Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells / Amorphous Photosensors 2007-11 The Concept Behind Solar Cell Power Generation Electric current Light Transparent electrode + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + i + +- + + + + - n - - - - - Metal - - - - - - Electron electrode + Positive hole p Load Solar cell power is generated using the photovoltaic effect of semiconductors. When a semiconductor is exposed to a light source of suitable intensity, a large number of pairs of an electron and a positive hole are generated as a result of the reciprocal action between photons and silicon atoms. At a p/n junction between two different semiconductor materials, the electrons are diffused in the n-type material and the positive holes are scattered in the p-type material. They are then collected at both electrodes respectively, resulting in a voltage difference between the electrodes. When an external load is connected, electricity flows through the load. In this way, an a-Si solar cell converts light energy into electricity and supplies power to external loads. Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells The development of the solar cell is progressing with rapid speed. As a new energy tool which can effectively harness the amazing power of sunlight, solar cells have the potential to replace fossil fuels as our main means of power generation. Solar energy is both a clean and inexhaustible resource, and it can be used to produce electricity wherever and whenever sunlight is available. Of these technologies, amorphous silicon solar cells have many strengths that surpass those of the earlier crystalline silicon solar cells. In addition, they require little energy to manufacture and use less raw materials, and thus are truly environmentally friendly devices. This technology also allows larger area cells to be manufactured and can take advantage of the flexibility of thin film materials, and they have already been used in a wide range of applications. SANYO was one of the first companies to focus on amorphous silicon solar cells, and developed and is now mass producing the Amorton integrated type amorphous silicon solar cells that feature a new device structure. 1 Solar cells are classified according to the material employed, i.e., crystal silicon, amorphous silicon, and compound semiconductor solar cells. "Amorphous" refers to objects having no definite shape and is defined as non-crystal material. Unlike crystal silicon, in which atomic arrangements are regular, amorphous silicon features irregular atomic arrangements as shown in the figures below. As a result, the reciprocal action between photons and silicon atoms occurs more frequently in amorphous silicon than in crystal silicon, allowing much more light to be absorbed. Thus, an ultrathin amorphous silicon film of less than 1m can be produced and used for power generation. Also, by utilizing metal or plastics for the substrate, flexible solar cells can be produced. Amorton is an integrated amorphous silicon solar cell which has been developed by SANYO. Amorton uses silane (SiH4) as its source gas and is fabricated using a plasma CVD method. Three amorphous silicon layers p-layer, i-layer, and n-layer are formed consecutively on a glass substrate. This p-i-n junction corresponds to the p/n junction of a crystal silicon solar cell. In the process of this junction formation, a number of cells are connected in series on a substrate at one time. This allows any desired voltage to be obtained for a variety of equipment operation. Amorphous Crystal 2 Features of Amorton Place used Indoors Outdoors Solar cells with a variety of voltages can be created Substrate Feature Reference Glass Low price (basic substrate) Stainless steel Thin, light weight, unbreakable, can easily be formed in arbitrary shapes, highly precise dimensions Contact your SANYO