LM48411TLBD - National Semiconductor

July 3, 2008

LM48411

Ultra-Low EMI, Filterless, 2.5W, Stereo, Class D Audio

Power Amplifier with E2S

General Description

The LM48411 is a single supply, high efficiency, 2.5W/chan-

nel Class D audio amplifier. The LM48411 features National's

Enhanced Emissions Suppression (E2S) system, that fea-

tures a unique patent-pending ultra low EMI, spread spec-

trum, PWM architecture, that significantly reduces RF emis-

sions while preserving audio quality and efficiency. The E2S

system improves battery life, reduces external component

count, board area consumption, system cost, and simplifying

design.

The LM48411 is designed to meet the demands of mobile

phones and other portable communication devices. Operat-

ing on a single 5V supply, it is capable of delivering 2.5W/

channel of continuous output power to a 4Ω load with less

than 10% THD+N. Its flexible power supply requirements al-

low operation from 2.4V to 5.5V. The wide band spread

spectrum architecture of the LM48411 reduces EMI-radiated

emissions due to the modulator frequency.

The LM48411 features high efficiency compared to a con-

ventional Class AB amplifier. The E2S system includes an

advanced, patent-pending edge rate control (ERC) architec-

ture that further reduce emissions by minimizing the high

frequency component of the device output, while maintaining

high quality audio reproduction and high efficiency (η = 87%

at VDD = 3.6V, PO = 500mW). Four gain options are pin se-

lectable through GAIN0 and GAIN1 pins.

The LM48411 features a low-power consumption shutdown

mode. Shutdown may be enabled by driving the Shutdown

pin to a logic low (GND).

Output short circuit protection prevents the device from being

damaged during fault conditions. Superior click and pop sup-

pression eliminates audible transients on power up/down and

during shutdown. Independent left/right shutdown control

maximizes power savings in mixed mono/stereo applications.

Key Specifications

■ Efficiency at 3.6V, 500mW into 8Ω

speaker 87% (typ)

■ Efficiency at 3.6V, 100mW into 8Ω

speaker 80% (typ)

■ Efficiency at 5V, 1W into 8Ω

speaker 88% (typ)

■ Quiescent current, 3.6V supply 4.2mA (typ)

■ Power Output at VDD = 5V

RL = 4Ω, THD ≤ 10% 2.5W (typ)

■ Power Output at VDD = 5V

RL = 8Ω, THD ≤ 10% 1.5W (typ)

■ Total shutdown power supply

current 0.01µA (typ)

■ Single supply range 2.4V to 5.5V

Features

■E2S system reduces EMI preserving Audio Quality and

Efficiency

■Output short circuit protection

■Stereo Class D Operation

■No output filter required for inductive loads

■Logic selectable gain

■Independent shutdown control

■Minimum external components

■"Click and pop" suppression circuitry

■Micro-power shutdown mode

■Available in space-saving 0.5mm pitch micro SMD

package

Applications

■Mobile phones

■PDAs

■Portable electronic devices

Boomer® is a registered trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation.

LM48411 Ultra-Low EMI, Filterless, 2.5W, Stereo, Class D Audio Power Amplifier with E2S

LM48411 RF Emissions

30009586

FIGURE 1. RF Emissions — 3in cable

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LM48411

Typical Application

30009501

FIGURE 2. Typical Audio Amplifier Application Circuit

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LM48411

Connection Diagrams

16 Bump micro SMD Package

30009502

Top View

Order Number LM48411TL

See NS Package Number TLA16ACA

micro SMD Marking

30009557

Top View

X — Date Code

T— Die Traceability

G — Boomer Family

J2 — LM48411TL

Pin Descriptions

Bump Name Function

A1 OUTLB Left Channel output B

A2 SDL Left channel active low shutdown

A3 PGND Power GND

A4 OUTRB Right channel output B

B1 OUTLA Left channel output A

B2 SDR Right channel active low shutdown

B3 AGND Ground

B4 OUTRA Right channel output A

C1 PVDD Power VDD

C2 G1 Gain setting input 1

C3 G0 Gain setting input 0

C4 AVDD Power supply

D1 INL+ Non-inverting left channel input

D2 INL- Inverting left channel input

D3 INR- Inverting right channel input

D4 INR+ Non-inverting right channel input

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LM48411

Absolute Maximum Ratings (Notes 1, 2)

If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,

please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/

Distributors for availability and specifications.

