any use of such information does not grant, explicitly or implicitly, to any party any
patent rights, licenses, or any other intellectual property rights, whether with regard to such information itself or
anything described by such information.
TriQuint products are not warranted or authorized for use as critical components in medical, life-saving, or life-
sustaining applications, or other applications where a failure would reasonably be expected to cause severe personal
injury or death.