representative. Film Thin, light weight, unbreakable, bendable, can easily be formed in arbitrary shapes Contact your SANYO representative. Glass Low price (basic substrate) Stainless steel Thin, light weight, unbreakable, can easily be formed in arbitrary shapes, highly precise dimensions Film Thin, light weight, unbreakable, bendable, can easily be formed in arbitrary shapes Page 6 Support designs with arbitrary sizes and patterns as required by the application Page 9 Visible light sensor Page 5 Page 5 Contact your SANYO representative. Since, unlike the fabrication technique used with crystalline solar cells in which cells cut apart and then connected, multiple cells can be connected in series at the same time as the cells are formed, it is easy to create batteries with a variety of voltages. (This series connection idea is the same as that used with regular batteries.) Solar cells with a variety of shapes can be created The methods used to form amorphous films have special features that allow other substrates, such as stainless steel or plastic films, to be used in place of the usual glass substrate. This means that previously unknown solar cells, solar cells that are round, square, or any complex shape, or solar cells that can be bent, can be created. It is also possible to create areas in these solar cells that consist of just transparent glass by etching. High sensitivity in the visible light region The human eye is sensitive to light with wavelengths from about 400 nm to 700 nm. Since amorphous silicon solar cells are sensitive to light with essentially the same wavelengths, in addition to solar cells, they can also be used as visible light sensors. Application Examples Contact: The person in charge of Amorton products TEL.03-3837-6306 Relationship between illumination level and output The figure shows the relationship between illumination level and output. There is an enormous difference between the illumination levels indoors and outdoors. SANYO provides two types of products, indoor products for use in the low illumination levels common in indoor environments and outdoor products for the high illumination levels common outdoors. Relationships between number of rows of the cell and cell area (Illumination level is constant.) Output (current) comparison 1000 Electronic calculators Wristwatches (Solar watches) Clocks Stopwatches 500 Garden lights Outdoor products Indoor products 1 100 Dining rooms, coffee shops 1000 Offices, meeting rooms Sensor lights Car accessories Illumination 100000 [lux] 10000 Rain Drafting tables Cloudy Bright Direct sun Battery chargers Current C Mobile equipment such as cell phones POP products LED blinkers (Curbstone markers) [Example] A: 1cm2 : one row of cell B: 1cm2 : two rows of cell C: 2cm2 : one row of cell B SANYO can support other applications as well. Contact your SANYO representative for consultation. A Voltage 3 4 Amorton List (Glass Substrate) Amorton Film General-Purpose Products Specifications 1 Indoor products Typical operating characteristics (Initial) Model FL-200lux External dimensions (mm) FL-50lux (Reference value) Weight (g) AM-1456 1.5V- 5.3A 1.4V- 1.30A 25.010.0 0.7 AM-1411 1.5V- 8.0A 1.4V- 2.00A 29.611.8 1.0 AM-1437 1.5V- 8.0A 1.4V- 2.00A 29.611.8 1.0 AM-1407 1.5V- 11.5A 1.4V- 2.85A 38.012.5 1.3 AM-1417 1.5V- 12.5A 1.4V- 3.10A 35.013.9 1.3 AM-1424 1.5V- 20.0A 1.4V- 5.00A 53.013.8 2.0 AM-1454 1.5V- 31.0A 1.4V- 7.75A 41.626.3 3.0 AM-1513 1.8V- 15.0A 1.6V- 3.75A 55.013.5 2.0 AM-1805 3.0V- 15.5A 2.6V- 3.85A 55.020.0 3.0 AM-1801 3.0V- 18.5A 2.6V- 4.60A 53.025.0 3.6 AM-1815 3.0V- 42.0A 2.6V- 10.50A 58.148.6 7.8 AM-1816 3.0V- 84.0A 2.6V- 21.00A 96.756.7 15.6 Typical operating characteristics (Initial) Model FL-200lux External dimensions (mm) SS-10k lux (Reference value) AM-1819 3.0V- 6.9A 4.0V- 0.41mA 31.024.0 2.2 3.0V- 13.3A 4.0V- 0.79mA 43.026.0 3.1 * Glass thickness