Supply Voltage (Note 1) 6.0V

Storage Temperature −65°C to +150°C

Voltage at Any Input Pin VDD + 0.3V ≥ V ≥ GND - 0.3V

Power Dissipation (Note 3) Internally Limited

ESD Rating, all other pins (Note 4) 2.0kV

ESD Rating (Note 5) 200V

Junction Temperature (TJMAX)150°C

Thermal Resistance

θJA (micro SMD) 63.6°C/W

Soldering Information

See AN-1112 "microSMD Wafers Level Chip Scale

Package."

Operating Ratings (Notes 1, 2)

Temperature Range

TMIN ≤ TA ≤ TMAX −40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C

Supply Voltage 2.4V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.5V

Electrical Characteristics The following specifications apply for AV = 6dB, RL = 15μH+8Ω, f = 1kHz, unless

otherwise specified. Limits apply for TA = 25°C. VDD = 3.6V.

Symbol Parameter Conditions

LM48411 Units

(Limits)

Typical Limit

(Note 6) (Notes 7, 8)

|VOS|Differential Output Offset Voltage VI = 0V, AV = 2V/V,

VDD = 2.4V to 5.0V 5 mV

VIN = 0V, No Load, VDD = 5.0V 5.1 7.5 mA (max)

IDD Quiescent Power Supply Current

VIN = 0V, No Load, VDD = 3.6V 4.2 6.0 mA (max)

VIN = 0V, No Load, VDD = 2.4V 3.0 4.5 mA (max)

VIN = 0V, RL = 8Ω, VDD = 5.0V 5.2 mA

VIN = 0V, RL = 8Ω, VDD = 3.6V 4.2 mA

VIN = 0V, RL = 8Ω, VDD = 2.4V 3.0 mA

ISD Shutdown Current VSDR = VSDL= GND 0.01 1.0 μA (max)

VSDIH Shutdown voltage input high For SDR, SDL 1.4 V (min)

VSDIL Shutdown voltage input low For SDR, SDL 0.4 V (max)

AVGain

GAIN0, GAIN1 = GND

RL = ∞6 6±0.5 dB

GAIN0 = VDD, GAIN1 = GND

RL = ∞12 12±0.5 dB

GAIN0 = GND, GAIN1 = VDD

RL = ∞18 18±0.5 dB

GAIN0, GAIN1 = VDD

RL = ∞24 24±0.5 dB

RIN Input Resistance

AV = 6dB 56 kΩ

AV = 12dB 37.5 kΩ

AV = 18dB 22.5 kΩ

AV = 24dB 12.5 kΩ

TWU Wake Up Time VSDR/SDL = 0.4V 4.2 ms

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LM48411

Symbol Parameter Conditions

LM48411 Units

(Limits)

Typical Limit

(Note 6) (Notes 7, 8)

POOutput Power

RL = 15μH + 4Ω + 15μH

THD = 10% (max)

f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW

VDD = 5V

VDD = 3.6V

VDD = 2.5V

2.5

1.2

530

RL = 15μH + 4Ω + 15μH

THD = 1% (max)

f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW

VDD = 5V

VDD = 3.6V

VDD = 2.5V

2.0

1.0

430

POOutput Power

RL = 15μH + 8Ω + 15μH

THD = 10% (max)

f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW

VDD = 5V 1.5 W

VDD = 3.6V 760 600 mW (min)

VDD = 2.5V 330 mW

RL = 15μH + 8Ω + 15μH

THD = 1% (max)

f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW

VDD = 5V 1.25 W

VDD = 3.6V 615 mW

VDD = 2.5V 270 mW

THD+N Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise PO = 500mW, f = 1kHz, RL = 8Ω 0.05 %

PO = 300mW, f = 1kHz, RL = 8Ω 0.03 %

PSRR Power Supply Rejection Ratio

(Input Referred)