is 1.1mm. FL: White fluorescent lamp 2 Outdoor products 100mW/cm2 Typical operating characteristics (Initial) SS-50k lux (Initial) Pmax (Vop-Iop) Typical operating characteristics (Initial) Pmax (Vop-Iop) External dimensions (mm) Weight (g) AM-5308 (1.7V- 68.8mA) 117mW (1.9V- 61.5mA) (1.7V- 31.1mA) 58mW (1.9V- 29.2mA) 50.1 (1.7V- 105.0mA) 181mW (1.9V- 95.5mA) (1.7V- 47.0mA) 86mW (1.9V- 45.1mA) 31.2 117.8 AM-5413 (2.2V- 16.7mA) 39mW (2.6V- 15.0mA) (2.2V- 7.5mA) 18mW (2.6V- 7.1mA) 33.0 23.9 2.1 AM-5412 (2.2V- 39.8mA) 93mW (2.6V- 35.8mA) (2.2V- 17.9mA) 44mW (2.6V- 16.9mA) 50.1 33.1 7.3 AM-5610 (3.3V- 18mW (3.9V- 4.6mA) (3.3V- 2.3mA) 8mW (3.9V- 2.2mA) 25.0 20.0 2.2 AM-5613 (3.3V- 31.6mA) 110mW (3.9V- 28.2mA) (3.3V- 14.5mA) 52mW (3.9V- 13.3mA) 60.1 36.7 9.8 AM-5608 (3.3V- 36.0mA) 125mW (3.9V- 32.0mA) (3.3V- 16.5mA) 59mW (3.9V- 15.1mA) 60.1 41.3 11.0 AM-5605 (3.3V- 115.4mA) 401mW (3.9V- 102.7mA) (3.3V- 52.9mA) 189mW (3.9V- 48.6mA) 62.3 117.8 32.5 AM-8706 (3.9V- 19.9mA) 81mW (4.6V- 17.7mA) (3.9V- 9.0mA) 39mW (4.6V- 8.3mA) 36.1 41.3 4.1 AM-8704 (3.9V- 23.8mA) 97mW (4.6V- 21.0mA) (3.9V- 10.7mA) 46mW (4.6V- 9.9mA) 41.2 41.3 4.6 AM-8705 (3.9V- 26.9mA) 109mW (4.6V- 23.8mA) (3.9V- 12.1mA) 52mW (4.6V- 11.3mA) 36.1 55.1 5.4 AM-8703 (3.9V- 32.1mA) 131mW (4.6V- 28.5mA) (3.9V- 14.5mA) 62mW (4.6V- 13.4mA) 41.2 55.1 6.2 AM-5710 (3.9V- 32.6mA) 134mW (4.6V- 29.0mA) (3.9V- 14.7mA) 63mW (4.6V- 13.7mA) 62.3 37.0 6.3 AM-8702 (3.9V- 34.4mA) 140mW (4.6V- 30.5mA) (3.9V- 15.5mA) 67mW (4.6V- 14.4mA) 57.7 41.3 AM-5706 (3.9V- 45.9mA) 186mW (4.6V- 40.5mA) (3.9V- 21.0mA) 88mW (4.6V- 19.1mA) 70.0 50.0 AM-8701 (3.9V- 46.6mA) 190mW (4.6V- 41.2mA) AM-5815 (4.5V- AM-5812 5.1mA) 47.2 SS: Solar simulator AM-5302 6.5 15.5 (3.9V- 21.0mA) 90mW (4.6V- 19.4mA) 57.7 55.1 8.6 (4.5V- 1.1mA) 6mW (5.2V- 1.1mA) 31.8 10.8 0.9 (4.5V- 19.8mA) 93mW (5.2V- 17.8mA) (4.5V- 8.9mA) 44mW (5.2V- 8.4mA) 59.0 28.7 4.6 AM-5813 (4.5V- 25.0mA) 117mW (5.2V- 22.6mA) (4.5V- 11.3mA) 55mW (5.2V- 10.7mA) 41.2 60.2 6.7 AM-8804 (4.5V- 33.3mA) 156mW (5.2V- 30.0mA) (4.5V- 15.1mA) 74mW (5.2V- 14.2mA) 48.1 55.1 7.2 AM-5814 (4.5V- 38.6mA) 180mW (5.2V- 34.7mA) (4.5V- 17.4mA) 85mW (5.2V- 16.4mA) 55.1 60.1 9.0 AM-8801 (4.5V- 41.9mA) 196mW (5.2V- 37.7mA) (4.5V- 18.9mA) 93mW (5.2V- 17.8mA) 57.7 55.1 8.6 AM-5904 (5.0V- 8.7mA) (5.0V- 4.5mA) 24mW (5.9V- 4.1mA) 40.1 33.1 5.9 AM-5912 (5.0V- 15.3mA) 80mW (5.9V- 13.6mA) (5.0V- 7.0mA) 38mW (5.9V- 6.4mA) 42.9 47.2 AM-5909 (5.0V- 22.2mA) 116mW (5.9V- 19.6mA) (5.0V- 10.1mA) 55mW (5.9V- 9.3mA) 60.1 41.3 AM-5914 (5.0V- 23.1mA) 121mW (5.9V- 20.4mA) (5.0V- 10.6mA) 57mW (5.9V- 9.7mA) 50.1 55.1 AM-5913 (5.0V- 30.1mA) 157mW (5.9V- 26.6mA) (5.0V- 13.8mA) 74mW (5.9V- 12.6mA) 60.1 55.1 14.7 AM-5907 (5.0V- 45.7mA) 241mW (5.9V- 40.8mA) (5.0V- 20.6mA) 114mW (5.9V- 19.3mA) 75.0 55.0 18.3 AM-5902 (5.0V- 60.8mA) 317mW (5.9V- 53.7mA) (5.0V- 27.8mA) 150mW (5.9V- 25.4mA) 150.0 37.5 25.0 9.9mA) 12mW (5.2V- 52mW (5.9V- 5.6 7.5 (5.5V- 227.0mA) 1336mW (6.6V- 202.3mA) (5.5V- 113.0mA) 702mW (6.6V- 106.3mA) 150.0 165.0 110.0 AM-7D08 (7.2V- 172.0mA) 1303mW (8.5V- 153.2mA) (7.2V- 85.0mA) 684mW (8.5V- 80.5mA) 150.0 165.0 110.0 AM-5E02 (7.7V- 23.2mA) 189mW (9.2V- 20.5mA) (7.7V- 10.6mA) 89mW (9.2V- 9.7mA) 55.0 18.3 AM-7E04 (7.7V- 104.0mA) 852mW (9.2V- 92.6mA) (7.7V- 50.0mA) 447mW (9.2V- 48.6mA) 150.0 110.0 AM-5S06 (15.4V- 11.4mA) 188mW(18.4V- 10.2mA) (15.4V- 5.1mA) 89mW (18.4V- 4.8mA) AM-7S03 (15.4V- 70.0mA) 1133mW(18.4V- 61.6mA) (15.4V- 34.5mA) 595mW (18.4V- 32.4mA) 124.5 29.5 150.0 165.0 Protective film Grid electrode TCO p i a-Si n Metal electrode Plastic film substrate Protective film Amorton Film Configuration General-Purpose Products Specifications 100mW/cm2 Typical operating characteristics (Initial) SS-50k lux (Initial) Typical operating characteristics (Initial) Pmax (Vop-Iop) Pmax (Vop-Iop) External dimensions (mm) Weight (g) AT-7665 3.0V- 38.6mA 125mW (3.6V- 34.7mA) 3.0V- 17.3mA 