VRipple = 200mVPP Sine,

fRipple = 217Hz, VDD = 3.6, 5V

Inputs to AC GND, CI = 2μF

VRipple = 200mVPP Sine,

fRipple = 1kHz, VDD = 3.6, 5V

Inputs to AC GND, CI = 2μF

SNR Signal to Noise Ratio VDD = 5V, PO = 1WRMS 96 dB

εOUT

Output Noise

(Input Referred) VDD = 3.6V, A Weighted 22 μVRMS

CMRR Common Mode Rejection Ratio

(Input Referred)

VDD = 3.6V, VRipple = 1VPP Sine

fRipple = 217Hz 64 dB

ηEfficiency VDD = 5V, POUT = 1W

RL = 8Ω 88 %

Xtalk Crosstalk PO = 500mW, f = kHz 84 dB

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LM48411

Note 1: “Absolute Maximum Ratings” indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur, including inoperability and degradation of device reliability

and/or performance. Functional operation of the device and/or non-degradation at the Absolute Absolute Maximum Ratings or other conditions beyond those

indicated in the Recommended Operating Conditions is not implied. The Recommended Operating Conditions indicate conditions at which the device is functional

and the device should not be operated beyond such conditions. All voltages are measured with respect to the ground pin, unless otherwise specified

Note 2: The Electrical Characteristics tables list guaranteed specifications under the listed Recommended Operating Conditions except as otherwise modified

or specified by the Electrical Characteristics Conditions and/or Notes. Typical specifications are estimations only and are not guaranteed.

Note 3: The maximum power dissipation must be derated at elevated temperatures and is dictated by TJMAX, θJA, and the ambient temperature, TA. The maximum

allowable power dissipation is PDMAX = (TJMAX - TA) / θJA or the number given in Absolute Maximum Ratings, whichever is lower. For the LMxxxxx, see Power

Derating curves for additional information.

Note 4: Human body model, applicable std. JESD22-A114C.

Note 5: Machine model, applicable std. JESD22-A115-A.

Note 6: Typical values represent most likely parametric norms at TA = +25ºC, and at the Recommended Operation Conditions at the time of product

characterization and are not guaranteed.

Note 7: Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by test or statistical analysis.

Note 8: Shutdown current is measured in a normal room environment. Exposure to direct sunlight will increase ISD by a maximum of 2µA. The Shutdown pin

should be driven as close as possible to GND for minimal shutdown current and to VDD for the best THD performance in PLAY mode. See the Application

Information section under SHUTDOWN FUNCTION for more information.

Note 9: The performance graphs were taken using the Audio Precision AUX-0025 Switching Amplifier measurement Filter in series with the LC filter on the demo

board.