58mW (3.6V- 16.2mA) 58.4 56.0 0.4 2 AT-7664 3.0V- 104.0mA 335mW (3.6V- 93.0mA) 3.0V- 46.5mA 156mW (3.6V- 43.3mA) 73.0112.0 0.4 4 AT-7666 3.0V- 343.0mA 1109mW (3.6V- 308.2mA) 3.0V- 154.0mA 517mW (3.6V-143.6mA) 146.0167.5 0.4 13 AT-7963 4.5V- 223.0mA 1083mW (5.4V- 200.6mA) 4.5V- 100.0mA 505mW (5.4V- 93.5mA) 146.0167.5 0.4 13 AT-7S63 15.0V- 134.0mA 2104mW (16.8V- 125.2mA) 15.0V- 60.5mA 980mW (16.8V- 58.3mA) 292.0168.0 0.4 25 AT-7S64 15.0V- 269.0mA 4208mW (16.8V- 250.4mA) 15.0V- 121.0mA 1960mW (16.8V-116.7mA) 292.0336.0 0.4 50 Amorton Products for Watches Glass Low price (basic substrate) Film Thin, light weight, unbreakable, can easily be formed in arbitrary shapes, highly precise dimensions Thin, light weight, unbreakable, bendable, can easily be formed in arbitrary shapes Amorton Stainless steel Products for Watches SANYO Amorton products are widely used in solar watches. SANYO can provide custom Amorton products to match the shape of the watch (watch face characters or special designs). SANYO can provide evaluation samples in each of the different substrates. Contact your SANYO representative for consultation. Stainless steel Glass Film 11.0 AM-7A03 75.0 Light 6.4 16.3 2.3mA) 2.5mA) Note: The above table shows standard weights without lead. 5 Weight (g) AM-1820 Model Amorton Film is an exceptionally thin, light and flexible amorphous silicon solar cell fabricated on plastic film. In addition to these advantages, Amorton Film is also resistant to crack. Its standard configuration includes protective film covering the amorphous silicon solar cell which measures about 0.4mm in overall thickness. Model Indoor products (for high illumination levels) If you require Amorton other than on this list, please consult us. Specifications (evaluation samples) (At FL-200lux) Operating electric characteristics (Initial) Model Type Operating voltage (V) Operating current (A) External dimensions (mm) Weight (g) AL-2402 Stainless steel 1.5 10.1 27.2 0.2 0.7 AM-2709 Glass 3.0 3.3 30.8 0.7 1.3 74.0 AT-2400B Film 1.5 18.5 26.3 26.8 0.1 10.0 AT-2600B Film 2.6 11.6 26.3 26.8 0.1 110.0 * Glass thickness of marks model is 1.1mm. Glass thickness without marks model is 1.8mm. FL: White fluorescent lamp SS: Solar simulator 6 Output Characteristics of outdoor use Amorton Features of Amorton Natural light ranges in illuminance from 10,000 lux to 100,000 Typical Cell Characteristics (25C) lux (AM-1.5, 100mW/cm2) or more. Amorton is suitable outdoors Open-circuit Maximum Short-circuit voltage output current for compact equipment such as chargers. The features of Amorton are shown by the current-voltage curve in the figure. The curve changes depending on the incident light intensity and the surrounding temperature. 0.89V/cell 2 14.8mA/cm Light source 2 2 7.89mW/cm AM-1.5,100mW/cm Isc Pmax Iop 25C Current 18 AM-1.5, 100mW/cm 16 25C 20 2 2.0 Iop : optimum operating current Pmax : maximum output Vop Voc Voltage Current-Voltage Curve 12 10 8 6 10 5 0.5 Isc 4 Iope 2 0 Output Characteristics 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1 Voltage [V/cell] 2 17.0A/cm 7.0W/cm 2 25C 100 20 Light source Maximum output FL200lux 1.0 FL200Lux Voc 1.0 AM-1.5, 100mW/cm2 Voc 18 0.6 Isc Iope 0.4 12 80 5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.1 Isc Iope 1 10 0 0 10 0.8 100 1000 0.0 10000 Voltage [V/cell] Illuminance [Lux] (FL) Current - Voltage Characteristics of a Cell Output Illuminance Dependency Characteristics Voltage [V/cell] Current [A/cm2] Current [A/cm2] 10 0 20 40 60 SS: solar simulator (false solar light source) Voc: open-circuit voltage Isc: short-circuit current Iope: operating current 60 40 0.2 20 0.0 0 15 10 -20 AM-1.5, 100mW/cm2 100 0.8 16 14 100 Illuminance [103Lux] (SS) 120 Iope [%] 20 0.63 V/cell Short-circuit current Current [mA/cm2] 25C Open-circuit voltage Voltage [V/cell] Typical Cell Characteristics (25C) 10 Output Illuminance