Typical Performance Characteristics

THD+N vs Frequency

VDD = 2.5V, RL = 8Ω, PO = 100mW/channel

AV = 6dB

30009540

THD+N vs Frequency

VDD = 3.6V, RL = 8Ω, PO = 250mW/channel

AV = 6dB

30009546

THD+N vs Frequency

VDD = 5.0V, RL = 8Ω, PO = 375mW/channel

AV = 6dB

30009549

THD+N vs Frequency

VDD = 2.5V, RL = 4Ω, PO = 100mW/channel

AV = 6dB

30009552

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LM48411

THD+N vs Frequency

VDD = 3.6V, RL = 4Ω, PO = 250mW/channel

AV = 6dB

30009556

THD+N vs Frequency

VDD = 5.0V, RL = 4Ω, PO = 375mW/channel

AV = 6dB

30009558

THD+N vs Output Power

VDD = 2.5V, RL = 8Ω, AV = 6dB

30009574

THD+N vs Output Power

VDD = 2.5V, RL = 8Ω, AV = 24dB

30009575

THD+N vs Output Power

VDD = 3.6V, RL = 8Ω, AV = 6dB

30009578

THD+N vs Output Power

VDD = 3.6V, RL = 8Ω, AV = 24dB

30009579

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LM48411

THD+N vs Output Power

VDD = 5V, RL = 8Ω, AV = 6dB

30009582

THD+N vs Output Power

VDD = 5V, RL = 8Ω, AV = 24dB

30009583

THD+N vs Output Power

VDD = 2.5V, RL = 4Ω, AV = 6dB

30009572

THD+N vs Output Power

VDD = 2.5V, RL = 4Ω, AV = 24dB

30009573

THD+N vs Output Power

VDD = 3.6V, RL = 4Ω, AV = 6dB

30009576

THD+N vs Output Power

VDD = 3.6V, RL = 4Ω, AV = 24dB

30009577

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LM48411

THD+N vs Output Power

VDD = 5.0V, RL = 4Ω, AV = 6dB

30009580

THD+N vs Output Power

VDD = 5.0V, RL = 4Ω, AV = 24dB

30009581

PSRR vs Frequency

VDD = 3.6V, RL = 8Ω

30009568

CMRR vs Frequency

VDD = 3.6V, RL = 8Ω

30009571

Quiescent Current vs Power Supply

RL = ∞

30009542

Output Power vs Supply Voltage

RL = 4Ω, f = 1kHz

30009561

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LM48411

Output Power vs Supply Voltage

RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz

30009562

Efficiency vs Output Power

RL = 4Ω

30009569

Efficiency vs Output Power

RL = 8Ω

30009570

Crosstalk vs Frequency

VDD = 3.6V, RL = 8Ω

30009563

Power Dissipation vs Output Power

RL = 4Ω

30009566

Power Dissipation vs Output Power

RL = 8Ω

30009567

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LM48411

External Components Description

(Figure 2)

Components Functional Description

1. CSSupply bypass capacitor which provides power supply filtering. Refer to the Power Supply Bypassing section

for information concerning proper placement and selection of the supply bypass capacitor.

2. CIInput AC coupling capacitor which blocks the DC voltage at the amplifier's input terminals.

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LM48411

Application Information

GENERAL AMPLIFIER FUNCTION

The LM48411 features a filterless modulation scheme. The

differential outputs of the device switch at 300kHz from VDD

to GND. When there is no input signal applied, the two outputs

(VO1 and VO2) switch with a 50% duty cycle, with both outputs

in phase. Because the outputs of the LM48411 are differen-

tial, the two signals cancel each other. This results in no net

voltage across the speaker, thus there is no load current dur-

ing an idle state, conserving power.

With an input signal applied, the duty cycle (pulse width) of

the LM48411 outputs changes. For increasing output volt-

ages, the duty cycle of VO1 increases, while the duty cycle of

VO2 decreases. For decreasing output voltages, the converse

occurs, the duty cycle of VO2 increases while the duty cycle

of VO1 decreases. The difference between the two pulse

widths yields the differential output voltage.

SPREAD SPECTRUM MODULATION

The LM48411 features a fitlerless spread spectrum modula-

tion scheme that eliminates the need for output filters, ferrite

beads or chokes. The switching frequency varies by ±30%

about a 300kHz center frequency, reducing the wideband

spectral contend, improving EMI emissions radiated by the

speaker and associated cables and traces. Where a fixed fre-

quency class D exhibits large amounts of spectral energy at

multiples of the switching frequency, the spread spectrum ar-

chitecture of the LM48411 spreads that energy over a larger

bandwidth. The cycle-to-cycle variation of the switching peri-

od does not affect the audio reproduction of efficiency.

ENHANCED EMISSIONS SUPPRESSION SYSTEM (E2S)

The LM48411 features National’s patent-pending E2S system

that reduces EMI, while maintaining high quality audio repro-

duction and efficiency. The E2S system features a synchro-

nizable oscillator with selectable spread spectrum, and

advanced edge rate control (ERC). The LM48411 ERC great-

ly reduces the high frequency components of the output

square waves by controlling the output rise and fall times,

slowing the transitions to reduce RF emissions, while maxi-

mizing THD+N and efficiency performance.