Dependency Characteristics Current - Voltage Characteristics of a Cell Artificial light, such as fluorescent and incandescent light, is used indoors. The illuminance of these light sources ranges from 20 lux to 1,000 lux. Indoors, therefore, Amorton is most suitable for small equipment such as electronic calculators. Please use under 1,000 lux. 0.1 1000 1 0 Output Characteristics of Indoor use Amorton 1.0 Voc Temperature coefficient Voc: -0.3%/C Isc: +0.08%/C Pmax: -0.2%/C 0 80 200 Temperature [C] 400 600 800 Exposure Test (days) Output Temperature Dependency Characteristics Lightproof [Leaving Outdoors] Terminal Configurations Overcoating 0.8 20 FL200Lux Terminal Voc Isc 0.4 Iope 16 0.2 0 0 20 40 60 80 Indoors Voltage [V/cell] Current [A/cm2] 0.6 18 14 -20 Voltage [V/cell] Vop : optimum operating voltage Current [mA/cm2] Isc : short-circuit current Current [mA/cm2] 14 Voc : open-circuit voltage FL: fluorescent light Voc: open-circuit voltage Isc: short-circuit current Iope: operating current B type Temperature coefficient Voc: -0.3%/C Isc: +0.08%/C Pmax: -0.2%/C C type Conductive paste Cannot be soldered. A heat seal is usable. Lead wire can be attached with regular solder. Outdoors CS type Temporary solder Temporary solder is attached to a C type device. CAR type CA type C type also possible Lead wire C type terminal with lead wire. Resin coating The pins are protected with a resin coating after the leads are attached Temperature [C] Output Temperature Dependency Characteristics 7 8 Amorton Photosensors List Model Amorton Photosensors Circuit Diagram Example Number of elements External dimensions (mm) AM-30-11 C, CS, CA 1 14.0 13.0 (Glass 1.1t) AM-30-15 C 2 5.05 3.05 (Glass 0.7t) AM-30-16 C 3 5.05 3.05 (Glass 0.7t) Short-circuit current TYP. OP amplifier detects photosensor output current and convert to voltage. The signal is linearly amplified. Dark current (VR = 50mV) MAX. 17.7A*1 ----- Center area: 80nA*2 Center area: 100pA Around area: 2.8A*2 Around area: 100pA Center area: 50nA*2 Center area: 100pA Around area (Inside): 0.4A*2 Around area (Inside): 100pA Around area (Outside): 1.3A*2 Around area (Outside): 100pA AM-30-28 CS 1 5.0 3.0 (Glass 0.7t) 7.5A*2 10pA AM-30-31 C 1 2.1 2.0 (Glass 0.4t) 1.2A*2 10pA AM-30-33 C 1 5.0 3.0 (Glass 0.7t) 7.5A*2 10pA Amorphous photosensor Circuit Diagram (Example) Amorton Photosensors Application Example Effective area 5.05 2.1 5.0 The following shows typical applications of amorphous photosensors 2.2 3.0 1.2 2.0 3.05 1.4 3.05 8.7 13.0 1.15 5.05 Vout Op amplifier *1: At 200lux, white fluorescent light *2: At 1000lux, fluorescent light for color illuminator * For terminal configurations, refer to page 8. 14.0 Rf 0.88 11.9 2.15 1.72 <AM-30-11> <AM-30-15> <AM-30-16> 3.1 0.84 <AM-30-31> <AM-30-28> Adjusting Luminosity LCD Back Light SANYO can also provide custom products. Features of Amorton Photosensors Cellular Phone Mobile Products Car Navigation Exposure Control Camera System Lighting Control Street Light Garden Light Amorphous Photosensor is a kind of Photo Diode, and can detect light and its intensity. Amorphous visible-light photosensor <AM-30-28> Human eye spectral sensitivity Single crystal silicon photosensor 10- 4 Current [A] Relative sensitivity 1 0.5 <AM-30-15> <AM-30-28> 10- 5 SANYO can support other applications as well. Contact your SANYO representative for consultation. 10- 6 10- 7 10- 8 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Wavelength [nm] Spectral Sensitivity of Amorphous Photosensor 9 1 10 102 103 104 Illuminance [lux] Dependence of Isc Characteristics on Illumination : Effective area Amorphous Photosensor Pattern Shape Example High Sensitivity detection within the visible-light spectrum Output current is proportional to illumination Flexibility in pattern shaping or sizing Human eyes are sensitive to the light wavelength ranging from approximately 400nm to 700nm. Amorphous photosensors have sensitivity in the same range and provide light sensing capability similar to human eyes. Accurate light detection is possible because output current increases proportionally to the illuminance. Amorphous photosensors provide flexible designing in size and shape to fit your needs. 