POWER DISSIPATION AND EFFICIENCY

In general terms, efficiency is considered to be the ratio of

useful work output divided by the total energy required to pro-

duce it with the difference being the power dissipated, typi-

cally, in the IC. The key here is “useful” work. For audio

systems, the energy delivered in the audible bands is con-

sidered useful including the distortion products of the input

signal. Sub-sonic (DC) and super-sonic components

(>22kHz) are not useful. The difference between the power

flowing from the power supply and the audio band power be-

ing transduced is dissipated in the LM48411 and in the trans-

ducer load. The amount of power dissipation in the LM48411

is very low. This is because the ON resistance of the switches

used to form the output waveforms is typically less than

0.25Ω. This leaves only the transducer load as a potential

"sink" for the small excess of input power over audio band

output power. The LM48411 dissipates only a fraction of the

excess power requiring no additional PCB area or copper

plane to act as a heat sink.

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER EXPLANATION

As logic supply voltages continue to shrink, designers are in-

creasingly turning to differential analog signal handling to

preserve signal to noise ratios with restricted voltage swing.

The LM48411 is a fully differential amplifier that features dif-

ferential input and output stages. A differential amplifier am-

plifies the difference between the two input signals. Tradition-

al audio power amplifiers have typically offered only single-

ended inputs resulting in a 6dB reduction in signal to noise

ratio relative to differential inputs. The LM48411 also offers

the possibility of DC input coupling which eliminates the two

external AC coupling, DC blocking capacitors. The LM48411

can be used, however, as a single ended input amplifier while

still retaining it's fully differential benefits. In fact, completely

unrelated signals may be placed on the input pins. The

LM48411 simply amplifies the difference between the signals.

A major benefit of a differential amplifier is the improved com-

mon mode rejection ratio (CMRR) over single input amplifiers.

The common-mode rejection characteristic of the differential

amplifier reduces sensitivity to ground offset related noise in-

jection, especially important in high noise applications.

PCB LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS

As output power increases, interconnect resistance (PCB

traces and wires) between the amplifier, load and power sup-

ply create a voltage drop. The voltage loss on the traces

between the LM48411 and the load results is lower output

power and decreased efficiency. Higher trace resistance be-

tween the supply and the LM48411 has the same effect as a

poorly regulated supply, increased ripple on the supply line

also reducing the peak output power. The effects of residual

trace resistance increases as output current increases due to

higher output power, decreased load impedance or both. To

maintain the highest output voltage swing and corresponding

peak output power, the PCB traces that connect the output

pins to the load and the supply pins to the power supply

should be as wide as possible to minimize trace resistance.

The use of power and ground planes will give the best THD

+N performance. While reducing trace resistance, the use of

power planes also creates parasite capacitors that help to fil-

ter the power supply line.

The inductive nature of the transducer load can also result in

overshoot on one or both edges, clamped by the parasitic

diodes to GND and VDD in each case. From an EMI stand-

point, this is an aggressive waveform that can radiate or

conduct to other components in the system and cause inter-

ference. It is essential to keep the power and output traces

short and well shielded if possible. Use of ground planes,

beads, and micro-strip layout techniques are all useful in pre-

venting unwanted interference.

As the distance from the LM48411 and the speaker increase,

the amount of EMI radiation will increase since the output

wires or traces acting as antenna become more efficient with

length. What is acceptable EMI is highly application specific.

Ferrite chip inductors placed close to the LM48411 may be

needed to reduce EMI radiation. The value of the ferrite chip

is very application specific.

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LM48411

SHUTDOWN FUNCTION

In order to reduce power consumption while not in use, the

LM48411 contains shutdown circuitry that reduces current

draw to less than 0.01µA. The trigger point for shutdown is

shown as a typical value in the Electrical Characteristics Ta-

bles and in the Shutdown Hysteresis Voltage graphs found in

the Typical Performance Characteristics section. It is best

to switch between ground and supply for minimum current

usage while in the shutdown state. While the LM48411 may

be disabled with shutdown voltages in between ground and

supply, the idle current will be greater than the typical 0.01µA

value.