10 Solar Cell Output and Light Sources The output of solar cells differ depending on the categories of light sources to which they are exposed. This is because photoelectric conversion efficiency changes with respect to the wavelength and intensity of the light. 1. Categories of light sources The general light source for solar cells is sunlight out of doors, and fluorescent or incandescent light indoors. The following outline describes the various categories: Light source Sunlight Artificial light AM-0 Outer space (solar light at global average revolution orbit) Incandescent light AM-1 When the sun is directly overhead (0m above sea level at the equator, Fluorescent light vertical sunlight at meridian passage) Daylight, white, and warm white colors AM-1.5 When zenithal angle (Sunlight angle 0 when sun is directly overhead) is 48.2. Mercury-vapor lamp, sodium-vapor lamp, xenon lamp Other AM-2 (when zenithal angle is 60), etc. Electric discharge lamp General-use incandescent light, halogen lamp 2. Brightness When sunlight and fluorescent light are compared in terms of brightness, the results are shown as follows: [Light Source] Sunlight Condition Illuminance (lux) Direct sun Fluorescent light Condition Illuminance (lux) Design stand (partially illuminated) 100,000 to 120,000 Around 1,000 Bright 50,000 to 100,000 Office/conference room 300 to 600 Cloudy 10,000 to 50,000 Restaurants/coffee shops Below 200 5,000 to 20,000 Rain 3. Radiant spectrum of light source and spectral sensitivity of solar cells 1.0 0.8 Sunlight spectral (AM-1.5) 0.7 Fluorescent light (White color) 0.6 0.5 1.0 a-Si solar cells 0.8 0.4 c-Si solar cells 0.3 0.2 0.6 Human eye spectral sensitivity 0.4 0.1 0 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 Solar cell spectral sensitivity (Relative value) Radiant spectrum intensity (Relative value) 0.9 1.2 Wave length [m] 11 12 Precautions in Handling Amorton and Amorphous Photosensors Do not scratch the rear surface with a hard object because it could damage amorphous silicon (1m thick active layer) and causes electrical malfunction even though the surface is protected by resin coating. Be careful not to get injured with the sharp edges of the substrate material (glass or stainless steel). Employ robust and airtight encapsulation when the cell is expected to receive mechanical shocks by falling objects or exposed to harsh weather conditions. Note shattered glass pieces can cause injury and humid environment can damage the cell. Avoid touching the cell in the daytime because you may get burned with heat particularly when the insolation is strong. Do not touch the light-receiving side with bare hands because it stains the surface and affect electrical output. Static electricity can damage the cell. As it deemed necessary, consider a proper method to remove static electricity. Store in cool, low-humid environment without corrosive gas to avoid possible damages to the cell. Consider fail-safe or prolixity in your product design. 