The LM48411 has an internal resistor connected between

GND and Shutdown pins. The purpose of this resistor is to

eliminate any unwanted state changes when the Shutdown

pin is floating. The LM48411 will enter the shutdown state

when the Shutdown pin is left floating or if not floating, when

the shutdown voltage has crossed the threshold. To minimize

the supply current while in the shutdown state, the Shutdown

pin should be driven to GND or left floating. If the Shutdown

pin is not driven to GND, the amount of additional resistor

current due to the internal shutdown resistor can be found by

Equation (1) below.

(VSD - GND) / 300kΩ(1)

With only a 0.5V difference, an additional 1.7µA of current will

be drawn while in the shutdown state.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER POWER SUPPLY BYPASSING

FILTERING

Proper power supply bypassing is critical for low noise per-

formance and high PSRR. Place the supply bypass capacitor

as close to the device as possible. Typical applications em-

ploy a voltage regulator with 10µF and 0.1µF bypass capac-

itors that increase supply stability. These capacitors do not

eliminate the need for bypassing of the LM48411 supply pins.

A 1µF capacitor is recommended.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER INPUT CAPACITOR SELECTION

Input capacitors may be required for some applications, or

when the audio source is single-ended. Input capacitors block

the DC component of the audio signal, eliminating any conflict

between the DC component of the audio source and the bias

voltage of the LM48411. The input capacitors create a high-

pass filter with the input resistance Ri. The -3dB point of the

high pass filter is found using Equation 1 below.

f = 1 / 2πRiCi(2)

The values for Ri can be found in the EC table for each gain

setting.

The input capacitors can also be used to remove low fre-

quency content from the audio signal. Small speakers cannot

reproduce, and may even be damaged by low frequencies.

High pass filtering the audio signal helps protect the speakers.

When the LM48411 is using a single-ended source, power

supply noise on the ground is seen as an input signal. Setting

the high-pass filter point above the power supply noise fre-

quencies, 217 Hz in a GSM phone, for example, filters out the

noise such that it is not amplified and heard on the output.

Capacitors with a tolerance of 10% or better are recommend-

ed for impedance matching and improved CMRR and PSRR.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER GAIN SETTING

The LM48411 features four internally configured gain set-

tings. The device gain is selected through the two logic inputs,

G0 and G1. The gain settings are as shown in the following

table.

LOGIC INPUT GAIN

G1 G0 V/V dB

0 0 2 6

0 1 4 12

1 0 8 18

1 1 16 24

Build of Materials

Designator Description Footprint Quantity

C1, C2 Ceramic Capacitor 0.1μF, 50V, 10% 805 2

C3 – C6 Tantalum Capacitors 1μF 20V, 10%, Size A 1206 4

C11 Tantalum Capacitors 10μF 20V, 10% Size B 1411 1

JP1–5, JP8–11 Jumper Header Vertical Mount 2X1 0.100 9

JP6, JP7 Jumper Header Vertical Mount 3x1 0.100 2

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LM48411

Demonstration Board Schematic

30009592

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LM48411

Demonstration Board Layout

30009591

Top Silkscreen Layer

30009590

Top Layer

30009588

Mid 1 Layer

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LM48411

30009589

Mid 2 Layer

30009587

Bottom Layer

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LM48411

Revision History

Rev Date Description

1.0 09/21/07 Initial release.

1.1 10/01/07 Fixed few typos.

1.2 11/30/07 Added the demo boards and BOM.

1.3 12/19/07 Edited the 16–bump micro SMD package diagram and the Pin Description table.

1.4 01/08/08 Edited the 16–bump micro SMD package diagram.

1.5 06/27/08 Text edits.

1.6 07/03/08 Text edits (under SHUTDOWN FUNCTION).

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LM48411

Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted

16 Bump micro SMD

Order Number LM48411TL

NS Package Number TLA16ACA

X1 = 1.996mm X2 = 2.047mm X3 = 0.6mm

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LM48411

Notes

LM48411 Ultra-Low EMI, Filterless, 2.5W, Stereo, Class D Audio Power Amplifier with E2S

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whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling can be reasonably expected

to result in a significant injury to the user. A critical component is any component in a life support device or system whose failure to perform

can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system or to affect its safety or effectiveness.

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