13 Any and all SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. products described or contained herein are, with regard to "standard application", intended for the use as general electronics equipment (home appliances, AV equipment, communication device, office equipment, industrial equipment etc.). The products mentioned herein shall not be intended for use for any "special application" (medical equipment whose purpose is to sustain life, aerospace instrument, nuclear control device, burning appliances, transportation machine, traffic signal system, safety equipment etc.) that shall require extremely high level of reliability and can directly threaten human lives in case of failure or malfunction of the product or may cause harm to human bodies, nor shall they grant any guarantee thereof. If you should intend to use our products for applications outside the standard applications of our customer who is considering such use and/or outside the scope of our intended standard applications, please consult with us prior to the intended use. If there is no consultation or inquiry before the intended use, our customer shall be solely responsible for the use. Specifications of any and all SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. products described or contained herein stipulate the performance, characteristics, and functions of the described products in the independent state, and are not guarantees of the performance, characteristics, and functions of the described products as mounted in the customer' s products or equipment. To verify symptoms and states that cannot be evaluated in an independent device, the customer should always evaluate and test devices mounted in the customer' s products or equipment. SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. assumes no responsibility for equipment failures that result from using products at values that exceed, even momentarily, rated values (such as maximum ratings, operating condition ranges, or other parameters) listed in products specifications of any and all SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. products described or contained herein. SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. strives to supply high-quality high-reliability products, however, any and all semiconductor products fail or malfunction with some probability. It is possible that these probabilistic failures or malfunction could give rise to accidents or events that could endanger human lives, trouble that could give rise to smoke or fire, or accidents that could cause damage to other property. When designing equipment, adopt safety measures so that these kinds of accidents or events cannot occur. Such measures include but are not limited to protective circuits and error prevention circuits for safe design, redundant design, and structural design. In the event that any or all SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. products described or contained herein are controlled under any of applicable local export control laws and regulations, such products may require the export license from the authorities concerned in accordance with the above law. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. Any and all information described or contained herein are subject to change without notice due to product/technology improvement, etc. When designing equipment, refer to the "Delivery Specification" for the SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. product that you intend to use. Information (including circuit diagrams and circuit parameters) herein is for example only; it is not guaranteed for volume production. Upon using the technical information or products described herein, neither warranty nor license shall be granted with regard to intellectual property rights or any other rights of SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. or any third party. SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. shall not be liable for any claim or suits with regard to a third party's intellectual property rights which has resulted from the use of the technical information and products mentioned above. Ordering number : EP120B SANYO Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. Website http://www.semic.sanyo.co.jp/index_e.htm This catalog provides information as of November, 2007. Specifications and information herein are subject to change without notice. SANYO Semiconductor Co., Ltd.